Effects of Ylang-Ylang Oil on the Relaxation of Rat Bladder Muscles

PURPOSE: In cases of overactive bladders, especially hyperreflexic neurogenic bladders, that arise in patients with spine disorder above sacral micturition center, current primary treatment modalities include the administration of anticholinergics and the intermittent catheterization. Because anticholinergics have many side effects including dry mouth, the demand for new agents has been rising. This study was designed to investigate the effects of ylang-ylang (YY) essential oil, which is currently used in aromatherapy, on the relaxation of urinary bladder muscle in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isometric tension changes of isolated rat bladder muscle strips were recorded in an organ bath using a pressure transducer. Effects of YY oil were assessed on resting tension, electrical field stimulation(EFS)-, bethanechol-, ATP- and KCl-induced contraction. In order to determine the mechanism of YY oil, effects of YY oil on above all stimulations were assessed in the presence of methylene blue, L-NAME(N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) and N-ethylmaleimide. RESULTS: The contractility of strips pre-treated with YY oil was significantly decreased on all stimulation-induced contractions. There was no statistically significant difference between treated group only with YY oil and pre-treated group with YY oil and methylene blue. Similar findings were obtained when L-NAME(another NOS inhibitor) was used. When N-ethylmaleimide(c-AMP inhibitor) was employed, there was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of contraction induced by EFS, bethanechol, KCl and ATP applications. CONCLUSION: From the obtained data, the results of this study indicate that YY essential oil has relaxing effect on the bladder, and such mechanism is thought to be brought about by a pathway mediated by c-AMP.

The Harmful Effects of Superoxide Radical and the Protective Effect of Ginseng Saponin on Rat Whole Bladder Contractility / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of the superoxide radical on rat whole bladder contractility with duroquinone (superoxide radical generator, Dq) and diethyldithiocarbamate (superoxide dismutase inhibitor, DETCA), and the effects of ginseng saponin (GS) against superoxide radical injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isometric tension changes of isolated rat whole bladders were recorded in an organ bath using a force transducer. The acute effects of Dq and Dq preincubated with DETCA were assessed on resting tension, electrical field stimulation, and bethanechol-, ATP-, and KCl-induced contraction. The effects of Dq and Dq preincubated with DETCA in the presence of sodium nitroprusside and GS were investigated. RESULTS: The resting tension of the muscle was not changed by Dq and Dq preincubated with DETCA. Dq had a harmful effect on only ATP- and KCl-induced detrusor contraction, whereas Dq pretreated with DETCA attenuated the induction of detrusor contraction which was reduced in response to the exogenous NO including GS. In the presence of L-NAME, the effects of GS reduced the Dq-induced inhibition on the detrusor contractility. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the superoxide radical may be the cause of voiding difficulty. GS, as a NO synthesis stimulator, seems to act as a scavenger of the superoxide anion. However further study on the effect of each subfraction of GS is needed for clinical application.

Effects of Ethanol Oral Administration on Detrusor Muscle and Micturition in the Male Rat / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: Acute ethanol intoxication is known to be a high risk factor for urinary retention among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. In this study, the effects of ethanol on rat bladder function were evaluated with in-vivo and in-vitro experiment. In addition, the effect of calcium on inhibitory action of ethanol was investigated with bladder muscle strips. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In in-vivo study, two sets of experiments were performed in the male rat. In the first set, infusion cystometry was performed under anesthesia with oral adminstration of ethanol and voided volume, voiding pressure and residual urine were measured. In the second set of experiments, the bladder and the urethra were completely separated by means of ligation between the bladder neck and the proximal urethra. A simultaneous recording of the isovolumetric bladder contraction and proximal urethral relaxation pressure was performed. In in-vitro study using the bladder body muscle strips, the contractile responses were induced by bethanechol(10-3M) in the Krebs, solution containing different calcium concentrations. Various concentrations of ethanol were added in the bath and the contractile responses were measured. RESULTS: In in-vivo study following oral adminstration of ethanol, the cystometrographic findings showed that voiding pressure and volume were decreased, however, residual urine volume was significantly increased, and the proximal urethral relaxation pressure was not changed significantly. In in-vitro study, the removal of extracellular calcium significantly reduced the bladder contractile response to bethanechol. The high level of calcium in bath reduced the inhibitory effect of ethanol in contraction of bladder muscle strips. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that acute ethanol intoxication would reduce bladder muscle contractility and result in acute urinary retention.

Effect of Glucose Deprivation on the Contractility Response of the Rabbit Bladder / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: The urinary bladder requires an adequate energy supply to maintain contractile function. The primary metabolic fuel is glucose. Through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, high energy phosphate are generated, which in turn supply the metabolic energy for the contractile activities of the urinary bladder. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of glucose deprivation and recovery from glucose deprivation on the phasic and tonic components of the contractile responses of rabbit bladder strips to field stimulation, bethanechol, and KCl. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The urinary bladder bodies of mature male New Zealand White rabbits were separated from the base above the level of the ureteral orifices, and placed in Tyrode`s solution containing glucose in 37degrees C and equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Bethanechol(250microM) was left in contact with the strips for 4 minutes. KCI(120 mM) was left in contact with the strips for 4 minutes. Field stimulation(31Hz, 80V, 1ms) was maintained for 2 minutes. At the end of each incubation in glucose-free medium(100 minutes for FS, 180 minutes for KCl and bethanechol), the medium was changed to Tyrode`s solution containing glucose(1mg/ml) and stimulations continued for additional 90 minutes. Changes in muscle tension were measured and recorded on a Grass model 7D polygraph. RESULTS: The results can be summarized as follow : In response to glucose deprivation, (1) the tonic responses to field stimulation, bethanechol, and KCl all decreased at a significantly greater rate than the phasic responses; (2) the phasic and tonic responses to field stimulation were both reduced to less than 10% of control within 70 minutes of glucose deprivation; (3) the tonic response to bethanechol and KCl were reduced to approximately 10% of control within 180 minutes whereas the phasic responses remained stable at 40 and 30%, respectively; and (4) glucose replacement stimulated a rapid and nearly complete recovery of the phasic and tonic components of the response to field stimulation, bethanechol, and KCl. Concolusions: These results indicate that the tonic responses to all forms of stimulation are more sensitive to glucose deprivation than phasic responses.

Effects of Ethanol and its Metabolites on Responses of the Rat Bladder Muscle / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the direct effects of ethanol and its metabolites, acetaldehyde and acetic acid, on isolated rat bladder muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For measuring of isometric tension change, rat bladder muscle strips were used. Following ethanol(0.25-3%) was applied to bethanechol(0.1mM)-precontracted muscle strips, acetaldehyde(0.1 to 10mM) and acetic acid(0.1 to 10mM) were applied to resting muscle strips respectively, and were applied to bethanechol(0.1 mM)-precontracted muscle strips respectively. RESULTS: Bladder contraction of tissue strips induced by bethanechol was reduced by ethanol in a dose-dependent manner. Acetaldehyde(1 to 10mM) and acetic acid(5 to 1 0mM) increased the rssting tension(control group), and acetaldehyde(0.1 to 10mM) and acetic acid(0.1 to 10mM) applied to bethanechol-induced contraction enhanced significantly contraction compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that responses of the rat bladder muscle were reduced by exposure to ethanol, and however, acetaldehyde and acetic acid affect the resting tension itself and show synergistic effect to bethanechol in bladder contractility. These suggest that all of the acute ethanol intoxication did not cause to urinary retention in human with benign prostatic hyperplasia.