El efecto de la desvinculación moral sobre el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso y otros comportamientos disruptivos en niños(as) y adolescentes. Una revisión de la literature / The Effect of moral disengagement on bullying, cyberbullying, and other disruptive behaviors in children and adolescents. A review of the literatura

Resumen Introducción: Un creciente número de estudios han demostrado vínculos consistentes entre la teoría de la desvinculación moral de Bandura y los comportamientos disruptivos e inhumanos. Recientemente se han explorado las relaciones directas e indirectas de la desvinculación moral con el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso y otros comportamientos agresivos en niños(as) y adolescentes, lo cual amerita una revisión de los principales hallazgos. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura y evidencia empírica sobre el efecto de la desvinculación moral en la participación de niños(as) y adolescentes en el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso y otros comportamientos agresivos. Método: Se trató de un estudio de revisión documental. La búsqueda bibliográfica se efectuó en la Web of Science. Se incluyeron 45 estudios empíricos para el análisis. Resultados: Se encontró que la desvinculación moral y sus diferentes estrategias sociocognitivas tienen efectos directos e indirectos que predicen la participación de niños(as) y adolescente en el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso, comportamientos agresivos y antisociales. Adicionalmente, la empatía, las relaciones de amistad, la crianza, las tendencias prosociales, la ira y los rasgos insensibles-no emocionales son factores que, en conjunto, contribuyen al desarrollo, mantenimiento o disminución de conductas de acoso y ciberacoso. También se reportó que los hombres presentan una mayor tendencia que las mujeres al acoso escolar, el ciberacoso, la agresión y uso de la desvinculación moral. Conclusiones: Se señala la importancia de los procesos de cognición moral para el desarrollo de estrategias de intervención psicoeducativa y psicosocial destinadas a prevenir y reducir el acoso y ciberacoso en niños(as) y adolescentes.

Abstract Introduction: A growing number of studies have demonstrated consistent links between Bandura's moral disengagement theory and disruptive and inhumane behaviors. The direct and indirect relation- ships of moral disengagement with bullying, cyberbullying, and other aggressive behaviors in children and adolescents have recently been explored, ensuring a review of key findings. Objective: To review the literature and empirical evidence on the effect of moral disengagement on children's and adolescents' engagement in bullying, cyberbullying, and other aggressive behaviors. Method: This was a documentary review study. The literature search was carried out in the Web of Science. Forty-five empirical studies were included for analysis. Results: Were found that moral disengagement and its different socio-cognitive strategies have direct and indirect effects that predict child and adolescent involvement in bullying, cyberbullying, aggressive and antisocial behaviors. Additionally, empathy, friendship relationships, parenting, prosocial tendencies, anger and callous-unemotional traits are factors that together contribute to the development, maintenance or decrease of bullying and cyberbullying behaviors. It was also reported that males present a greater tendency than females to bullying, cyberbullying, aggression, and use of moral disengagement. Conclusions: The importance of moral cognition processes for the development of psychoeducational and psychosocial intervention strategies aimed at preventing and reducing bullying and cyberbullying in children and adolescents is pointed out.

6. Extrinsic Factors for Learning: from a Perspective of Patient Safety Education / 医学教育

The “problems” of the “problem” learner are not only those intrinsic to the learner, but also those extrinsic to the educator and the system. This paper focuses on patient safety education as an example of where these extrinsic problems are manifested. Patient safety management in the last two decades has been mainly a means to improve the system by analyzing failed incidents in a no-blame manner, but there is also an emphasis on balancing the accountability of the person involved, thus the importance of education is increasing. However, there are barriers to motivating individuals to learn from their failures. The “problem” in patient safety education may be overcome by assuring psychological safety, giving consideration to motivation based on self-determination theory, and using the Safety-II paradigm to change the viewpoint of failure.

Relationship between mental health status and coping styles among village poverty alleviation cadres in Leshan City / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo analyze the relationship between mental health status and coping styles among village poverty alleviation cadres in Leshan City， and to provide references for the improvement of mental health and coping styles of them. MethodsA cluster random sampling method was used to select 6 of the 11 districts and counties in Leshan City， and all the village poverty alleviation cadres in the selected areas were evaluated through the psychological cloud CT system. A total of 700 cadres participated in the questionnaire evaluation， and were assessed using Symptom Checklist 90 （SCL-90） and Coping Style Questionnaire （CSQ）. Results①A total of 207 （35.9%） village poverty alleviation cadres factor scored above 2， and 92 （15.9%） cadres scored above 200. ②There was a statistically significant difference in SCL-90 obsessive-compulsive symptom factor score and other factor score between different poverty alleviation time groups （P<0.05 or 0.01）， and the factor score of SCL-90 obsessive-compulsive symptom showed significant difference among village poverty-alleviation cadres of different genders （P<0.05）. ③The scores of problem-solving factor in CSQ showed significant differences among village poverty alleviation cadres of different genders and different ages （P<0.01）. ④Correlation analysis showed that the scores of each dimension and total score of SCL-90 of village poverty alleviation cadres in Leshan City were positively correlated with the score of self-blame factor in CSQ （r=0.423~0.521， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe village poverty alleviation cadres of female and with a working length of less than 90 days or more than 360 days are at high risk of obsessive-compulsive symptoms， while the cadres of male and aged over 41 years adopt mature coping styles. Furthermore， the immature coping style of cadres will lead to serious mental health problems.

(Ir)responsabilidade social empresarial: uma avaliação do desastre de Mariana-MG / (Ir)responsabilidad social empresarial: evaluación del desastre de Mariana-MG / Corporate social (ir)responsibility: an analysis of the disaster in Mariana-Brazil

Resumo A temática irresponsabilidade social empresarial (IrSE) ganhou destaque na literatura mundial. No Brasil, o desastre causado pela Samarco Mineração S.A. em 2015 foi alvo de repercussão, constituindo uma oportunidade para estudar a IrSE. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a identificação social com a empresa, que surge em função dos benefícios econômicos, reduz a intenção punitiva e a atribuição de culpa. O instrumento de pesquisa contém escalas com indicadores psicométricos aplicados a 1.616 indivíduos. Constatou-se que os benefícios para a economia local reduziram a intenção punitiva nas cidades de Anchieta-ES, Guarapari-ES e Mariana-MG. O que não ocorreu nas cidades de Colatina-ES e Linhares-ES, que não recebem benefícios econômicos, mas foram afetadas pelo desastre. Identificou-se, ainda, que a severidade do evento aumentou a atribuição de culpa e a intenção punitiva aumentou a intenção de comentários negativos. Como principal conclusão, onde a empresa gerou benefícios, as pessoas estavam menos propensas a puni-la.

Resumen La temática irresponsabilidad social empresarial (IrSE) ganó prominencia en la literatura mundial. En Brasil, el desastre causado por Samarco Mineração S.A. en 2015 fue objeto de repercusión, constituyendo una oportunidad para estudiar la IrSE. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la identificación social con la empresa, que surge en función de los beneficios económicos, reduce la intención punitiva y la atribución de culpa. El instrumento de investigación contiene escalas con indicadores psicométricos aplicados a 1.616 individuos. Se constató que los beneficios para la economía local redujeron la intención punitiva en las ciudades de Anchieta, ES; Guarapari, ES y Mariana, MG. Lo que no ocurrió en las ciudades de Colatina, ES y Linhares-ES, que no reciben beneficios económicos y fueron afectadas por el desastre. Se identificó además que la severidad del acontecimiento aumentó la atribución de culpa y la intención punitiva aumentó la intención de comentarios negativos. Como conclusión, donde la empresa generó beneficios, la gente estaba menos propensa a castigarla.

Abstract The issue of corporate social irresponsibility (CSIR) has gained prominence in world literature. This study analyzes the 2015 environmental disaster caused by Samarco Mineração S.A. in Mariana (MG), Brazil, as an example of CSIR. The objective was to understand whether the population's social identification with the company, which is translated into the economic benefits, reduced punitive intention, and blame attribution. The research instrument uses scales with psychometric indicators applied to 1,616 individuals. It was verified that the benefits to the local economy reduced the punitive intention in the municipalities of Anchieta and Guarapari (ES), and Mariana (MG). This was not the case for Colatina and Linhares (ES). Also, it was observed that the disaster's severity increased blame attribution, and the punitive intention increased the intention to engage in negative word-of-mouth (WOM) about the company. As the main conclusion, people were less likely to punish the company in the municipalities where it generated economic benefits.

Desentendimiento Moral y Atribución de Culpa: Encuentros y Desencuentros en el Estudio de la Cognición Moral / Moral Disengagement and Attribution of Blame: Convergences and Divergences in the Study of Moral Cognition / Desentendimento Moral e Atribuição de Culpa: Encontros e Desencontros no Estudo da Cognição Moral

Resumen El estudio de la cognición moral pareciera estar marcado por dos tradiciones: una centrada en el estudio del procesamiento de información referente a la causalidad y la intencionalidad, y otra que, con origen en posturas sociocognitivas, privilegia la agencia moral y regulación conductual más allá del procesamiento. Así, pareciera existir una brecha entre el estudio del razonamiento y el estudio de la conducta cuando se habla de moral. La presente propuesta muestra una interacción entre un modelo de culpa (path model), centrado en el procesamiento de información, y el desentendimiento moral (DM) como un conjunto de justificaciones de la conducta inmoral. Si bien la integración no es completa, aporta a una visión de la cognición moral centrada en la regulación social y en las interacciones entre juicios y respuestas evidentes en las interacciones sociales. Adicionalmente, como producto de la interacción se presenta una propuesta metodológica para indagar por el origen del DM en el desarrollo.

Abstract The study of moral cognition is marked by two traditions: one centered on the study of how information regarding causality and intentionality is processed, and the other, derived from socio-cognitive potions, privileging moral agency and behavior regulation beyond processing. Thus, there seems to be a gap between the study of reasoning and the study of conduct, when speaking of morals. The article proposes an interaction between a path model of blame, centered on the processing of information, and moral disengagement (MD) as a set of justifications of immoral conduct. While the integration is not complete, it does contribute a view of moral cognition focused on social regulation and the interactions between the judgments and responses evident in social interactions. Additionally, as a product of that interaction, the study provides a methodological proposal to inquire into the origin of md in development.

Resumo O estudo da cognição moral parece estar marcado por duas tradições: uma focada no estudo do processamento de informação referente à causalidade e à intencionalidade, e outra que, com origem em posicionamentos sociocognitivos, privilegia a agência moral e a normatização do comportamento mais além do processamento. Assim, é provável que exista uma brecha entre o estudo do raciocínio e o estudo do comportamento quando se fala de moral. Esta proposta mostra uma interação entre um modelo de culpa (path model), centralizado no processamento de informação, e o desentendimento moral (DM) como um conjunto de justificativas do comportamento imoral. Embora a integração não seja completa, contribui para uma visão da cognição moral enfocada na regulamentação social e nas interações entre julgamentos e respostas evidentes nas interações sociais. Além disso, como produto da interação, apresenta-se uma proposta metodológica para indagar a respeito da origem do DM no desenvolvimento.

Quando a pena é um mal necessário na psicose melancólica / When punishmet is a necessary evil within melancholic psychosis / La peine comme mal nécessaire dans la psychose mélancolique / Cuando la pena es un mal necesario en la psicosis melancólica

O presente artigo questiona a lógica autoterapêutica do delírio melancólico. Os casos clínicos propostos como contribuição ensinam que o psicótico melancólico pode tentar tratar sua culpabilidade delirante a partir da violência que ele se inflige, mas também a partir de condutas heteroagressivas, de delitos e de crimes. Em cada um dos casos, a dupla "autoacusação-autopunição" é operante. Ela permite um equilíbrio do gozo. A tal ponto que podemos defender que a pena, na ambivalência (dor moral e sanção aplicada), é um mal necessário na melancolia.

This paper questions self-therapeutic logic within melancholic delusion. The clinical cases presented here as a contribution teach us that melancholic psychotics can try to treat their delusional blame through self-inflicted violence, and also through hetero- aggressive behavior and crime. In each of these cases, the "self-accusation-self-punishment" relationship is at work. This balances out pleasure — to the extent that we can state that punishment, within ambivalence (moral suffering and inflicted punishment), is a necessary evil in melancholia.

Cet article interroge la logique auto-thérapeutique du délire mélancolique. Les cas cliniques mis ici à contribution enseignent que le psychotique mélancolique peut tenter de traiter sa culpabilité délirante à partir de la violence qu'il s'inflige mais aussi à partir de conduites hétéro-agressives, de délits et de crimes. En chaque cas, le couple «autoaccusation-autopunition¼ est à l'œuvre. Il permet l'équilibration de la jouissance et on peut donc affirmer que la peine, dans son double sens (douleur morale et sanction appliquée) est un mal nécessaire dans la mélancolie.

Este artículo cuestiona la lógica autoterapéutica del delirio melancólico. Los casos clínicos presentados aquí, demuestran que el psicótico melancólico puede intentar tratar su culpabilidad delirante a partir de la violencia que se aplica a sí mismo, pero también a partir de conductas heteroagresivas, de delitos y de crímenes. En cada caso, el dúo — autoacusación y autocastigo — está activo y permite equilibrar el goce. Por lo tanto, se puede postular que el dolor, en la ambivalencia (dolor moral y pena impuesta) es un mal necesario en la melancolía.

Dieser Artikel stellt die autotherapeutische Logik des melancholischen Wahnes in Frage. Die angeführten klinischen Beobachtungen lehren, dass der melancholische Psychotiker mit der Gewalt, die er sich selbst antut, aber auch mit seinem aggressiven Verhalten gegenüber anderen, mit Straftaten und Verbrechen versuchen kann, seine wahnsinnigen Schuldgefühle zu behandeln. In allen analysierten Fällen ist das Paar„Selbstbeschuldigung-Selbstbestrafung" am Werk, welches eine Regulierung des Genusses erlaubt. Man könnte also behaupten, dass das moralische Leiden und die angewandte Strafe ein notwendiges Übel der Melancholie sind.

La indemnización de las víctimas de riesgos médicos allende los límites tradicionales de la responsabilidad civil / The compensation of victims of medical risks beyond the traditional limits of civil liability / A indenização das vítimas de riscos médicos além dos limites tradicionais da responsabilidade civil

Se parte de una descripción doctrinaria de la noción del álea o riesgo médico, que conduce a identificar los sentidos que adopta, a fin de confrontarla con la noción de la culpa médica. De manera más específica, se intenta también perfilar una noción de error médico que se va posicionando en el derecho médico, no obstante ser objeto de diversos estudios en el campo de la medicina. El objetivo del estudio consiste en tratar, desde la perspectiva del derecho comparado, el problema que comporta la noción del riesgo médico para el terreno de la responsabilidad civil, el cual se abordará a través de un examen de la jurisprudencia comparada, que evidenciará los pasos que se vienen dando en diversos sistemas jurídicos, entre ellos el colombiano, para extender las reglas de la responsabilidad al campo de lo contingente, sin perjuicio del reconocimiento de alguna opción legislativa clara para regular las consecuencias de lo que se viene a conocer por accidente médico.

This article starts with a doctrinary description of the therapeutic alea or medical risk leading to an identification of the senses it adopts for the purpose of confronting it with medical fault or negligence. In a more specific way, it also aims at outlining a notion of medical error that is beginning to take a position in medical law, despite having been the object of diverse studies in the field of medicine. The objective of this study lies in attempting, from the perspective of compared law, to deal with the problem implied in the medical risk notion for the field of civil liability, which will be addressed through an examination of compared jurisprudence examination that would evidence the steps being taken in various juridical systems, including Colombia's, to extend the rules of liability to the contingency field without prejudice to the acknowledgement of a clear legislative option used to regulate the consequences of what has come to be known as medical accident.

O estudo começacom uma descriçãodoutrinária da noção do risco médicas, que leva a identificar os sentidos que adota, a fim de confrontá-la com a noção da culpa médica. De um jeito mais específico, pretende-se também perfilar uma noção do erro médico que é posicionado no direito médica, apesar de ser objeto de estudos diversos no campo da medicina. O objetivo do estudo consiste em tratar, desde a perspective do direito comparado, o problema que comporta a noção do risco médico para o terreno da responsabilidade civil, que se abordará através da examinação do jurisprudência comparada, que demonstrará as etapas dos diversos sistemas legais, entre eles o colombiano, para estender as regras da responsabilidade ao campo do contingente, sem prejuízo do reconhecimento de alguma opção legislativa clara para regular as consequências de aquilo conhecido como acidente médico.

Atribuciones de culpa a partir del estatus del testigo y la intencionalidad / Attributions of guilt from witness status and intentionality

En esta investigación se evaluó el efecto del estatus social de los testigos y la intencionalidad de la persona sobre las atribuciones de culpa que realizan los individuos. Participaron 178 estudiantes universitarios y se utilizaron 4 historias que describen un evento de fraude en un ambiente académico, variando la intencionalidad del sospechoso (intencional - no intencional) y el estatus social del testigo (alto - bajo). Los resultados mostraron que no existe un efecto del estatus social y de la intencionalidad en las atribuciones de culpa. Los resultados son interpretados a la luz de estudios previos sobre atribución de culpa con el propósito de incorporar elementos nuevos como las creencias previas de los participantes e información que acompañe y resalte el estatus de los testigos para guiar las investigaciones futuras.

The effect of the social status of the witnesses and the intent of the person, on the powers of guilt made by individuals were evaluated in this research. 178 college students participated and 4 stories that describe an event of fraud in a learning environment were used, varying the suspect's intentionality (intentional -not intentional) and social status of the witness (high -low). The results showed that there is an effect of social status and intentionality attributions of guilt. Results are interpreted in light of previous studies on attribution of blame in order to incorporate new elements as prior beliefs of the participants and accompanying information and highlight the status of witnesses to guide future research.

Rol del sexismo ambivalente y de la transgresión de estereotipo de género en la atribución de culpa a mujeres víctimas de violencia de pareja / The role of ambivalent sexism and transgression of gender stereotype on attribution of blame to female victims of intimate partner violence / Papel do sexismo ambivalente e da transgressão de estereótipo de gênero na atribuição de culpa a mulheres vítimas de violência de casal

El sexismo del observador y el comportamiento de la mujer han demostrado su influencia sobre el modo en que las personas juzgan a esta última cuando es agredida físicamente por su pareja. Con el fin de averiguar cómo influye la interacción de ambos factores sobre la atribución de culpa a la mujer víctima de violencia de pareja, se expuso a 120 participantes a viñetas experimentales, previa medición de sus niveles de sexismo benevolente y hostil. Los resultados mostraron que los sexistas benevolentes culpaban a la víctima de violencia de pareja cuando sentían que ésta transgredía el estereotipo de género; y que, por el contrario, tendían a exonerarla cuando sentían que se comportaba de acuerdo con tal estereotipo. Esto ocurría sólo cuando el nivel de sexismo hostil del participante era bajo. Se discuten estos resultados con base en la Teoría del Sexismo Ambivalente y en las normas de género transgredidas.

Observer's sexism and woman's behavior have shown their influence on the way people judge the latter when she is physically assaulted by her partner. In order to find out how the attribution of blame to the female victim of intimate partner violence is affected by the interaction between those two types of factors, 120 participants were exposed to experimental vignettes after their levels of benevolent and hostile sexism were assessed. Results showed that benevolent sexists blamed the victim more when she was perceived as violating gender stereotypes and, on the contrary, they almost exonerated her when they felt she behaved according to those stereotypes. That was the case only when hostile sexism levels were low. These and other results are discussed in the context of Ambivalent Sexism Theory and of transgressed gender norms.

O sexismo do observador e o comportamento da mulher demonstraram sua influência sobre o modo com que as pessoas julgam a esta última quando é agredida fisicamente por seu casal. Com o fim de averiguar como influi a interação de ambos fatores sobre a atribuição de culpa à mulheres vítimas de violência de casal, se expôs a 120 participantes a vinhetas experimentais, prévia medição de seus níveis de sexismo benevolente e hostil. Os resultados mostraram que os sexistas benevolentes culpavam a vítimas de violência de casal quando sentiam que esta transgredia o estereótipo de gênero; e que, ao contrário, tendiam a exonerá-la quando sentiam que se comportava de acordo com tal estereótipo. Isto ocorria só quando o nível de sexismo hostil do participante era baixo. Discutem-se estes resultados com base na Teoría do Sexismo Ambivalente e nas normas de gênero transgredidas.

Self-management of Hypertension

The days have long gone that a physician or a nurse could hope to control a patient’s blood pressure just by prescribing the right medication. This article talks about various aspects of the treatment that must be taken care of as well, for the patient’s blood pressure to remain well controlled in the many years to come.

Contribuições da psiquiatria clássica ao diagnóstico da melancolia: o delírio de negação e o delírio de indignidade / Contribuciones de la psiquiatría clásica al diagnóstico de la melancolía: el delirio de negación y el delirio de indignidad / Contributions de la psychiatrie classique au diagnostique de la mélancolie: le délire de négation et le délire d'indignité / Contributions by classical psychiatry to the diagnosis of melancholia: delirium of negation and delirium of indignity

Discute-se a respeito da importância que teve a pesquisa empreendida pelos psiquiatras franceses Jules Cotard e Jules Séglas nas primeiras elaborações freudianas acerca da melancolia. No esforço feito por Freud em distinguir as afecções psíquicas, ele leva em consideração os principais conceitos destacados pela psiquiatria clássica: a dor moral, condição para o delírio de indignidade, o mecanismo de auto-acusação e a hemorragia de libido. Busca-se uma articulação entre esses autores. Neste artigo essa retomada é importante para um aprimoramento no diagnóstico da melancolia. Constata-se que a melancolia na contemporaneidade nos remete não somente aos clássicos, mas sobretudo a Freud, em seus primeiros rascunhos.

Se discute respecto a la importancia que ha tenido la investigación emprendida por los psiquiatras franceses Jules Cotard y Jules Séglas en las primeras elaboraciones freudianas sobre la melancolía. En su esfuerzo por distinguir las afecciones psíquicas, Freud tiene en cuenta los principales conceptos de la psiquiatría clásica: el dolor moral, la condición para el delirio de indignidad, el mecanismo de autoinculpación y la hemorragia de la libido. En este artículo se vuelve tomar la articulación entre los autores para primorear el diagnóstico de la melancolía. Se constata que la melancolía en la contemporaneidad nos remite no sólo a los clásicos, sino sobretodo a Freud, en sus primeros bosquejos.

Nous discutons l'importance qu'a eue la recherche menée par les psychiatres français Jules Cotard et Jules Séglas dans les premières élaborations freudiennes sur la mélancolie. Dans son effort pour distinguer les affections psychiques, Freud prend en compte les principaux concepts mis en évidence par la psychiatrie classique: la douleur morale, condition du délire d'indignité, le mécanisme d'auto-accusation et l'hémorragie de libido. Nous cherchons une articulation entre ces auteurs et dans cet article, cette reprise est importante pour un perfectionnement du diagnostic de la mélancolie. Nous constatons actuellement que la mélancolie nous renvoie non seulement aux classiques, mais, surtout à Freud et à ses premières ébauches.

This article discusses the importance of the research carred out by the French psychiatrists Jules Cotard and Jules Séglas regarding Freud's first considerations on melancholia. In his attempt to distinguish psychic affections, Freud took into consideration the main concepts outlined by classical psychiatry, namely, moral suffering, the condition for the delusion of indignity, the mechanism of self-blame, and the hemorrhage of the libido. The article discusses articulations between the two French authors mentioned above, as an important step in better diagnosing melancholia. It is seen that, today, melancholia leads us back not only to the classics, but especially to Freud and his earliest considerations.

Improving Patient Care in General Practice through Simple Quality Tools / General Medicine

The experience of a UK General Practice in implementing quality ideas within the context of a UK Government contract to bring in Quality Targets is described. Simple ideas based on a theoretical background from industrial methods are used to make changes in a typical UK general practice. Measurements based on a range of easily available data, from the practice computer system, enables one to see a benefit to patient care and in particular the management of chronic disease. The stress of dealing with potential mistakes in current British healthcare environment is addressed as is the conflicting culture of Targets applied by Government to the Quality culture. The virtue of a Team approach to change is emphasised as is the principle of “blame reduction” so as to allow the Team to flourish. The author has been impressed with the benefits to both the community and the practice staff of applying basic simple quality tools in general practice.