Association of blood groups/Rh and diabetes mellitus in Karachi city, Pakistan

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to find out a possible association between ABO blood groups or Rh and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the local population of eight (8) different towns of Karachi, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey was carried out in Karachi to have a practical observation of these towns during the period of 9 months from June 2019 to Feb. 2020. Out of eighteen (18) towns of Karachi, samples (N= 584) were collected from only eight (8) Towns of Karachi and gave a code-number to each town. Diabetic group sample was (n1=432) & pre-diabetes sample was (n2 =152). A standard Abbot Company Glucometer for Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) tests, standard blood anti sera were used for ABO/Rh blood type. Health assessment techniques were performed ethically by taking informed consent from all registered subjects. Finally data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. In our current study, the comparison of ABO blood groups frequencies between diabetic and pre-diabetic individuals were carried out. The percentage values of blood Group-B as given as: (32% in DM vs. 31% in pre-diabetics), followed by blood Group-O as: (18% in DM vs. 11% in pre-diabetics). Contrary to Group-B & O, blood Group-A and Group-AB were distribution percentage higher pre-diabetic as compared to DM patients, as given as: Group-A (32% in pre-diabetics vs. 26% in DM) & Group-AB (26% in pre-diabetics vs. 24% in diabetics patients). In addition, percentage distribution of Rh system was also calculated, in which Rh+ve Group was high and more common in DM patients as compared to pre-diabetics; numerically given as: Rh+ve Group (80% in DM vs. 72% in pre-diabetics). Different views and dimensions of the research topic were studied through literature support, some have found no any association and some established a positive association still some were not clear in making a solid conclusion. It is concluded that DM has a positive correlation with ABO blood groups, and people with Group-B have increased susceptibility to DM disease.

Resumo O objetivo principal deste estudo foi descobrir uma possível associação entre grupos sanguíneos ABO ou Rh e diabetes mellitus (DM) na população local de oito (8) diferentes cidades de Karachi, Paquistão. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento em Karachi para observação prática dessas cidades durante o período de 9 meses de junho de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020.De dezoito (18) cidades de Karachi, as amostras (N = 584) foram coletadas de apenas oito (8) cidades de Karachi e deram um número-código para cada cidade. A amostra do grupo de diabéticos foi (n1 = 432) e a amostra de pré-diabetes foi (n2 = 152). Um glicômetro padrão da Abbot Company para testes de açúcar no sangue aleatório (RBS) e açúcar no sangue em jejum (FBS), antissoros de sangue padrão foram usados para o tipo de sangue ABO / Rh. As técnicas de avaliação de saúde foram realizadas de forma ética, tomando o consentimento informado de todos os indivíduos registrados. Finalmente, os dados foram analisados pelo SPSS versão 20.0.No presente estudo, foi realizada a comparação das frequências dos grupos sanguíneos ABO entre diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. Os valores percentuais do sangue do Grupo-B são dados como: (32% em DM vs. 31% em pré-diabéticos), seguido pelo sangue do Grupo-O como: (18% em DM vs. 11% em pré-diabéticos). Ao contrário dos Grupos B e O, sangue do Grupo-A e Grupo-AB tiveram distribuição percentual maior de pré-diabéticos em comparação com pacientes com DM, dado como: Grupo-A (32% em pré-diabéticos vs. 26% em DM) e Grupo AB (26% em pré-diabéticos vs. 24% em pacientes diabéticos). Além disso, também foi calculada a distribuição percentual do sistema Rh, no qual o Grupo Rh + ve foi elevado e mais comum em pacientes com DM em comparação aos pré-diabéticos; dados numericamente como: Grupo Rh + ve (80% em DM vs. 72% em pré-diabéticos). Diferentes visões e dimensões do tema de pesquisa foram estudadas com o suporte da literatura, alguns não encontraram nenhuma associação e alguns estabeleceram uma associação positiva, embora alguns não estivessem claros em fazer uma conclusão sólida. Conclui-se que o DM tem correlação positiva com os grupos sanguíneos ABO, e as pessoas com o Grupo B têm maior suscetibilidade à doença DM.

Association of blood groups/Rh and diabetes mellitus in Karachi city, Pakistan / Associação de grupos sanguíneos/Rh e diabetes mellitus na cidade de Karchi, Paquistão

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to find out a possible association between ABO blood groups or Rh and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the local population of eight (8) different towns of Karachi, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey was carried out in Karachi to have a practical observation of these towns during the period of 9 months from June 2019 to Feb. 2020. Out of eighteen (18) towns of Karachi, samples (N= 584) were collected from only eight (8) Towns of Karachi and gave a code-number to each town. Diabetic group sample was (n1=432) & pre-diabetes sample was (n2 =152). A standard Abbot Company Glucometer for Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) tests, standard blood anti sera were used for ABO/Rh blood type. Health assessment techniques were performed ethically by taking informed consent from all registered subjects. Finally data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. In our current study, the comparison of ABO blood groups frequencies between diabetic and pre-diabetic individuals were carried out. The percentage values of blood Group-B as given as: (32% in DM vs. 31% in pre-diabetics), followed by blood Group-O as: (18% in DM vs. 11% in pre-diabetics). Contrary to Group-"B" & "O", blood Group-A and Group-AB were distribution percentage higher pre-diabetic as compared to DM patients, as given as: Group-A (32% in pre-diabetics vs. 26% in DM) & Group-AB (26% in pre-diabetics vs. 24% in diabetic's patients). In addition, percentage distribution of Rh system was also calculated, in which Rh+ve Group was high and more common in DM patients as compared to pre-diabetics; numerically given as: Rh+ve Group (80% in DM vs. 72% in pre-diabetics). Different views and dimensions of the research topic were studied through literature support, some have found no any association and some established a positive association still some were not clear in making a solid conclusion. It is concluded that DM has a positive correlation with ABO blood groups, and people with Group-B have increased susceptibility to DM disease.

Resumo O objetivo principal deste estudo foi descobrir uma possível associação entre grupos sanguíneos ABO ou Rh e diabetes mellitus (DM) na população local de oito (8) diferentes cidades de Karachi, Paquistão. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento em Karachi para observação prática dessas cidades durante o período de 9 meses de junho de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020.De dezoito (18) cidades de Karachi, as amostras (N = 584) foram coletadas de apenas oito (8) cidades de Karachi e deram um número-código para cada cidade. A amostra do grupo de diabéticos foi (n1 = 432) e a amostra de pré-diabetes foi (n2 = 152). Um glicômetro padrão da Abbot Company para testes de açúcar no sangue aleatório (RBS) e açúcar no sangue em jejum (FBS), antissoros de sangue padrão foram usados ​​para o tipo de sangue ABO / Rh. As técnicas de avaliação de saúde foram realizadas de forma ética, tomando o consentimento informado de todos os indivíduos registrados. Finalmente, os dados foram analisados ​​pelo SPSS versão 20.0.No presente estudo, foi realizada a comparação das frequências dos grupos sanguíneos ABO entre diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. Os valores percentuais do sangue do Grupo-B são dados como: (32% em DM vs. 31% em pré-diabéticos), seguido pelo sangue do Grupo-O como: (18% em DM vs. 11% em pré-diabéticos). Ao contrário dos Grupos "B" e "O", sangue do Grupo-A e Grupo-AB tiveram distribuição percentual maior de pré-diabéticos em comparação com pacientes com DM, dado como: Grupo-A (32% em pré-diabéticos vs. 26% em DM) e Grupo AB (26% em pré-diabéticos vs. 24% em pacientes diabéticos). Além disso, também foi calculada a distribuição percentual do sistema Rh, no qual o Grupo Rh + ve foi elevado e mais comum em pacientes com DM em comparação aos pré-diabéticos; dados numericamente como: Grupo Rh + ve (80% em DM vs. 72% em pré-diabéticos). Diferentes visões e dimensões do tema de pesquisa foram estudadas com o suporte da literatura, alguns não encontraram nenhuma associação e alguns estabeleceram uma associação positiva, embora alguns não estivessem claros em fazer uma conclusão sólida. Conclui-se que o DM tem correlação positiva com os grupos sanguíneos ABO, e as pessoas com o Grupo B têm maior suscetibilidade à doença DM.

Association of ABO blood groups with academic stress and academic performance of the first-year undergraduate medical students in an Indian Medical College

Background: Different blood groups are associated with various personality traits, perceived stress and intelligence of an individual. Assessment of students’ academic performance helps to judge their knowledge, skill, and affective domains. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine association of ABO blood groups among undergraduate medical students with academic stress and their academic performance. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 99 1st-year undergraduate medical students in Indian medical College. Blood group was determined by agglutination reaction. Academic stress was estimated using medical students stressor questionnaire score. Academic performance of student was assessed from marks of terminal examination. Results: In the present study, academic related stress level was highest in A blood group students followed by B blood group. Blood Group A students also have higher interpersonal related and teaching learning related stress levels. Whereas AB blood group students have higher social related, drive related and group activity related stress levels though not statistically significant. Mean academic scores were highest for AB blood group students, followed by O blood group students. B blood group students had least academic scores but not statistically significant. Furthermore, Blood group AB and O shows negative correlation, whereas A and B blood group shows positive correlation of academic stress with academic scores. Conclusion: Academic stress was highest for A blood group followed by B blood group and academic performance was highest in AB blood group followed by O blood group. Significant association of different blood groups with academic stress and performance was not found.

Prevalence of color vision deficiency and it’s relation with ABO blood group among medical students

Background: Normal human beings can appreciate color in all three of it’s attributes; Hue, intensity, and saturation. Human beings can perceive three primary colors, that is, red, green, and blue. Any defect in appreciation of colors is known as color vision deficiency (CVD). Complete inability to appreciate color is known as color blindness. The genes for red and green cone pigments are found in the q arm of the X chromosome. Hence, red and green CVD are inherited as X-linked recessive diseases. Blue CVD is autosomaly inherited. Blood groups are genetically inherited as well. Although it is a known fact that there is a preponderance of genetic diseases in subjects belonging to a specific blood group, no such study was available in Western Odisha as per our knowledge. This becomes more relevant as consanguineous marriages are a serious social problem in that part of Odisha. Aim and Objectives: Therefore, the study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of CVD among Medical students in Western Odisha and to find out it’s relation, if any, with ABO blood groups, as these two entities are genetically inherited. Record should be kept for future use, especially for counseling at the time of marriage and if necessary, to choose a subject for further study, where color detection does not play an important part. Materials and Methods: Prior permission was taken from the Institutional Ethics Committee to carry out this study. The study was carried out among the 1st–4th year medical students of V.S.S. Medical College and Hospital (n = 690) from August 2022 to October 2022. Ishihara test plates for color vision and agglutination method for ABO blood grouping were employed to get the prevalence of CVD and to get the percentage of subjects belonging to each blood group among those having CVD. The observations were noted carefully. Results: After careful screening, it was seen that 647 (93.76%) were normal, 42 (6.08%) had CVD, and 1 (0.14%) subject was completely color blind. All those affected were males. Distribution of blood group in CVD subjects showed 7 (16.27%) numbers belonging to blood group A, 22 (51.16%) belonging to blood group B, 1 (2.3%) belonging to blood group AB, and 12 (27.9%) belonging to blood group O. The only color blind student belonged to blood group B (2.3%). Conclusion: As medical students have to deal with colors throughout their career, the study helps the subjects to be aware of their condition early in their professional life. It also tried to find out the percentage distribution into ABO blood groups. A larger population should be included to get more accurate results.

The challenge of finding Chinese blood groups / 中国输血杂志

Up to now, hundreds of human blood groups have been detected globally, but none have been found in the Chinese population. China is a multi-ethnic country with rich genetic polymorphism and variation. The Chinese pangenome reference reveals that the Chinese carry some genetic variations that are different from other ethnic groups in the world, especially the discovery of approximately 5 million new base pair sequences, which are considered the core genome sequences of the Chinese population. Research on red blood cell membrane proteomics has shown that red blood cells carry over 2 600 kinds of erythrocyte membrane proteins, and currently only 37 protein molecules have detected blood group antigens. The above data suggest that the possibility of new blood group in the Chinese population cannot be ruled out. This comment describes the history of the discovery of blood groups and the challenges faced by Chinese scholars.

Distribution and Association of Lip Print Pattern, Finger Print Pattern and ABO Blood Groups in Relation to Gender and Family Among South Indian Population

Background: Positive identification of living/ deceased using distinct traits is a cornerstone of forensic science. According to Locard’s principle “When two objects come into contact, there is always transfer of material from one to another”. The finger prints, lip prints and blood remains are the evidence for forensic identification. Aim: To study the frequency, distribution and association of ABO blood groups, finger print pattern, lip print pattern among gender and also the inherent nature of patterns among family members. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 Subjects (100 males, 100 females) within the age range of 17- 30 years and 20 families were randomly selected and aggregated as groups. Lip prints and finger prints were collected using dusting technique with fine carbon powder. ABO blood group was determined by slide agglutination method. Results: Ulnar loop - Males - Vertical, Radial loop - Males - Branching, Whorl - Females - Branching, Arch - Males - Intersecting; Females - Vertical. O positive, B positive - Loop - Branching, A positive - Loop - Vertical and Intersecting, AB positive - Whorl - Branching and Intersecting. Among 20 families, 14 families showed 100 percent pattern resemblance. High percentage of similar pattern was observed between father to daughter (70%) in finger prints and mother to son in lip prints (71%). Conclusion: Correlating the uniqueness of these physical evidence helps in personal identification as it can narrow the search & to substantiate the facts where there is little evidence

Blood group B and decreased risk of coronary artery disease in hypertensive elderly / Grupo sanguíneo B y disminución del riesgo de enfermedad arterial coronaria en ancianos hipertensos

Abstract Although ABO blood groups have been associated with cardiovascular disease, little is known about whether ABO blood groups contribute to the risk of the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in elderly individuals with hypertension. This study was aimed to explore this association. A total of 793 hypertensive patients aged ≥60 years out of 2095 patients who underwent primary coronary angiography were retrospectively included. They were divided into CAD and non-CAD groups. Demographic and clinical characteristics, ABO blood groups and other biochemical parameters were compared. Further evaluation was performed to determine the impact of ABO blood groups on CAD severity using the Gensini score and the number of significantly diseased vessels. A logistic regression model was constructed to identify the association of ABO blood groups with CAD. There was a substantial difference in the distribution of ABO blood groups in elderly and hypertensive adults with and without CAD (p=0.022). Hypertensive patients with CAD had a significantly lower proportion of the blood group B than those without CAD (p=0.008). Compared to those with non-Blood group B, hypertensive elderly with a blood group B tended to have significantly lower concentrations of TC, LDL -C and Apo B, and a lower number of significantly stenosed vessels. The blood group B was found to be an independent protective factor for CAD in elderly with hypertension. The blood group B is significantly associated with a decreased risk of CAD and is inversely correlated with the severity of coronary stenosis in the elderly with hypertension.

Resumen Aunque los tipos de sangre ABO están asociados con enfermedades cardiovasculares, se sabe poco sobre si los tipos de sangre ABO estás relacionados con la presencia y gravedad de la enfermedad arterial coronaria (CAD) en pacientes de edad avanzada con hipertensión. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar esta relación. Se incluyeron retrospectivamente un total de 793 pacientes hipertensos de ≥60 años tomados de un grupo de 2095 pacientes sometidos a angiografía coronaria primaria. Se dividieron en el grupo de cardiopatía coronaria (CAD) y el grupo sin cardiopatía coronaria (no-CAD). Se compararon las características demográficas y clínicas, el grupo sanguíneo ABO y otros parámetros bioquímicos. El efecto del grupo sanguíneo ABO sobre la gravedad de la CAD se evaluó con la puntuación Gensini y el número de vasos sanguíneos patológicos significativos. Se construyó un modelo de regresión logística para determinar la relación entre el grupo sanguíneo ABO y la CAD. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la distribución de los grupos sanguíneos ABO entre los ancianos con y sin cardiopatía coronaria y los adultos con hipertensión (P=0,022). La proporción del grupo sanguíneo B en pacientes hipertensos con cardiopatía coronaria fue significativamente menor que en pacientes sin cardiopatía coronaria (P=0,008). En comparación con los grupos sanguíneos no B, las concentraciones de TC, LDL - C y Apolipoproteína B en los ancianos hipertensos del Grupo B fueron significativamente menores, y el número de estenosis vascular fue significativamente menor. El Grupo B es un factor protector independiente de la CAD en pacientes de edad avanzada con hipertensión. El Grupo B se correlacionó significativamente con la reducción del riesgo de cardiopatía coronaria y negativamente con la gravedad de la estenosis coronaria en pacientes de edad avanzada con hipertensión.

Linkages between blood groups and malaria susceptibility

Blood typing has revolutionized the field of medical science since its discovery about a century ago. Besides its established role in life-saving blood transfusions, researchers have always been curious about the relationship between blood groups and human ailments. The effect of blood groups on disease outcomes, susceptibility, and mortality has been widely explored. According to a particular school of thought, the endemicity of diseases shapes the distribution of blood group frequency in human populations and exert selection pressure favoring one blood type over another. Here we discuss the scope and association of different blood groups in the context of malaria.

Rate pressure product and its association with body mass index and blood groups in young adults

Background: Increased body mass index (BMI) and adiposity are considered a major health hazards. Overweight and obesity are associated with numerous diseases. Obesity independently can lead to the development of various health problems or can potentiate health problems in association with other risk factors. According to the scientific data available, people of different blood groups of the ABO system are susceptible to certain specific diseases. Rate pressure product (RPP) is one of the valuable markers of cardiac function. Increased RPP, an index of myocardial work stress, is an indicator of cardiovascular risk. Aim and Objective: The present study is taken up to find out the association between RPP, BMI, and ABO blood groups. Materials and Methods: A total of 143 subjects participated in the study. BMI was calculated using Quetelet’s index and categorized based on consensus for Asian population. Blood grouping was done by slide agglutination technique and subjects were grouped into A, B, AB, and O blood groups. RPP was calculated as product of systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Data collected were analyzed using suitable statistical tests. Results: There is a statistically significant difference in RPP of males and females, with males having a higher RPP (P = 0.037) and statistically significant association between gender and RPP (P = 0.044); 60% of males had a raised RPP. There is no statistically significant difference in RPP across BMI categories (P = 0.939) and no statistically significant association between BMI and RPP (P = 0.512). Although not statistically significant, RPP was higher in AB blood group in males and was lower in O blood group in females. There was no statistically significant correlation between blood groups and RPP in both male and female young adults. Conclusions: Males have higher RPP. There is no difference in RPP across BMI categories and no significant association between BMI and RPP. There is no association between blood groups and RPP in young adults.

Frecuencia de grupos sanguíneos ABO y RhD, en universitarios de El Alto ­ Bolivia / Frequency of ABO and RhD blood groups in university students in El Alto - Bolivia

INTRODUCCIÓN: los sistemas sanguíneos continúan siendo de gran importancia en múltiples disciplinas como la medicina transfusional, genética poblacional, medicina forense, trasplante de órganos entre otras, estas se basan en la determinación de los grupos sanguíneos ABO y Rh. El siguiente trabajo analiza la fenotipificación eritrocitaria en un grupo de estudiantes de la carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia de 5to, 6to y 7mo semestre, Universidad Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ) sede El Alto - Bolivia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de serie de casos, determinando los sistemas ABO y RhD, para las pruebas directa e indirecta a fin de evitar discrepancias; utilizando como soporte la técnica de microplaca, regida a controles de calidad en Inmunohematología. RESULTADOS: los resultados mostraron que el 86% eran mujeres, el grupo etario dominante esta entre 18 a 25 años de edad. El sistema ABO determinó el mayor porcentaje al grupo O con un 93%, destacando que no se encontró el grupo AB en el grupo de estudio. El sistema RhD, tuvo 100% de positivos, no encontrándose fenotipos RhD negativo ni variantes ni parciales. CONCLUSIÓN: la fenotipificación de grupos sanguíneos tanto directa e indirecta, a través de la plataforma de microplaca ayuda a evitar errores y discrepancias, tal como lo recomienda el Manual de Inmunohematología en servicios de sangre en Bolivia.

INTRODUCTION Blood systems continue to be of great importance in multiple disciplines such as transfusion medicine, population genetics, forensic medicine and organ transplantation, which are based on the determination of ABO and Rh blood groups. The following work analyzes the erythrocyte phenotyping in a group of students of Biochemistry and Pharmacy of 5th, 6th and 7th semesters, UNIFRANZ, El Alto. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive case series study was carried out, determining the ABO and RhD systems for direct and indirect tests in order to avoid discrepancies; using the microplate technique as support, according to quality controls in Immunohematology. RESULTS The results showed that 86% were women, the dominant age group was between 18 and 25 years of age. The ABO system determined the highest percentage of group O with 93%, highlighting that the AB group was not found in the study group. The RhD system was 100% positive, with no RhD negative phenotypes, neither variant nor partial. CONCLUSION The phenotyping of blood groups, both direct and indirect, through the microplate platform helps to avoid errors and discrepancies, as recommended by the Manual of Immunohematology in blood services in Bolivia.

Antígenos del sistema ABO y manifestaciones clínicas de la Covid-19 en un área de salud del municipio Bayamo

RESUMEN Introducción: se han descrito una plétora de síntomas/signos que indican claramente que la COVID-19 es una enfermedad compleja, y un número creciente de reportes han sugerido que los grupos sanguíneos ABO están relacionados con el riesgo a desarrollar la enfermedad. Objetivo: identificar si existe relación entre los fenotipos sanguíneos del sistema ABO y las manifestaciones clínicas de la Covid-19 en un área de salud del municipio Bayamo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, que incluyó a 123 pacientes confirmados de COVID-19 con alta epidemiológica. Se determinó el grupo sanguíneo según el sistema ABO. Los sujetos fueron clasificados según el número de síntomas/signos, el predominio de síntomas/signos respiratorios o no. Se analizó la asociación entre los grupos sanguíneos del sistema ABO, los portadores de los diferentes antígenos en comparación con las de aquellos sin el antígeno y los grupos por número de síntomas y signos, y según predominio o no de síntomas/signos respiratorios. Resultados: se encontró una asociación significativa entre el grupo sanguíneo de los pacientes y los grupos según el número de síntomas/signos presentados, así como, entre los portadores de antígenos B y no B y los grupos según el número de síntomas/signos presentados y el predominio de los síntomas respiratorios o no, en todos los casos con una mayor frecuencia de pacientes con el fenotipo A. Conclusiones: se concluye que en este estudio el grupo sanguíneo de los pacientes positivos a la Covid-19 se relacionó con el número de síntomas/signos presentados, con predominio de la frecuencia de portadores del antígeno A sobre los demás.

ABSTRACT Introduction: A plethora of symptoms/signs have been described that clearly indicate that COVID-19 is a complex disease, and a growing number of reports have suggested that ABO blood groups are related to the risk of developing the disease. Objective: to identify if there is a relationship between the blood phenotypes of the ABO system and the clinical manifestations of Covid-19 in a health area in the Bayamo municipality. Methods: a retrospective descriptive study was carried out, which included 123 confirmed COVID-19 patients with epidemiological discharge. Blood group was determined according to the ABO system. The subjects were classified according to the number of symptoms/signs, the predominance of respiratory symptoms/signs or not. The association between the blood groups of the ABO system, the carriers of the different antigens in comparison with those of those without the antigen and the groups by number of symptoms and signs, and according to predominance or not of respiratory symptoms/signs was analyzed. Results: a significant association was found between the blood group of the patients and the groups according to the number of symptoms/signs presented, as well as between carriers of B and non-B antigens and the groups according to the number of symptoms/signs presented and the predominance of respiratory symptoms or not, in all cases with a higher frequency of patients with phenotype A. Conclusions: it is concluded that in this study the blood group of patients positive for Covid-19 was related to the number of symptoms/signs presented, with a predominance of the frequency of carriers of antigen A over the others.

RESUMO Introdução: foi descrita uma infinidade de sintomas/sinais que indicam claramente que a COVID-19 é uma doença complexa, e um número crescente de relatos sugere que os grupos sanguíneos ABO estão relacionados ao risco de desenvolver a doença. Objetivo: identificar se existe relação entre os fenótipos sanguíneos do sistema ABO e as manifestações clínicas da Covid-19 em uma área de saúde do município de Bayamo. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo descritivo retrospectivo, que incluiu 123 pacientes confirmados com COVID-19 com alta epidemiológica. O grupo sanguíneo foi determinado de acordo com o sistema ABO. Os sujeitos foram classificados de acordo com o número de sintomas/sinais, a predominância de sintomas/sinais respiratórios ou não. Foi analisada a associação entre os grupos sanguíneos do sistema ABO, os portadores dos diferentes antígenos em comparação com aqueles sem o antígeno e os grupos por número de sintomas e sinais, e segundo predominância ou não de sintomas/sinais respiratórios. Resultados: foi encontrada associação significativa entre o grupo sanguíneo dos pacientes e os grupos de acordo com o número de sintomas/sinais apresentados, bem como entre os portadores de antígenos B e não-B e os grupos de acordo com o número de sintomas/sinais apresentou e a predominância de sintomas respiratórios ou não, em todos os casos com maior frequência de pacientes com fenótipo A. Conclusões: conclui-se que neste estudo o grupo sanguíneo dos pacientes positivos para Covid-19 esteve relacionado ao número de sintomas/sinais apresentados, com predomínio da frequência de portadores do antígeno A sobre os demais.

Effect of ABO blood groups on length of hospital stay according to age in Covid-19 patients

Abstract Introduction Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel viral disease with person-to-person transmission that has spread to many countries since the end of 2019. Although many unknowns were resolved within a year and the vaccine is available, it is still a major global health problem. Objective COVID-19 infection may present with a considerably wide spectrum of severity and host factors play a significant role in determining the course of the disease. One of these factors is blood groups. Based on previous experience, it is believed that the ABO blood group type affects prognosis, treatment response and length of stay in the hospital. In this study, our aim was to evaluate whether the blood group had an effect on the length of the hospital stay. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have assessed the effect of ABO blood groups, as well as age, on the length of the hospital stay in these settings. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 969 patients admitted to our hospital between March 15, 2020 and May 15, 2020 were evaluated. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to ABO blood groups. The effect of the ABO blood group by age on the course of the disease, need for intensive care, duration of hospitalization and mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection, especially in geriatric patients, was evaluated. Results Of all the patients, 9.1% required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), of whom 83% died. The average length of ICU stay was 11 days (0 - 59). The observed mortality rates in blood groups A, B, AB and 0 were 86.4%, 93.3%, 80.0% and 70.8%, respectively, indicating similar death rates in all ABO blood types. When the Rh phenotype was taken into consideration, no significant changes in results were seen. Conclusion As a result, we could not observe a significant relationship between blood groups and clinical outcomes in this study, which included a sample of Turkish patients with COVID-19.

ABO blood group association and COVID-19. COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: a review

Abstract Introduction The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been affecting the health and economic, as well as social, life of the entire globe since the end of 2019. The virus causes COVID-19, with a wide range of symptoms among the infected individuals, from asymptomatic infection to mortality. This, along with a high infection rate, prompted efforts to investigate the potential mechanisms of the different clinical manifestations caused by SARS-CoV-2 among the infected populations. Hypothesis One of the possible mechanisms that has been reported is the ABO blood system polymorphism. Indeed, one of the major proposed mechanisms is the presence of naturally occurring anti-A antibodies in individuals of groups O and B, which could be partially protective against SARS-CoV-2 virions. Objective and Method This article aimed to review the published data on the potential effect of the ABO blood group system on the susceptibility to COVID-19 and the disease progression and outcomes. Results The reviewed data suggest that individuals of blood group A are at a higher risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and may develop severe COVID-19 outcomes, whereas blood group O is considered protective against the infection, to some extent. However, some of the available studies seem to have been influenced by unaccounted confounders and biases. Conclusion Therefore, further appropriately controlled studies are warranted to fully investigate the possible association between the ABO blood groups and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity.

Rh blood system classification and compatible blood transfusion / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the profiles of RhC, c, E, and e antigens and phenotypes in 4 704 inpatients from multiple regions, i. e. Nanning, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, and provide data information for compatibility blood transfusion of Rh blood group. 【Methods】 The Rh blood group antigens were detected by microcolumn gel cards from three manufactures. If the test and the control results are inconsistent, a third-party reagent would be used, and traditional tube method for confirmation if needed. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to analyze antigen frequency and Rh phenotypes in each region. 【Results】 Among the 4 704 inpatients, the frequency of C, c, E, and e antigen was e(91.77%)>C(85.64%)>c(49.62%)>E(41.60%), and Rh phenotypes distribution was CCee(49.40%)>CcEe(27.53%)>Ccee(8.16%)>ccEE(7.74%)>ccEe(4.89%)>CCEe(0.96%)>ccee(0.83%)>CcEE(0.47%)>CCEE(0.02%). There were significant differences in Rh blood type distribution among Nanning, Guangzhou and Shenzhen(P<0.05). Differences in Rh phenotype distribution between male and female were noticed in Shenzhen(P< 0.05), but not in Nanning or Guangzhou. 【Conclusion】 The distribution of Rh blood group in Shenzhen, Nanning and Guangzhou were significantly different from each other, therefore regional characteristics should be considered when carrying out Rh-compatible blood transfusion, so as to guarantee the security of transfusion and reduce the incidence of unexpected antibodies.

Causes of ABO forward and reverse grouping discrepancy: 75 cases / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the causes and solutions of ABO forward and reverse grouping discrepancy, and to ensure the safety of blood transfusion in clinical. 【Methods】 Samples from 75 patients with discrepancy between forward and reverse grouping in December 2019 and March 2022 were tested and analyzed in combination with saline method(forward and reverse grouping), direct antiglobulin test, antibody screening, antibody identification, increasing plasma volume, incubation enhancement test at 4℃, absorption-eluation test and molecular biological tests. 【Results】 Causes for abnormal reverse typing were as follows : weak antibody in 11 cases(14.67%), unexpected antibody in 19 cases(25.33%), inverted albumin and globulin ratios in 9 cases(12.00%), increased white blood cells in 3 cases(4.00%), inadequate anticoagulation in 3 cases(4.00%), bone marrow transplantation in 2 cases(2.67%), multiple myeloma in 4 cases(5.33%), acute gastrointestinal bleeding in 3 cases(4.00%). Causes for abnormal forward typing were as follows: self-coagulating in 1 case(1.33%), acute leukemia in 7cases(9.34%), post-transplantation in 1 case(1.33%). Causes for abnormal forward/reverse typing: acute leukemia in 1 case(1.33%), condensin syndrome in 1 case(1.33%), autoimmune hemolytic anemia in 6 cases(8.00%), subtype in 4 cases(5.33%). Results of genotying in 7 cases were as follows: B(A) 04 for 1 case, B(A)02 2 cases, AB3 1case, A1 2 cases, and 1case with new genotype. 【Conclusion】 For patients with forward and reverse typing discrepancy for ABO blood group, several studying methods, such as clinical/serological tests inquiring, absorption-eluation tests and molecular biological tests, should be combined to ensure blood transfusion safety.

Distribution of ABO, Rh, Mn, P, h blood groups and gene frequency in Lahu ethnic minority in Yunnan / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To understand the distribution and gene frequency of main red blood cell blood groups in Lahu ethnic minority and analyze the genetic characteristics of Lahu people. 【Methods】 1) ABO forward and reverse typing had been performed by microplate method; 2) Rh, MN, H, P1Pk and Mur antigen were tested by the tube method. If the ABO forward and reverse typing were incompatible, the tube method was used for confirmation. 【Results】 The distribution characteristics of blood group and gene frequency in Lahu ethnic minority were as follows: B>O>A>AB for ABO, with genotype frequency as p 11.1%, q 27.5% and r 61.4%; the frequency of Rh genotype was CDe 83.3%, cDE 12.0%, cDe 2.42%, CDE 2.32%, CdE 0%, Cde 0%, cdE 0% and cde 0%; M > MN>N for MN blood group, with genotype frequency as M 75.26% and N 24.74%; P1

Association of mental and physical health of first year undergraduate students with ABO blood groups in an Indian urban medical college

Background: Medical students tend to have greater stress levels than the general population. Present study aims to explore mental and physical health of first year medical undergraduate students and association with different ABO blood groups.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 99 first year students were segregated on the basis of ABO blood groups. Mental health was assessed using validated General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). For physical health, height and weight of each student were measured and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated.Results: Study shows higher prevalence of stress (GHQ-12 scores) of 54.6%. There was no statistically significant association of stress levels (GHQ-12 scores) and BMI with various ABO Blood groups using Pearson Chi Square test. On comparison GHQ-12 scores were highest for O blood group students and BMI values were greater in blood group B and O, but not significant. AB blood group had least GHQ-12 scores and BMI. On correlation of GHQ-12 scores with BMI, there was weak positive correlation.Conclusions: Blood groups have no association with mental and physical health status. Interventions in early phase to reduce stress in medical students will reduce incidence of obesity and related health disorders in future.

Frecuencias de grupos sanguíneos de interés clínico en donantes y pacientes de Costa Rica / The frequency of blood groups of interest in donors and patients from Costa Rica

Introducción: Los sistemas sanguíneos ABO, Rh y Kell son lo más relevantes desde el punto de vista clínico por su inmunogenicidad y ser los principales causantes de reacciones hemolíticas. Objetivo: Determinar las frecuencias de los grupos sanguíneos ABO y Rh, y la frecuencia del antígeno Kell en pacientes y donantes de Costa Rica. Métodos: Durante el periodo de 2009 al 2018 se obtuvo de las bases de datos de los bancos de sangre de tres hospitales de adultos de Costa Rica, las frecuencias de los grupos sanguíneos ABO, Rh y Kell en muestras de donantes y pacientes. Para contrastar las frecuencias de cada grupo sanguíneo se realizó una prueba de independencia de variables Chi cuadrado, con el 95 por ciento de confianza. Los datos se analizaron con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 23. Resultados: Las frecuencias de los grupos ABO en las muestras de donantes y pacientes mostraron diferencias pequeñas pero significativas. La frecuencia del fenotipo Rh D negativo fue más alta en pacientes (8,0 por ciento) que en donantes (6,1 por ciento). Se estimaron las frecuencias de los antígenos C (67,8 por ciento), c (80,5 por ciento), E (41,4 por ciento), e (94,4 por ciento) y K (3,1 por ciento) a partir de las muestras de los donantes. Conclusiones: Las estrategias de reclutamiento de donantes de sangre aumentan la frecuencia del fenotipo Rh negativo en donantes con respecto a los pacientes. Las estadísticas recopiladas demuestran un aumento en la frecuencia del grupo O en comparación con los últimos estudios relacionados. Finalmente, los otros antígenos presentaron pocas variaciones en comparación a estudios previos(AU)

Introduction: The ABO, Rh and Kell blood systems are the most relevant from the clinical point of view, due to their immunogenicity and because they are the main causes of hemolytic reactions. Objective: To determine the frequencies of ABO and Rh blood groups, and the frequency of the Kell antigen in patients and donors from Costa Rica. Methods: During the period from 2009 to 2018, the frequencies of ABO, Rh and Kell blood groups in donor and patient samples were obtained from the blood bank databases of three adult hospitals in Costa Rica. To contrast the frequencies of each blood group, a chi-square test of independence of variables was performed, with 95 percent confidence interval. The data were analyzed with the statistical package SPSS version 23. Results: The frequencies of ABO groups in donor and patient samples showed small but significant differences. The frequency of the negative Rh D phenotype was higher in patients (8.0 percent) than in donors (6.1 percent). The frequencies of the antigens C (67.8 percent), c (80.5 percent), E (41.4 percent), e (94.4 percent), and K (3.1 percent) were estimated from donor samples. Conclusions: Blood donor recruitment strategies increase the frequency of negative Rh phenotype in donors compared to patients. The statistics collected demonstrate an increase in the frequency of the O group compared to recent related studies. Finally, the other antigens did not show as much variation compared to previous studies(AU)

Correlation between ABO blood groups and body mass index among medical students

 Background: ABO blood groups are associated with certain diseases. The present study seeks to find out if there is any association between ABO blood groups and body mass index.Methods: The present study involves 150 medical students, 105 boys and 45 girls in the age group of 18-23 years in the Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Burla, Sambalpur. Height in meters and weight in kg were taken by stadiometer and weighing machine. BMI was calculated using formula BMI=weight in kg/height in m2 . Blood groups were determined by slide agglutination method. The data was analyzed through SPSS 20.Results: Overweight and obesity was found more prevalent in boys than girls. In total, 20.7% students were overweight (21% boys and 20% girls). The same trend was found in obesity.  15.3% of total students were obese (16.2% boys and 13.3% girls). Blood group B was reported the most common blood groups (42%) followed by blood group O (28%), while blood groups A and AB were found 18.7% and 11.3% of participants, respectively. The prevalence of overweight (BMI 25-29.9) among participants based on blood group O, A, AB and B was 23.8%, 22.2%, 21.4% and 5.9%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity (BMI >30) among participants based on blood groups AB, B, A and O was 23.5%, 17.5%, 14.3% and 9.5%, respectively.Conclusions: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was more in blood group O and AB respectively and was more in males than females.

Comparison of cardiac autonomic response in different ABO blood groups of young adults

Background: ABO blood group has been associated with various disease phenotypes, particularly cardiovascular disease. Abnormal autonomic response also plays a role in cardiac morbidity. Increasing attention is being focused on the role of autonomic nervous system in health and disease. The literature lacks data on the association of blood groups and cardiac autonomic function. The aim of the study was to find out the association between different blood groups and cardiovascular autonomic functions in young adults.Methods: 150 healthy young students of MMU aged 18-25 years, divided into four groups based on ABO blood grouping, determined by agglutination test (group A, group B, group O and group AB). Various autonomic function tests done were lying to standing test, Valsalva maneuver, Hand grip test (HGT) and Cold pressor test (CPT).Results: The mean baseline heart rate was significantly higher in group O as compared to group A. No parasympathetic alteration between different ABO blood groups was seen. Blood pressure response to HGT and CPT was not statistically significant between different blood groups.Conclusions: Present study revealed no alteration in cardiac autonomic function with regards to ABO blood grouping in young adults.