Corpos secos ou molhados? Representações do suor em duas academias de ginástica do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Dried or wet bodies? Representations of sweat in two fitness centers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Cuerpos secos o mojados? Representaciones del sudor en dos centros de acondicionamiento de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Embora "suar a camisa" seja uma expressão êmica comum no âmbito das práticas corporais, pouco se têm explorado simbolicamente tal discurso na área de Educação Física. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender em que medida as representações dos praticantes de musculação em academias de ginástica acerca do suor os influenciavam nos seus anseios para o corpo. Pautada pela abordagem antropológica, durante um ano, uma etnografia comparativa foi realizada em duas academias inseridas em contextos socioeconômicos e culturais distintos do Rio de Janeiro. Concluiu-se que a multiplicidade de significados atribuídos ao suor pelos alunos influenciava o engajamento dos mesmos no ato de se exercitar.

Although work hard with the sweat in the shirt presents an ordinary emic expression related to the corporal practices, it is possible to note a little number of investigations that the objective is to explore this conception, symbolically, in the Physical Education. The objective of the study is to understand the representations of some practitioners, emphasizing if there is any relationship between the sweat and their expectations toward the body in some Fitness Centers. The research is a comparative ethnography done in two different (in the social, economic and cultural aspects) Fitness Centers in Rio de Janeiro, during one year. The results show that the multiplicity of meanings related to the sweat by the students had a connection between the engagement and their exercise.

Aunque sudar la camisa sea una expresión común en el ámbito de las prácticas corporales, pocos estudios exploran simbólicamente ese discurso en la Educación Física. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo comprender de qué manera las representaciones de los practicantes de musculación en Centros de Acondicionamiento tocantes al sudor influenciaban sus deseos para el cuerpo. Pautado por una perspectiva antropológica, se realizó, durante un año, una etnografía comparativa en dos Centros de Acondicionamiento pertenecientes a contextos sociales, económicos y culturales distintos de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro. Se concluyó que la multiplicidad de significados corporales atribuidos al sudor por los alumnos influenciaba su comprometimiento en el acto ejercitarse.

Effects of manual chest compression on expiratory flow bias during the positive end-expiratory pressure-zero end-expiratory pressure maneuver in patients on mechanical ventilation / Efeitos da compressão torácica manual sobre o flow bias expiratório durante a manobra positive end-expiratory pressure-zero end-expiratory pressure em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica invasiva

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effects of manual chest compression (MCC) on the expiratory flow bias during the positive end-expiratory pressure-zero end-expiratory pressure (PEEP-ZEEP) airway clearance maneuver applied in patients on mechanical ventilation. The flow bias, which influences pulmonary secretion removal, is evaluated by the ratio and difference between the peak expiratory flow (PEF) and the peak inspiratory flow (PIF). Methods: This was a crossover randomized study involving 10 patients. The PEEP-ZEEP maneuver was applied at four time points, one without MCC and the other three with MCC, which were performed by three different respiratory therapists. Respiratory mechanics data were obtained with a specific monitor. Results: The PEEP-ZEEP maneuver without MCC was enough to exceed the threshold that is considered necessary to move secretion toward the glottis (PEF − PIF difference > 33 L/min): a mean PEF − PIF difference of 49.1 ± 9.4 L/min was achieved. The mean PEF/PIF ratio achieved was 3.3 ± 0.7. Using MCC with PEEP-ZEEP increased the mean PEF − PIF difference by 6.7 ± 3.4 L/min. We found a moderate correlation between respiratory therapist hand grip strength and the flow bias generated with MCC. No adverse hemodynamic or respiratory effects were found. Conclusions: The PEEP-ZEEP maneuver, without MCC, resulted in an expiratory flow bias superior to that necessary to facilitate pulmonary secretion removal. Combining MCC with the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver increased the expiratory flow bias, which increases the potential of the maneuver to remove secretions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da compressão torácica manual (CTM) sobre o flow bias expiratório durante a manobra positive end-expiratory pressure-zero end-expiratory pressure (PEEP-ZEEP) para a remoção de secreção em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica invasiva. O flow bias, que influencia na remoção de secreção pulmonar, foi avaliado pela razão e diferença entre pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) e pico de fluxo inspiratório (PFI). Métodos: Estudo cruzado e randomizado no qual participaram 10 pacientes. A manobra PEEP-ZEEP foi aplicada em quatro momentos, sendo um sem CTM e os outros três em associação com a CTM, que foram aplicadas por três fisioterapeutas distintos. Um monitor específico foi utilizado para o registro dos dados de mecânica respiratória. Resultados: A manobra PEEP-ZEEP sem a CTM foi suficiente para ultrapassar o limiar do flow bias expiratório (diferença PFE − PFI > 33 l/min), considerado necessário para deslocar a secreção em direção à glote; a média da diferença PFE − PFI encontrada foi de 49,1 ± 9,4 l/min. A média da razão PFE/PFI alcançada foi de 3,3 ± 0,7. A associação da CTM à PEEP-ZEEP aumentou a média da diferença PFE − PFI em 6,7 ± 3,4 l/min. Foi observada correlação moderada entre a força de preensão manual dos fisioterapeutas e o flow bias gerado durante a CTM. Não foram encontradas alterações hemodinâmicas ou respiratórias adversas ao longo do estudo. Conclusões: A manobra PEEP-ZEEP sem a CTM resultou em um flow bias expiratório superior ao considerado efetivo para auxiliar na remoção de secreção pulmonar. A associação com a CTM aumentou o flow bias expiratório, o que aumenta o potencial da manobra para remover secreções.

Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en aislamientos de secreción endotraqueal en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital nacional de Lima, 2016 / Antimicrobial susceptibility among endotracheal isolates in an intensive care unit in Lima, 2016

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de microorganismos y el patrón de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en aislamientos de cultivos de secreción endotraqueal en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital nacional de Lima. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo. Se incluyeron 195 cultivos positivos de secreción endotraqueal de pacientes en ventilación mecánica durante el periodo enero a diciembre del 2016. Resultados: Acinetobacter sp. fue la bacteria más frecuentemente aislada (28%) seguido por Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%) y Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), Los aislamientos con Acinetobacter sp. presentaron una elevada resistencia a antibióticos carbapenémicos (meropenem 90% eimipenem 88%). Conclusiones: Se identificó una elevada frecuencia de Acinetobacter sp. En cultivos de secreción traqueal en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, con un patrón de multirresistencia. (AU)

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of micro-organisms and their susceptibility pattern among endotracheal isolates in an intensive care unit in national hospital in Lima. Methods: An observational, descriptive study was carried-out from January to December 2016, 195 positive isolates from endotracheal aspirates of patients under mechanical ventilation were analyzed. Results: Acinetobacter spp. was the most common bacteria isolates (28%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%). Acinetobacter spp. was highly resistant to carbapenems (90% to meropenem and 88% to imipenem). Conclusions: Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter spp. was the most common pathogen isolated in this setting. (AU)

"Suando a camisa" em academias de ginástica do Rio de Janeiro: um estudo etnográfico / "Sweating the shirt" in fitness centers of Rio de Janeiro: an ethnographic study

Resumo As secreções humanas podem indicar como os grupos sociais compreendem múltiplas formas de usos do corpo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como o suor pode ser concebido pelos alunos em academias de ginástica. Durante um ano, foi realizada pesquisa etnográfica comparativa em academias de pequeno e grande porte, respectivamente, inseridas em um bairro popular e nobre do Rio de Janeiro. Foi possível concluir que enquanto na academia de pequeno porte havia certa positividade atribuída ao suor devido à sociabilização e à noção de sucesso na performance durante as práticas corporais e cotidiano laboral, na academia de grande porte o mesmo tendia a ser visto com repulsa, limitando os encontros face a face e os esforços físicos extenuantes.

Abstract Human secretions can indicate how some social groups understand the large number of possibilities to use the body. This study aimed to analyze how sweat can be perceived by the users when they are in a fitness center. An ethnography research was conducted during one year in Rio de Janeiro city, comparing a small and a large fitness center, the former located in a popular neighborhood and the latter in a noble neighborhood. Therefore, as long as sweat was noticed in a positive way in the small fitness center and related to performance improvements, in the other fitness center sweat was conceived as something repulsive, limiting the meeting between users and the exhaustive exercises.

Analysis of EQA results of several genitourinary tract secretion routine tests from 2009 to 2011 in Guizhou province / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To establish an external quality assessment ( EQA) system of genitourinary tract secretions routine testing in Guizhou Province and improve the overall testing level.Methods From 2009 to 2011, more than 50 clinical laboratories in different grade hospitals from Guizhou Province were enrolled as participating units every year.EQA was carried out twice a year.Each time, five slides of high quality Wright′s or Gram stain smear of the genitourinary tract secretions or photographs obtained from these smears were selected to send to the participating laboratories for testing, and the feedback results from each laboratory were analyzed.The qualification was judged by the coincidence rate equal to or more than 80%. The average coincidence rates of each time and each year were statistically analyzed by Chi-squared test. Results From 2009 to 2011, the number of EQA participating units increased from 55 to 96, with an average return rate of >80%.Coincidence rates <80%of the 6 EQA results in the 3 years were as follow:four times for coccobacteria (73.7%,77.8%,61.1%,77.1%), twice for bacillus (75.6%,79.3%) and coccobacillus (64.3%,52.1%), once for infusorian (79.7%), epithelial cells (76.1%), neutropenia (75.7%) and cleanliness (71.3%).There were six batches of 30 quality assessment controls (accounting for 20.0%) in the six EQAs had the coincidence rate of <80%.Eleven items of 30 quality assessment controls with 1 to 15 batches were unqualified ( average coincidence rate of<80%) respectively.The item with the highest total average coincidence rate was suspected gonococcus (94.2%), and two items with the lowest total average coincidence rates were coccus and coccobacillus ( 77.0%, 75.2%, respectively ) . Conclusions This EQA program carried out within a certain range of clinical laboratories achieved good results:participating units increased significantly;the total score of all the items showed an obviously upward trend;the quality awareness of clinical lab technicians has enhanced to a certain extent.In this study, EQA system of genitourinary tract secretion routine testing were preliminarily established in Guizhou province, which provided a reference model of internal quality control ( IQC ) and EQA for clinical laboratories and higher authorities, and will be bound to have a positive impact on improvement of the overall level of genitourinary tract secretion routine testing.

Effects of the traditional chinese medicine sanzipaitantang combined with ambroxol in the treatment of airway mucus hypersecretion in rats with asthma / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of the traditional Chinese medicine SanZiPaiTanTang combined with ambroxol in the treatment of airway mucus hypersecretion in rats with asthma. Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (8 each): normal group, asthma group, SanZiPaiTanTang group (Chinese medicine group), ambroxol group (Western medicine group), SanZiPaiTanTang combined with ambroxol group (The combinational group). The rat asthma model was reproduced with ovalbumin (OVA), and all these rats were morphologically scored on the 42th and 56th day. Airway inflammation was observed pathologically with HE staining, and the expression of lung tissue mucin (MUC5AC) was examined by immunohistochemistry The IL-13 content in serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the proliferation of goblet cells in airway was detected by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Results The morphological score and airway inflammation decreased in all drug treated groups as compared with those in asthma group. The MUC5AC levels were higher in asthma group than in normal group (0.530 ± 0.035 vs 0.132 ± 0.020, P<0.05), the combination group (0.254 ± 0.029), the Chinese medicine group (0.359 ± 0.025) and the Western medicine group (0.386 ± 0.030) (P<0.05), while the difference between combinational group and Chinese medicine group or Western medicine group was statistically significant (P<0.05). The IL-13 contents markedly decreased in the combinational group, Chinese medicine group and Western medicine group compared with that in asthma group (42.41 ± 3.15, 46.31 ± 3.07, 43.05 ± 2.70 vs 51.65 ± 4.07, P<0.05), and the difference between the combinational group and Chinese medicine group was statistically signifcant (P<0.05), but no signifcant difference was found between the combinational group and the Western medicine group. Te goblet cell hyperplasia area was signifcantly lower in the three drug treated groups than in asthma group (41.21 ± 2.88, 48.10 ± 3.44, 51.06 ± 3.51 vs 63.25 ± 5.02, P<0.05), and the difference between combinational group and Chinese medicine group or Western medicine group was statistically signifcant (P<0.05). Conclusion SanZiPaiTanTang combined with ambroxol can suppress the hypersecretion of airway mucus in asthma rats probably by reducing the expression of IL-13 and the proliferation of goblet cells, and its efficacy is higher than that of Chinese medicine or Western medicine alone.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo para el pterigium en la población de "Hebi": Henan provincia, China 2009 / Prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in the population of "Hebi" Henan province, China 2009

Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y los factores epidemiológicos del pterigium y propiciar las estrategias que permitan el control de estas causas en los pobladores de la provincia de Henan, República Popular de China. Método: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y transversal, teniendo como universo a 3940 pacientes con un diagnóstico presuntivo de pterigium en el pesquisaje activo casa a casa, en el período abril de 2008 a enero de 2009, de los cuales se tomaron como muestra 415, que acudieron a la consulta de evaluación en el Hospital de Hebi. Resultados: el sexo femenino con el 53%, el grupo de edades entre 31 y 50 años y los campesinos predominaron en el estudio. El grado II, primario y activo, la localización nasal y el tipo carnoso fueron preponderantes. El film lagrimal se afectó en el 57,5% de los casos estudiados con una afectación de la córnea en el 55,9%. Conclusiones: se encontró una fuerte conexión entre la hiposecreción lagrimal, alteraciones corneales y la presencia de pterigium en dependencia del grado de la dolencia, que permitirá establecer protocolos personalizados en la conducta para cada paciente que tenga esta enfermedad.

Objective: to describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pterygium to favor the strategies to control the causes of the disease in Henan province, People's Republic of China. Method: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out having a target group of 3940 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of pterygium in an active screening "house to house" during April 2008 to January 2009 taking a sample of 415 patients attending to "Hebi" Hospital. Results: female sex (53%), the age bracket of 31-50 years old and farmers prevailed in the study. Pterygium of degree II, primary and active, having nasal location and fleshy type was predominant. Lachrymal film affected the 57, 5% of the cases in study and 55,9% presented corneal affection. Conclusions: a strong connection was found among lachrymal hyposecretion, corneal alterations and the presence of pterygium depending on the degree of ailment; which will allow establishing personalized protocols in the conduct to be followed for each patient who suffers the disease.

Clinical significance of interleukin-17 in nasopharyngeal secretions and serum of wheezing children under 5 years old / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore the clinical significance of interleukin (IL)- 17 in nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) and serum of wheezing children under 5 years old. Methods Fifty-three children with recurrent wheezing under 5 years old were divided into wheezing group Ⅰ (with atopic high risks,27 cases)and wheezing group Ⅱ (without atopic high risks, 26 cases) ;20 children without infectious diseases such as hernia and renal calculus were enrolled as control group. After collecting and dealing their NPS and serum,the levels of IL-17 were measured by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The levels of IL-17 in serum and NPS in wheezing group Ⅰ [(1469.32 ± 978.30),(1473.70 ±974.35) ng/L],and wheezing group Ⅱ [(263.34 ± 131.80), (788.28±132.40) ng/L] were significantly higher than those in control group [(36.48 ± 2.00), (36.45 ± 5.00) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.01 ), and the levels of IL- 17 in wheezing group Ⅰ were higher than those in wheezing group Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.05 ); the expression of IL- 17 in NPS and serum had a positive correlation (r = 0.313,P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion The detections of IL-17 in NPS can be used as laboratory index to distinguish wheezing children who have a tendency to persistent wheezing, and early intervention and treatment should be given.

Analysis of missed detection in gonococci culture of male urethral secretions / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the undertected situation in gonococci culture of male urethral secretions.@*Methods@#The 362 cases of male ureethral secreations were simultaneously detected with fluorescence quantitative PCR, germiculture and direct smear method. The results in three detections were statistically analyzed.@*Results@#The fluorescence quantitative PCR positive rate was 29.56%, near to direct smear method (26.52%)（x2=0.83，P>0.05）; the germiculture positive rate(4.42%) was significantly lower than the positive rates of fluorescence quantitative PCR(x2=81.10,P<0.01) and direct smear method(x2=67.60,P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#The simple gonococci culture has high missed detection rate(>80%) in detecting male cases. Ensuring the quality of samples before analysis and detecting with two methods or above are the effective measures to improve the gonococci detection rate.

Clinical distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in secreta of diabetic wound / 国际检验医学杂志

%)and other pathogens.Conclusion It provides scientific basis for disease diagnosis and treatment,rational administration and infection prevention to understand the bacterial distribution and changing tendency of antibiotic resistance.