Relationship between FAMACHA© scores and zootechnical indicators of a sheep production system / Relação entre os graus FAMACHA© e indicadores zootécnicos de um sistema de produção de ovinos

In Brazil, lamb producers face challenges raising their animals because of high anthelmintic resistance and loss of productivity due to parasites. It is well known that parasitic infections can reduce the performance of sheep. However, until the publication of this work, no research was found that quantified the effects that anemia reflected by FAMACHA© scores can exert on other zootechnical indicators in a lamb production system. The objective of this study was to use the FAMACHA© scores to quantify the impacts of anemia in ewes at breeding and lambing on the productive and reproductive performance of a meat sheep flock. The variables evaluated were i) FAMACHA© score of ewes at breeding and lambing, ii) body condition score of ewes at breeding and at lambing, iii) average daily gain of lambs until weaning, iv) ewe's age, v) birth weights per individual lamb and litter, vi) weaning weight, vii) ewe's weight, viii) litter size and ix) pre-weaning survival. The treatments evaluated corresponded to the FAMACHA© score of the ewes during breeding and lambing. Quantitative responses were submitted to analyses of variance and compared by Duncan's test. In contrast, qualitative or discrete responses were evaluated by the Kruskal & Wallis test and compared to Dunn's test. The Wilcoxon test was performed to compare the FAMACHA©scores of ewes at breeding and lambing. All statistical analyzes were performed using the R-Studio software version 4.2.0 at a 5% significance level. The FAMACHA© score of breeding ewes was related to the body condition score at breeding, ewe weight, pre-weaning survival, ewe age, litter size, and birth weight. Furthermore, the FAMACHA© score of ewes at lambing was related to the body condition score at lambing, ewe weight, pre-weaning survival, birth weight per lamb and litter, pre-weaning average daily gain, weaning weight, and age of the ewe. There was no significant difference between the test times of the FAMACHA© scores of the ewes, indicating that an ewe will present a similar score at both stages. It was concluded that ewes with FAMACHA© scores of 4 and 5 and their offspring showed the worst productive and reproductive performances. Conversely, the ewes with FAMACHA© 1 obtained the opposite result, demonstrating better technical performance.(AU)

No Brasil, produtores de cordeiros enfrentam desafios na criação de seus animais devido à alta resistência anti-helmíntica e perda de produtividade devido a parasitoses. Sabe-se que as infecções parasitárias podem reduzir o desempenho de matrizes ovinas, contudo, até a elaboração desse trabalho não foram encontradas pesquisas que mensuraram os efeitos que a anemia refletida pelos graus FAMACHA© podem exercer sobre outros indicadores zootécnicos em um sistema de produção de cordeiros. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi quantificar os impactos das verminoses em matrizes ovinas, representadas pelo grau FAMACHA©, durante a estação de monta e a parição, no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de um rebanho ovino de corte. As variáveis avaliadas foram: i) grau FAMACHA© das matrizes à monta e ao parto, ii) escore de condição corporal das matrizes à monta e ao parto, iii) ganho médio diário até o desmame, iv) idade da matriz, v) pesos dos cordeiros ao nascer individual e por parto, vi) peso ao desmame, vii) peso da matriz, viii) prolificidade e ix) sobrevivência pré-desmame. Os tratamentos avaliados corresponderam ao grau FAMACHA© das matrizes durante a monta e parto. As respostas quantitativas foram submetidas à análise de variância e comparadas pelo teste de Duncan, já as respostas qualitativas ou discretas foram avaliadas pelo teste de Kruskal & Wallis e comparadas pelo teste de Dunn. Realizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon para comparar os graus FAMACHA© das matrizes nos momentos de monta e parto. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas no software R-Studio versão 4.2.0 ao nível de 5% de significância. O grau FAMACHA© das matrizes à monta foi relativo ao escore de condição corporal à monta, peso da matriz, sobrevivência pré-desmame, idade da matriz, prolificidade e peso ao nascer coletivo por parto. Já o grau FAMACHA© das matrizes ao parto foi relativo ao escore de condição corporal ao parto, peso da matriz, sobrevivência pré-desmame, pesos ao nascer individual e coletivo por parto, ganho médio diário pré-desmame, peso ao desmame e idade da matriz. Não houve diferença significativa entre os momentos dos graus FAMACHA© das matrizes, indicando que uma ovelha manterá um grau FAMACHA© similar em ambas as fases. Conclui-se que ovelhas com graus FAMACHA© 4 e 5, assim como suas crias, apresentaram os piores desempenhos produtivos e reprodutivos. Em contrapartida, as matrizes com FAMACHA©1 obtiveram o resultado oposto, mostrando indicadores zootécnicos com valores mais eficientes ao sistema de produção.(AU)

Influence of blood metabolites and body condition score at parturition on fertility and milk yield in Holstein cows / Influencia de metabolitos sanguíneos y condición corporal al parto sobre la fertilidad y producción de leche de vacas Holstein / Influência dos metabólitos sanguíneos e da condição corporal ao nascimento na fertilidade e produção de leite de vacas Holstein

Abstract Background: Variables associated with body tissue mobilization place dairy cows at greater risk of reproductive failure. Objective: To investigate the association between blood metabolites and body condition score (BCS) at the beginning of lactation and the reproductive efficiency and milk yield of Holstein cows in a hot environment. Methods: In total, 165 Holstein cows were selected for the study from which blood samples were taken to determine the concentration of various blood metabolites and their association with the reproductive efficiency and milk yield. Results: Cows with serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) ≤0.8 mmol/L one week postpartum were 3.3 times more likely to become pregnant at first service, and 2.2 times more likely to become pregnant before 80 d postpartum than cows with higher serum BHBA levels. The odds (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.3-5.4; p<0.01) of a cow getting pregnant at first service were higher in cows with serum creatinine levels higher than 2.0 mg/dL one week postpartum than cows with lower blood levels of this metabolite. The BCS at 30 and 60 d postpartum that predicted pregnancy at first service and pregnancy to all services was 3.0. Blood urea nitrogen >15 mg/dL, creatinine <1.8 mg/dL, total protein ≤5.0 mg/dL one week postpartum, and >0.40 units of BCS loss during the first 30 d postpartum were critical threshold that predicted the likelihood of 305-d milk yield higher than 10,500 kg. Conclusions: Serum BHBA and creatinine one wk after calving as well as BCS 30 and 60 d post-calving provided reasonably accurate cut-off screening values to discriminate cows with better reproductive performance and higher 305-d milk yield.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las variables asociadas a mayor movilización de tejido corporal en vacas lecheras conducen a un mayor riesgo de falla reproductiva. Objetivo: Investigar la asociación entre los metabolitos sanguíneos y condición corporal (BCS) al comienzo de la lactancia y la eficiencia reproductiva y producción de leche de vacas Holstein en un ambiente caluroso. Métodos: En total, se seleccionaron 165 vacas Holstein de las cual se tomaron muestras de sangre para determinar la concentración de varios matabolitos sanguíneos, los cuales se asociaron con el desempeño reproductivo y producción de leche. Resultados: Las vacas con β-hidroxibutirato (BHBA) en suero ≤0,8 mmol/L una semana postparto tuvieron 3,3 veces más probabilidades de quedar preñadas en los primeros servicios, y 2,2 veces más probabilidades de quedar gestantes antes de los 80 días postparto que las vacas con mayores niveles séricos de BHBA. Las probabilidades (OR 2,7; IC 95% 1,3-5,4; p<0,01) de que una vaca se preñara en el primer servicio fueron mayores en vacas con niveles de creatinina en suero sanguíneo superiores a 2,0 mg/dL una semana postparto que las vacas con niveles más bajos de este metabolito en sangre. Una BCS de 3 a los 30 y 60 días postparto fue un buen predictor de la preñez al primer servicio y la gestación considerando todos los servicios. El nitrógeno ureico en sangre >15 mg/dL, la creatinina <1,8 mg/dL, la proteína total ≤5,0 mg/dL una semana después del parto y >0,40 unidades de pérdida de BCS durante los primeros 30 días postparto fueron los valores críticos para predecir una producción de leche a 305 días superior a 10.500 kg. Conclusiones: El BHBA y la creatinina en suero sanguíneo una semana postparto, así como la BCS 30 y 60 d después del parto, proporcionan valores razonablemente precisos para identificar las vacas que tendrán mejor desempeño reproductivo y mayor producción de leche a 305 días.

Resumo Antecedentes: A maior mobilização do tecido corporal das vacas leiteiras leva a um aumento do risco de falhas reprodutivas. Objetivo: Para investigar a relação entre os metabolitos sanguíneos e condição do corpo (BCS) para o início da lactação e eficiência reprodutiva e produção de leite de vacas Holstein num ambiente quente. Métodos: No total, foram selecionadas 165 vacas da raça Holandesa, das quais foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinar a concentração de vários metabólitos sanguíneos, associados ao desempenho reprodutivo e à produção de leite das vacas. Resultados: As vacas com β-hidroxibutirato (BHBA) soro ≤0,8 mmol/L de uma semana após o nascimento foram 3,3 vezes mais probabilidade de engravidar nos primeiros serviços, e 2,2 vezes mais provável que seja grávida antes de 80 dias após o parto do que vacas com níveis séricos de BHBA mais elevados. As probabilidades (OR 2,7, IC de 95% 1,3-5,4, p<0,01) que uma vaca preñara primeiros serviços vacas foram maiores com níveis mais elevados de creatinina no soro do sangue >2,0 mg/dL, uma semana pós-parto do que vacas com níveis sanguíneos mais baixos deste metabolito. Um CC de 3 aos 30 e 60 dias pós-parto foi um bom predictor de gravidez no primeiro serviço e gestação, considerando todos os serviços. O azoto de ureia no sangue >15 mg/dL, creatinina <1,8 mg/dL e proteína total, ≤5,0 mg/dL uma semana após o parto e >0,40 unidades perda CC durante os primeiros 30 dias após o nascimento estavam valores críticos que previram produção de leite em 305 dias >10.500 kg. Conclusões: BHBA e creatinina sérica, uma semana após o parto, bem como CC 30 e 60 d após o parto, forneceram valores razoavelmente precisos para discriminar vacas com melhor desempenho reprodutivo e maior produção de leite em 305 dias.

Condición corporal y reinicio de la actividad ovárica posparto en vacas Holstein en Ecuador / Corporal condition and restart of the ovarian postpartum on Holstein cows in Ecuador

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la influencia de la condición corporal al parto (CCP) en el reinicio de la actividad ovárica (RAO) posparto de la vaca Holstein en la región andina de Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. Se trabajaron 30 vacas. Se determinaron el momento de aparición del folículo dominante (FD), de ovulación y de actividad luteal; la duración del ciclo estral, el volumen del cuerpo lúteo (CL) y las concentraciones de progesterona (P4) en suero sanguíneo. Los estadígrafos descriptivos de las variables del RAO y sus indicadores se compararon según la CCP mediante una prueba de t-Student para muestras independientes. Se evaluó la asociación entre la CCP y el RAO posparto mediante un estudio caso control. Resultados. La duración del ciclo estral fue 23.10 días, el 46.67% de las vacas tuvo ciclos normales y el 53.33% ciclos anormales. El FD, la ovulación y la actividad luteal ocurrieron a los 16.63, 27.76 y 41.38 días posparto, respectivamente; antes (p<0.05) en vacas con CCP ≥ 3.5; en las que fueron mayores (p<0.05) el volumen del CL y las concentraciones de P4. La CCP se correlacionó (p<0.05) con los parámetros del RAO. Las vacas con CCP <3.5 puntos, tienen 10.50 veces más probabilidades de tener RAO tardío que las que tienen CCP ≥ de 3.5 puntos. Conclusiones. El RAO fue temprano, sobre el influyó la CCP, la que constituyó un factor de riesgo (p<0.05) para que las vacas tengan un RAO tardío.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the influence of corporal composition at delivery (CCD) on the ovarian postpartum restart (OPR) of the Holstein cow in the Andes Region in Ecuador. Materials and methods. 30 cows were produced. All of the following moments were determined: the appearing of the dominant follicle (DF), the ovulation and luteal activity; the duration of the estrous cycle, the volume of the luteum body (LC) and the progesterone concentrations (P4) on blood serum. Descriptive statisticians of the OPR variables and its indicators were compared according to the BC, by means of a t-Student test for independent samples. The relationship between the BC and the postpartum OPR through a case-control case was assessed. Results. The duration of the oestrous cycle was 23.10 days, 46.67% of the cows had regular cycles and 53.33% were abnormal cycles. The DF, the ovulation and the luteal activity were seen at 16.63, 27.76 and 41.38 after postpartum, respectively; before (p<0.05) on cows with BC ≥ 3.5; in which both the (p<0.05) and the volume of the LC and P4 concentrations were higher. The BC was correlated with (p<0.05) with the OPR parameters. The cows with <3.5 BC points, are 10.50 times more prompt to have a late OPR than those with a ≥ de 3.5 points BC. Conclusions. The OPR was early, BC had an influence on it, which constituted a major (p<0.05) risk factor on cows having a late OPR.

Performance of calves born in different periods of the calving season in intensive beef cattle farming / [Desempenho em pecuária de corte intensiva de progênies nascidas em diferentes períodos da estação de parição]

The objective of this study was to evaluate, for two years, the performance of 124 female and 105 male Braford calves born during the first and second halves of the same calving season and the effects of birth period on the development of males until slaughter, as yearlings, and of females until calving, after having mated at 13-15 months of age. Early-born females were heavier than those born late at weaning (119.3 vs 109.9kg; P<0.05), at the start of the breeding season (275.0 vs 263.0kg; P<0.05), and at the end of the breeding season (300.0 vs 289.5kg; P<0.05), in addition to being more fertile (70 vs 50% pregnancy rate). There was no difference (P>0.05) in the development of males born early in relation to those born late, except for weaning weight, which was higher in the former. Steers born early were ready for slaughter at a younger age (459.6 vs 490.1 days; P<0.05), and both groups (early- and late-born) had a body condition classified as fat (4.21 points). In intensive production systems, both male and female calves perform better if they are born during the first half of the calving season.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por dois anos, o desempenho de 124 bezerras e 105 bezerros Braford nascidos durante a primeira e segunda metades da mesma estação, bem como os efeitos do período de nascimento no desenvolvimento dos machos até o abate e das fêmeas até o primeiro parto, após serem acasalados entre 13/15 meses de idade. As fêmeas nascidas precocemente foram mais pesadas do que as nascidas tardiamente ao desmame quando bezerras (119,3 vs. 109,9kg; P<0,05), no início da estação reprodutiva (275,0 vs. 263,0kg; P<0,05) e no final da estação reprodutiva (300,0 vs. 289,5kg; P<0,05), além de terem maior fertilidade (taxa de prenhez 70 vs. 50%). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no desenvolvimento de bezerros nascidos precocemente em relação aos nascidos mais tardiamente, exceto no peso ao desmame, com superioridade dos primeiros. Os novilhos nascidos mais cedo ficaram prontos para o abate à idade mais jovem (459,6 vs. 490,1 dias; P<0,05), e ambos os grupos (nascidos precoce e tardiamente) tinham uma condição corporal classificada como gordura (4,21 pontos). Em sistemas de produção intensiva, os bezerros machos e fêmeas nascidos precocemente, na primeira metade da estação de parição, possuem melhor desempenho.(AU)

Effect of Body Condition Score (BCS) on Production Performance of Sahiwal Cattle

The present investigation was carried out with the total of 18 Sahiwal cattle of 1st to 4th parity were selected for the study and distributed into three different groups based on their pre calving BCS (before 15 days of expected date of calving) namely G1 (2.50 - 3.00), G2 (3.25 - 3.75) and G3 (4.00 and above) with six animals in each group. The average fortnight milk yield increased up to 60th day and thereafter declined up to 90th day in G1, G2 and G3 group of animals, which was significant (p<0.05) up to 75th day. G3 group animals had highest average fortnightly cumulative Milk yield (Kg) in entire study period. Highest 305 days predicted lactation milk yield (2462.66 Kg /lactation) and average peak yield (16.50 Kg/ animal) was obtained in G3 group animals and the lowest predicted lactation milk yield (1870.68 Kg/lactation). The 305 days predicted lactation milk yield in G2 group animals was 2356.75 Kg /lactation and average peak yield was 14.90 Kg/ animal. The G3 group animals also attained their peak yield in 46 days compared to G2 and G1 group animals with 51 and 54 days, respectively. The persistency of milk production was highest in G2 group animals with 65.63 % followed by G3 and G1 group animals. The studied revealed that BCS had a significant (P<0.05) effect on post-partum estrus and service period in experimental animals

Evaluación del estado metabólico, el peso vivo y la condición corporal durante la gestación en vacas de carne en la Altillanura colombiana / Evaluation of the metabolic status, live weight and body condition during pregnancy in beef in the Colombian Altillanura cows / Avaliação do estado metabólico, peso vivo e condição corporal durante a gestação em vacas de corte no Altillanura colombiana

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio, fue conocer los valores promedios de diferentes metabolitos, la variación del peso vivo (PV) y la condición corporal (CC) en vacas Cebú (C) y Simmental x Cebú (SC) bajo pastoreo extensivo en una finca de la Altillanura colombiana. Se utilizaron 19 vacas multíparas y durante cada trimestre de la gestación, se evaluaron los niveles de Glucosa (Glu), Colesterol (Col), Proteína totales (Ptt), Albúmina (Alb), Globulinas (Glo), Hemoglobina (Hb), Hematocrito (Hto), Nitrógeno en sangre (BUN), Cobre (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg), Fósforo (P), y Aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). Los niveles de Glu, Hb, Hto, BUN, Ca, presentaron variaciones significativas durante los trimestre evaluados (P<0,05), con deficiencias de Cu y Zn. El PV y la CC presentaron una relación lineal en función del avance de la gestación. Se reconoce la importancia de los perfiles metabólicos (PM) como una herramienta para identificar los posibles imbalances nutricionales y la manera de corregir las deficiencias, con el propósito de hacer mas eficiente el sistema productivo.

Abstract The objective of this study was to know the average values ​​of different metabolites, the variation of live weight (LW) and body condition (CC) in Cebu (C) and Simmental x Cebu (SC) cows under extensive grazing in a farm of the Colombian Altillanura. We used 19 multiparous cows and during each trimester of pregnancy, we evaluated the levels of Glucose (Glu), Cholesterol (Col), Total Protein (Ptt), Albumin (Alb), Globulins (Glo), Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hto), Nitrogen in blood (BUN), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The levels of Glu, Hb, Hto, BUN, Ca presented significant variations during the quarter evaluated (P <0.05), with deficiencies of Cu and Zn. The PV and CC presented a linear relationship based on the progress of pregnancy. The importance of metabolic profiles (PM) is recognized as a tool to identify possible nutritional imbalances and how to correct deficiencies, in order to make the productive system more efficient.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer os valores médios dos diferentes metabólitos, a variação do peso vivo (PV) e a condição corporal (CC) em vacas Cebu (C) e Simmental x Cebu (SC) sob pastejo intenso numa fazenda da Altillanura colombiana. Foram utilizadas 19 vacas multíparas e, durante cada trimestre da gestação, foram avaliados os níveis de glicose (Glu), colesterol (Col), proteína total (Ptt), albumina (Alb), globulinas (Glo), hemoglobina (Hb) e hematócrito (Hto), nitrogênio sanguíneo (BUN), cobre (Cu), zinco (Zn), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), fósforo (P) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST). Os níveis de Glu, Hb, Hto, BUN, Ca apresentaram variações significativas durante os trimestres avaliados (P <0,05), com deficiências de Cu e Zn. O PV e o CC apresentaram uma relação linear com o progresso da gravidez. A importância dos perfis metabólicos (MP) é reconhecida como uma ferramenta para identificar possíveis desequilíbrios nutricionais e como corrigir deficiências, a fim de tornar o sistema de produção mais eficiente.

Energy storage, body size and immune response of herbivore beetles at two different elevations in Costa Rica

The physiological condition and immune responses of organisms living at different elevations are expected to display local adaptations to the different climatic and biotic conditions. Small ectotherms with specialized diets are highly susceptible to environmental change, as their life cycle is largely affected by temperature and by the presence of specific resources. This study focuses on two species of rolled-leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), both present at two different elevations in Costa Rica: Cephaloleia belti Baly, a diet-generalist, and Chelobasis bicolor Gray, a diet-specialist. Body size, energetic condition (lipid storage), muscle mass and immune condition (melanization response) were compared in beetle populations from a tropical rainforest (50 m elevation) and a tropical montane forest (2 000 m elevation). These measurements reflect current and past nutritional condition and hence are good estimators of individual fitness. We analyzed a total of 172 individuals from both species, sexes and elevations. We predicted that beetles at higher elevation would display larger body size, higher energetic condition and lower immune response associated with metabolic requirements and parasitic pressure in colder temperatures. In general, beetles at high altitude were larger, had more lipids and muscle and showed stronger melanization (i.e., immune response) than beetles at low altitudes. Such differences among populations at different elevations may reflect local adaptation to altitude or phenotypic plasticity. However, the effect of elevation was not equivalent amongst species or sex. Measuring physiological traits in organisms with broad elevational distributions could be useful in understanding possible species responses to climate change.

La condición fisiológica y la respuesta inmune de poblaciones que habitan a distintas altitudes pueden mostrar adaptación local a las condiciones abióticas y bióticas locales. Entre los organismos más susceptibles al cambio ambiental están los ectotermos pequeños con dietas especializadas, debido a que su ciclo de vida es, en gran medida, afectado tanto por la temperatura como por la presencia de recursos específicos. Este estudio se enfoca en dos especies de escarabajos (Chrysomelidae) presentes a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en Costa Rica: Cephaloleia belti Baly, una especie de dieta generalista, y Chelobasis bicolor Gray, de dieta especialista. Se comparó el tamaño corporal, la condición energética (almacenamiento de lípidos), la masa muscular y la condición inmunológica (respuesta de melanización) entre poblaciones de escarabajos de un bosque tropical (a 50 m de altitud) y un bosque tropical montano (a 2 000 m de altitud). Las variables seleccionadas reflejan las condiciones nutricionales actuales y pasadas y son buenos estimadores de la adecuación individual. Se analizaron un total de 172 escarabajos de ambas especies, sexos y elevaciones. Predecimos que los escarabajos a mayor elevación tendrán mayor tamaño corporal, mayor condición energética y menor respuesta inmune asociadas con los requerimientos metabólicos y la presión de los parásitos asociados con ambientes fríos. En general, los escarabajos a mayor altitud fueron más grandes, tuvieron más lípidos y masa muscular, y presentaron una mayor respuesta inmune de melanización que los escarabajos a menor altitud. Es posible que las diferencias entre las poblaciones a diferentes altitudes reflejen adaptaciones locales a las condiciones ambientales a distintas altitudes o plasticidad fenotípica. Sin embargo, el efecto de la altitud no fue de la misma magnitud entre las dos especies ni entre los dos sexos. La medición de caracteres fisiológicos en organismos ectotérmicos de amplia distribución altitudinal puede ser útil para entender las respuestas de ciertas especies al cambio climático.

Identification of predictive biomarkers of peri- and postpartum disorders in dairy cows / 대한수의학회지

We aimed to identify predictive markers of peri- and postpartum disorders in dairy cows. Data regarding peri- and postpartum disorders, serum metabolites, body condition score (BCS), and rectal temperature, were collected from 227 dairy cows, which were allocated to healthy (n = 57) and diseased (n = 170) groups. Serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration was higher in diseased than healthy cows 4 weeks before (p < 0.01) and immediately after (p = 0.05) calving. Serum alanine aminotransferase (AST) activity was higher (p < 0.05) in diseased than healthy cows 1 and 2 weeks after calving, whereas total cholesterol (TCH) concentration was lower (p < 0.05–0.0001) in diseased cows 4 weeks before, and after calving. BCS was higher (p < 0.05) in diseased than healthy cows 4 weeks before calving, but lower (p < 0.01) in diseased cows 8 weeks after calving. Rectal temperature was higher (p < 0.05–0.01) in diseased than healthy cows between 2 and 14 days postpartum. In conclusion, high serum NEFA and AST concentrations and lower TCH concentration during the peripartum period, and high prepartum BCS and postpartum rectal temperature, could be used as biomarkers to predict the subsequent development of peri- and postpartum disorders.

Evaluation of the racial difference in body condition score and parameters of lipid metabolism in Purebred Arabian horses and Thoroughbred horses trained for racing / Avaliação da diferença racial na condição de escore corporal e parâmetros do metabolismo lipídico em cavalos Puro Sangue Árabes e Puro Sangue Ingleses treinados para corrida

This study investigated the existence of difference of fat deposition and lipid metabolism in horses with different races and skills that were used for the same kind of sport. 20 Purebred Arabian and 20 Thoroughbred horses trained for flat race were evaluated. The analyses performed were body condition score, weight and blood collected for determination of triglycerides, total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids. Ultrasonography of the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer was performed on the Longissimus dorsi muscle between the 17th and 18th rib, the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer on the Gluteus medius muscle using the acetabulum as reference, and the cross section of the same muscle. Race-trained Arabian horses showed greater fat layer deposition in the Gluteus medius and Longissimus dorsei muscles than Thoroughbred horses. These facts indicate that there is a metabolic difference, besides the phenotype, between the races. They also indicate the need to study specific physical conditioning programs for each kind of race.(AU)

Foi investigada a existência de diferença na deposição de gordura e no metabolismo lipídico em cavalos de duas raças distintas, com aptidões diferentes, porém, utilizadas para o mesmo esporte. Foram avaliados 20 cavalos Puro Sangue Árabe e 20 cavalos Puro Sangue Ingleses treinados para corrida. As avaliações foram escore de condição corporal, peso e colheita de sangue para determinação de triglicerídeos, colesterol total e ácidos graxos não esterificados. Foi realizada a ultrassonografia da espessura de camada de gordura subcutânea sobre o músculo Longissimus dorsi entre a 17º e 18º costela, a espessura de camada de gordura subcutânea sobre o músculo glúteo médio utilizando o acetábulo como referência e o corte transversal do mesmo músculo. Os cavalos Árabes de corrida apresentaram maior deposição de gordura na camada subcutânea dos músculos glúteo médio e Longissimus dorsei que os cavalos Puro Sangue Ingleses. Tais fatos indicam uma diferença racial que o treinamento, ainda que semelhante a todos, não foi capaz de igualar.(AU)

PREVALENCIA DE Babesia caballi, Theileria equi Y TRIPANOSOMIASIS Y ANÁLISIS DE FACTORES DE RIESGO EN EQUINOS DE ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA / PREVALENCE OF Babesia caballi, Theileria equi AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS AND ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS IN HORSES OF ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA

RESUMEN Esta investigación, se llevó a cabo, debido a la poca información nacional existente en hemoparásitos equinos y su objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de babesiosis y tripanosomiasis, en el Valle de Aburrá y Rionegro, municipios de Antioquia (Colombia), así como algunos factores de riesgo asociados a la presentación de seropositividad, a estas enfermedades. En 223 predios, con una población de 1.008 equinos, se tomó muestra de sangre venosa, para realizar el diagnóstico serológico y molecular. La información epidemiológica fue obtenida, a través de la aplicación de una encuesta dirigida a las personas a cargo de los animales. Para el análisis estadístico, se aplicó Chi cuadrado de independencia y la Prueba Exacta de Fisher, cuando fue necesario. Para las asociaciones bivariadas, se calcularon estimaciones del riesgo (OR) por variable explicativa, con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza, del 95% (I.C. 95%). Se encontró una prevalencia del 11,9%, para babesiosis y de 1,9%, para tripanosomiasis; como factor de protección, se encontró el hecho de salir a una feria. Para la piroplasmosis, el lugar geográfico, el sexo, estar castrado, ser positivos a Anemia Infecciosa Equina (AIE), estrongílidos u oxiurus fueron factores de riesgo. Para tripanosomiasis, el factor de riesgo fue estar infestado con Dermacentor nitens o ser mular. Se deben reforzar métodos de vigilancia epidemiológica activa, sobre todo, en casos de movilización continua de equinos o desarrollo de eventos, que involucren presencia masiva de ejemplares.

ABSTRACT This research was carried out due to the little existing national information on equine hemoparasites; the objective was to determine babesiosis and trypanosomiasis prevalence in the Aburrá Valley and Rionegro Antioquia (Colombia) as well as some risk factors associated with the seropositivitie of these diseases. In 223 lots with a population of 1.008 equine venous blood sample was taken for serological diagnosis and molecular. Epidemiological information was obtained through the application of a survey addressed to persons in charge of the animals. For the statistical analysis, Chi square of independence or Fisher's Exact Test was applied when necessary. For the bivariate associations, risk estimates (OR) were calculated by explanatory variable, with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).It was found a prevalence of 11.9% for babesiosis and 1.9% for trypanosomiasis and as protection factor found the fact of going to trade fairs. Geographic location, sex and being neutered, be positive for Equine Infectious Anemia (AIE), strongyles or oxiurus was a risk factor for piroplasmosis. For Trypanosomiasis the risk factor was to be infested with ticks Dermacentor nitens or be mule. Methods of active epidemiological surveillance should be reinforced, especially in cases of continuous mobilization of equines or development of events that involve massive presence of horses.

Uterine Involution in Hosltein cows in the province of Carchi, Ecuador / Involución uterina en vacas Holstein en la provincia El Carchi, Ecuador

Abstract Objective. To evaluate the uterine involution in Holstein cow, under the conditions of production of the bovine dairy cattle in the province El Carchi, Ecuador. Materials and Methods. Sixty cows were selected and the time for uterine involution was determined by the recto-vaginal examination, ultrasonography and the clinical score of the regression of the uterus. The statistical parameters for each variable were determined. The effect of parity and body condition (CC) on complete uterine involution was evaluated by multifactorial ANOVA and the LSD test to compare means. Results. The clinical involution of the uterus, without taking into account the clinical score occurred at 29.86±7.71 days but considering this notation was at 42 ± 0.39 days. The uterine involution took place earlier (p<0.05) in cows with BCS ≥ 3.5 at birth than in those with BCS <3.5. In second calving cows it was at 25.17±1.32 days and it was extended (p<0.05) for the third and fourth calving. The occurrence of the dominant follicle and ovulation occur at 16.63 ± 3.83 and 27.76±7.71 days, respectively. Conclusions. The clinical involution of the uterus occurred in less time when the recto-vaginal examination was considered, compared when it was evaluated taking into account the clinical score. The uterine involution process is influenced by parity and body condition at calving.

Resumen Objetivo. Evaluar la involución uterina en vacas Holstein, en las condiciones de producción de la ganadería bovina lechera en la provincia El Carchi, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron 60 vacas y se determinó el tiempo para la involución uterina mediante la exploración recto-vaginal, ultrasonografía y la puntuación clínica de la regresión del útero. Se determinaron los estadígrafos descriptivos de cada variable. Se evaluó el efecto de la paridad y la condición corporal (CC) sobre la completa involución uterina mediante un ANOVA multifactorial y la prueba LSD para comparar las medias. Resultados. La involución del útero, sin tomar en cuenta la puntuación clínica ocurrió a los 29.86 ± 7.71 días pero considerando esta notación fue a los 42±0.39 días. La involución uterina ocurrió más temprano (p<0.05) en las vacas con CC al parto ≥ que 3.5 que en las que la tenían < de 3.5. En las vacas de segundo parto fue a los 25.17 ± 1.32 días y se prolongó (p<0.05) en el tercero y cuarto parto. La aparición del folículo dominante y la ovulación ocurrieron a los 16.63±3.83 y 27.76±7.71 días, respectivamente. Conclusiones. La involución clínica del útero considerando el examen recto-vaginal ocurrió en menor tiempo que cuando se evaluó considerando la puntuación clínica. El proceso de involución uterina está iinfluenciado por la paridad y la CC al parto.

Morphometric characteristics and seasonal proximity to water of the Cypriot bluntnosed viper Macrovipera lebetina lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758)

The blunt-nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) is a medically important snake species in the Middle East. Its nominate subspecies Macrovipera l. lebetina is confined to Cyprus, where it is the only dangerously venomous snake species and heavily pursued. Despite the viper's large size, data on its body mass and sex-specific morphological differences are scarce. It is commonly believed that M. l. lebetina prefers freshwater proximity during summer. Hence, we aimed at investigating M. l. lebetina sex-specific morphological differences and its possible attraction to freshwater bodies in late summer. Methods: Morphometric characteristics, proximity to water and conservation status of M. l. lebetina were investigated in Paphos district (Cyprus) in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Vipers were caught in different habitats, examined morphologically for metric and meristic characters, and released back into their habitat. Additionally, local people were interviewed about the conservation situation of the species. Results: Of 38 recorded blunt-nosed vipers, morphological characteristics were collected from 34 (10 adult males, 16 adult females, eight unsexed juveniles). Rounded total length (ToL) ranged from 23.5 cm to 133.0 cm and weight between 10 g and 1456 g. Adult males significantly exceeded adult females in tail length (TaL), ToL and head length (HL). No significant sex-specific differences were found in snout-vent length (SVL), head width (HW), weight or body condition index (BCI), nor for the ratios TaL / SVL, TaL / ToL, HL / SVL or HL / HW. Adult females from late summer (2015) had a significantly lower mean BCI than those from spring (2014). Distances of blunt-nosed vipers to the nearest water bodies (natural and artificial, respectively) did not differ significantly between spring (2014) and late summer (2015). There was also no significant difference between the distances of vipers to natural and to artificial water bodies in spring (and late summer). Conclusions: Adult male blunt-nosed vipers exceed adult females in TaL, ToL and HL. Adult females are likely in a more vulnerable body condition in late summer than in spring. Periodic drying out of freshwater bodies in summer probably does not affect the species' occurrence. Educational workshops and habitat conservation are recommended for reducing human-viper conflict.(AU)

Relação espacial entre a falange distal e o estojo córneo em éguas Campolinas jovens com e sem sinais de obesidade / Spatial relationship between the distal phalanx and the hoof capsule in young Campolina mares with and without obesity

Estudos prévios têm demonstrado alterações radiográficas em cascos de equinos obesos. Os objetivos foram estudar, com avaliação radiográfica, a relação espacial entre estojo córneo e falange distal de éguas jovens da raça Campolina com e sem obesidade. Foram utilizadas 22 éguas entre três e cinco anos de idade, sendo analisadas varáveis de adiposidade e medidas radiográficas dos cascos dos membros torácicos de éguas com escore corporal de 5 a 7/9 (Grupo Controle) e de 8 a 9 (Grupo Obeso). Foram feitas comparações entre os grupos e correlacionaram-se as variáveis de adiposidade entre si, variáveis adiposidade com variáveis casco e variáveis de casco entre si. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para variáveis paramétricas e o teste Mann-Whitney para as não-paramétricas, para as medidas de correlação, utilizou o teste de Pearson para duas amostras paramétricas e o teste de Spearman para comparações que envolvam pelo menos uma variável não paramétrica (P<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que éguas Campolinas obesas, ainda jovens, já apresentam indícios de alteração na relação espacial entre estojo córneo e falange distal.(AU)

Previous studies have demonstrated radiographic changes in the hoof of obese horses. The objective was to study through radiographic evaluation the spatial relationship between the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx of Campolina mares with and without obesity. Twenty-two Campolina mares 3 to 5 years old were used. We analyzed adiposity variables and radiographic measurements of the hoof of both forelimbs of mares with body condition score from 5 to 7/9 (Control group) and from 8 to 9 (Obese group). Comparisons were made between groups using the Student t test for parametric variables and the Mann-Whitney test for the nonparametric ones. Pearson or Spearman tests were used to evaluate the correlation among parametric and nonparametric variables respectively (P<0.05). Evidences of changes in the spatial relationship between the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx were observed in obese Campolina young mares.(AU)

Infections of Hypostomus spp. by Trypanosoma spp. and leeches: a study of hematology and record of these hirudineans as potential vectors of these hemoflagellates / Infecções de Hypostomus spp. por Trypanosoma spp. e Sanguessugas: um estudo hematológico e registro desses hirudíneos como potenciais vetores desses hemoflagelados

Abstract Among Kinetoplastida, the Trypanosoma is the genus with the highest occurrence infecting populations of marine fish and freshwater in the world, with high levels of prevalence, causing influences fish health and consequent economic losses, mainly for fish populations in situation stress. This study investigated infections of Hypostomus spp. by Trypanosoma spp. and leeches, as well as blood parameters of this host in the network of tributaries of the Tapajós River in the state of Pará, in the eastern Amazon region in Brazil. Of the 47 hosts examined, 89.4% were parasitized by Trypanosoma spp. and 55.4% also had leeches attached around the mouth. The intensity of Trypanosoma spp. increased with the size of the host, but the body conditions were not influenced by the parasitism. The number of red blood cells, and hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), total number of leukocytes and thrombocytes showed variations and negative correlation with the intensity of Trypanosoma spp. in the blood of the hosts. The results suggest that the leeches were vectors of Trypanosoma spp. in Hypostomus spp.

Resumo Dentre os Kinetoplastida, Trypanosoma é o gênero com maior ocorrência, infectando populações de peixes marinhos e de água doce em todo o mundo. Apresenta elevados níveis de prevalência, ocasiona impactos na saúde dos peixes e consequente perdas econômicas, principalmente para populações de peixes em situação de estresse. Este estudo investigou a infecção por Trypanosoma spp. e sanguessugas em Hypostomus spp. e parâmetros sanguíneos desse hospedeiro do sistema de tributários do Rio Tapajós, no Estado do Pará, Amazônia Oriental, Brasil. De 47 hospedeiros examinados, 89,4% estavam parasitados por Trypanosoma spp., e 55,4% tinham também sanguessugas na região da boca. A intensidade de Trypanosoma spp. aumentou com o tamanho dos hospedeiros, mas as condições corporais não foram influenciadas pelo parasitismo. O número de eritrócitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina, VCM, HCM, CHCM, número de leucócitos e trombócitos totais apresentaram variações e correlação negativa com a intensidade de Trypanosoma spp. no sangue dos hospedeiros. Os resultados sugerem que sanguessugas foram os vetores de Trypanosoma spp. in Hypostomus spp.

Productive efficiency of cows primiparous aberdeen angus of the body size and milk production levels / Eficiência produtiva de vacas primíparas aberdeen angus de diferentes tamanhos corporais e níveis de produção de leite

Assessment of the productive efficiency of 30 primiparous Aberdeen Angus cows of different body sizes, classified at calving as heavy (375±10.5 kg) or light (283±7.7 kg), and different total milk-yield levels, classified as high (868±24.5 kg) or low (547±18.3 kg). Heavy cows were superior in weight at calving and weaning, but there were no differences in milk yield and weight at birth and weaning of calves. Heavy cows were less efficient than light cows in the production of kilograms of calves per 100 kg of cows at calving and at weaning. High milk producing cows were heavier at calving and had heavier calves at birth and weaning, but did not differ between the milk-yield levels for the variation in daily weight. The variation in daily weight of the calves was greater from high-producing cows. High milk producing dairy beef cows were more efficient at weaning, and their calves required less milk to produce one kilogram of live weight.

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência produtiva de 30 vacas primíparas Aberdeen Angus, de diferentes tamanhos corporais, classificadas ao parto em pesadas (375±10,5 kg) ou leves (283±7,7 kg) e diferentes produções totais de leite, classificadas em alta (868±24,5 kg) ou baixa produção (537±18,3 kg). Vacas pesadas foram superiores no peso ao parto e ao desmame sem diferença na produção de leite e no peso ao nascimento e desmame dos bezerros. Vacas pesadas foram menos eficientes na produção de quilograma de bezerros por 100 kg de vacas ao parto e ao desmame. Vacas de alta produção de leite foram mais pesadas ao parto, bem como produziram bezerros mais pesados ao nascer e ao desmame, porém não diferiram entre os níveis de produção de leite na variação diária de peso. A variação diária de peso dos bezerros foi superior nos filhos de vacas de altas produções de leite. Vacas de alta produção de leite foram mais eficientes ao desmame e seus bezerros necessitaram de menor quantidade de leite para produzir um quilo de peso vivo.

The use of new practices for assessment of body condition score / El Uso de las nuevas prácticas para la evaluación de la condición corporal

Objective. Two body condition scoring systems were compared to those of interpretation of cow's body condition at a local farm located in Aydin region, Turkey. Materials and methods. A total of 50 head Holstein-Friesian cows at 1st-4rd parity (mid-lactation), raised at a private dairy farm located in Aydin, Turkey was constituted the animal material of the present study. Scores were obtained by use of the primary systems utilized within the US (1-5 scale with 0.25 intervals) and compared to those of Bayer Health Care Animal Health's BCS Cowdition Smartphone App. Results. The overall means of BCS were found as 3.37±0.068 and 3.45±0.060 for BCS Cowdition and USBCS, respectively. The positive correlation among BCS Cowdition and USBCS systems was found as 0.81 in evaluating body condition (p<0.01). The positive linear relationship (p<0.001) was found between BCS Cowdition and USBCS systems (R²=0.66). The linear relationship between the latter assessment methods demonstrated that both usual and digital systems tended to scare cows similarly. Conclusions. This comparison represented progress within the understanding of the relationship between these two systems. Moreover, it may be suggested that BCS Cowdition Smartphone App. may be a good alternative for interpretation of BCS.

Objetivo. Dos sistemas de puntuación de la condición corporal se compararon con (el) de la interpretación de la condición corporal de las vacas en una granja local ubicada en la región de Aydin, Turquía. Materiales y métodos. Un total de 50 vacas Holstein Friesian en (su) primera a cuarta parición (a mediados de la lactancia), explotadas en una granja lechera privada situada en Aydin, Turquía constituyó el material animal del presente estudio. Las puntuaciones se obtuvieron mediante el uso de los sistemas primarios utilizados dentro de los EE.UU. (1-5 escala con intervalos de 0.25) y se compararon con (el) de BCS Cowdition Smartphone App de Bayer Health Care Salud Animal. Resultados. Los promedios globales de BCS encontrados fueron de 3.37±0.08 y 3.45±0.060 para BCS Cowdition y USBCS, respectivamente. La correlación entre BCS sistemas Cowdition y USBCS (para la evaluación de la condición corporal fue de 0.81 (p<0.01) con un coeficiente de determinación de. Se encontró que la relación lineal positiva (p<0.001) entre BCS Cowdition y sistemas USBCS (R²=0.66). La relación lineal entre los métodos de evaluación demostró que tanto los sistemas usuales y digitales tienden a calificar a las vacas de manera similar. Conclusiones. Esta comparación constituye un avance en la comprensión de la relación entre estos dos sistemas. Por otra parte, se puede sugerir que a pesar de los cambiarlo por un término adecuado entre evaluadores visuales, BCS Cowdition Smartphone App. Puede ser una buena alternativa para la interpretación de BCS.

Serum serotonin concentration in lean and obese dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease

The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential influence of obesity as a factor in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration in myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) dogs. Fifty-five client-owned dogs were enrolled in a randomized trial. Dogs were classified by echocardiography into healthy (control), mild, and moderate to severe MMVD groups. Each group was subclassified by using a 9-point body condition score (BCS); lean (BCS 5–6/9) and obese groups (BCS 7.5–9/9). Dogs with moderate to severe MMVD had lower serotonin (5-HT) concentrations than the control group (p = 0.03). Dogs with moderate to severe MMVD (p = 0.017) had lower serum 5-HT concentrations than the control group in the obese group (BCS 7.5–9/9). Significant difference was found between the lean and obese groups (p = 0.015) which are not consider severe in the MMVD group. These results suggested that 5-HT concentration was decreased with the increasing severity of MMVD, and obesity might be taken into consideration when interpreting the serotonin concentration in MMVD dogs.

Effects of the difference between actual body condition and body image perception on nutrient intake, weight control and mental health in Korean adults: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the body shape discordance, the difference between true body type based on body mass index (BMI) and self-recognized body image, on nutrient intake, weight control attempt, and mental health in Korean adults. METHODS: Subjects were persons aged 19~64 years (4,382 men and 6,226 women) who participated in the 2010~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were categorized as RL (Group recognized as lighter than BMI criteria), RA (Group with agreement between BMI criteria and self-recognized body image), and RH (Group recognized as heavier than BMI criteria) according to the difference between actual body type based on BMI and self-recognized body image. RESULTS: Means of BMI in RH groups were lower than or equal to that of RA groups in all groups. No significant differences in total energy intake were observed among the three groups in men, but total energy intake was higher in the RL group than in the RH group in 30~49 year old women. Proportion of carbohydrate was the highest in the RL group among 30~49 year old women. RH groups paid more attention to weight control and had less weight gain than other groups. Higher proportions of depressive symptoms were reported in the RH group in 19~29 year old men, while a higher proportion of depressive symptoms were reported in the RL group in 50~64 year old men. CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest an association of perceiving body shape with energy intake, weight control attempt, or depressed mood in some age groups. Body image perception can influence eating, weight control attempt, and depressed mood, therefore proper body image perception should be established in Korean adults.

Nesting and neonates of the yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis, Podocnemididae) in the Araguari River basin, eastern Amazon, Brazil / Nidificação e neonatos de tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis, Podocnemididae) na bacia do Rio Araguari, Amazônia oriental, Brasil

Predation and alteration of microhabitats may represent high risk for nesting of Amazonian turtles. This study aimed at investigating the nesting and body parameters of neonates of Podocnemis unifilis in the Araguari River basin, State of Amapá, Brazil. The spawning sites of this turtle were monitored along the Falsino River (a region with two reserves) and in the urban area of the Porto Grande city along the Araguari River, from August to December 2011. A total of 180 nests were found and the nesting occurred from September to November, with prevalence in October. Eggs hatching occurred in December. The mean incubation period was 63.5 ± 5.2 days and the eggs hatching success was 25%. However, approximately 80% of the nests had suffered predation mainly by humans, which occurred in both the protected areas of the reserves and the urban area. The pattern of nesting site choice was discussed. Egg size was larger than that previously described for the same turtle species in the other regions. The body condition index of neonates indicated a good use of vitelline reserves. The results indicate the urgent need for strategic actions to conserve and maintain the natural stocks of this relatively vulnerable turtle in the region.

A depredação e alterações do micro-hábitat podem representar grande risco para a nidificação de tartarugas amazônicas. Assim, este estudo investigou a nidificação e características corporais de neonatos de Podocnemis unifilis na bacia do Rio Araguari, estado do Amapá (Brasil). Foram monitorados os locais de desova dessa tartaruga no Rio Falsino (região de duas reservas) e na área urbana da cidade de Porto Grande, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2011. Foi encontrado um total de 180 ninhos e a nidificação ocorreu de setembro a novembro, mas a maioria ocorrendo em outubro. A eclosão dos ovos ocorreu em dezembro e o tempo médio de incubação foi 63,5 ± 5,2 dias, com sucesso de eclosão de 25%. Porém, cerca de 80% dos ninhos sofreu predação causada principalmente pelo homem, tanto nas áreas protegidas das reservas como na área urbana. O padrão de escolha dos locais de nidificação observado foi discutido. O tamanho dos ovos foi maior que os descritos previamente para essa mesma espécie de tartaruga em outras regiões. O índice de condição corporal dos neonatos indicou um bom uso das reservas vitelínicas. Os resultados indicam a urgente necessidade de ações estratégicas para conservação e manutenção dos estoques naturais dessa tartaruga com relativa vulnerabilidade na região.

Short-term changes in energy allocation by Hemiodontidae fish after the construction of a large reservoir (Lajeado Dam, Tocantins River)

The present study investigated energy allocation patterns in three fish species from the family Hemiodontidae (Argonectes robertsi, Hemiodus microlepis, and Hemiodus unimaculatus), before and after the construction of Lajeado Dam, Tocantins River, Amazon basin. Changes in the use of energy (between somatic and reproductive processes) were indirectly evaluated by means of temporal variations in fish body condition, feeding activity, visceral fat storage, and reproductive effort. Fish were collected from October 1999 to September 2004, in periods that preceded and followed the construction of the dam. We recorded significant changes in all ecological traits for the three analyzed species (for males and females). In general, there was an intense reduction in reproductive activity after river damming, whereas visceral fat and body condition increased consistently. In contrast, there was no clear trend in feeding activity (i.e., stomach weight), with little changes in species diet during the analyzed period. These results indicate that the impoundment changed the energy allocation process between somatic and reproductive activities, since fish started to allocate energy mainly to somatic processes. These changes may have a negative effect on the persistence of populations in Lajeado Reservoir, because improvements in somatic condition will not necessarily translate into increased fitness...

Neste estudo buscou-se avaliar padrões na alocação de energia em três espécies de peixes da família Hemiodontidae (Argonectes robertsi, Hemiodus microlepis e Hemiodus unimaculatus), antes e após a construção da UHE Lajeado, rio Tocantins, bacia Amazônica. Alterações no uso da energia (entre atividades somáticas e reprodutivas) foram avaliadas de maneira indireta, através de variações temporais na condição corporal dos peixes, atividade alimentar, acúmulo de gordura visceral e esforço reprodutivo. Os peixes foram coletados no trecho afetado pela barragem entre outubro de 1999 e setembro de 2004, envolvendo períodos que antecederam e sucederam a formação do reservatório. Registramos alterações significativas nos valores dos atributos medidos, para peixes machos e fêmeas das três espécies analisadas. De maneira geral, houve intensa redução na atividade reprodutiva nos anos que seguiram ao barramento, enquanto que registramos acúmulo de gordura visceral e aumento na massa corporal das espécies. Por outro lado, não houve um padrão claro de variação na atividade alimentar (i.e., peso dos estômagos), assim como registramos pouca alteração na dieta das espécies entre os períodos. Esses resultados indicam que o represamento alterou o processo de alocação de energia entre atividades somáticas e de reprodução, já que os peixes passaram a direcionar a energia adquirida via alimentação principalmente para processos somáticos. Podemos prever, com isso, que as alterações observadas tenham efeitos negativos na persistência das populações em Lajeado, já que o aumento na condição individual não deve acarretar necessariamente em aumentos no fitness dos peixes...