Relação entre o índice de resistência vascular e o sucesso hemodinâmico de revascularizações distais dos membros inferiores / Vascular resistance index and the immediate hemodynamic success of lower limb distal artery revascularization

Resumo Contexto A cirurgia de revascularização é proposta para restaurar o fluxo sanguíneo para o pé nos casos de isquemia crítica (IC) devido a doença arterial obstrutiva periférica dos membros inferiores (MMII). O uso de ultrassonografia com Doppler (USD) vem despontando nos últimos anos como um método de grande valor para o planejamento cirúrgico dessa intervenção. Objetivos Avaliar a relação entre o índice de resistência (IR), mensurado por meio de USD, e o sucesso hemodinâmico imediato da cirurgia de revascularização dos MMII em pacientes com IC. Métodos O tipo de estudo empregado foi a coorte prospectiva, na qual foram avaliados 46 pacientes portadores de IC dos MMII submetidos à operação de revascularização infrainguinal por angioplastia ou em ponte de agosto de 2019 a fevereiro de 2022. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica vascular, à USD com medida do IR das artérias distais dos MMII, à arteriografia dos MMII e à aferição do índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) no período pré-operatório. No pós-operatório imediato, todos os pacientes foram submetidos à nova aferição do ITB. Resultados Entre os 46 pacientes avaliados, 25 (54,3%) eram do sexo masculino. A idade variou de 32 a 89 anos (média de 67,83). Quanto ao sucesso hemodinâmico, avaliado pela comparação do ITB pré e pós-operatório, constatou-se que 31 (67,4%) pacientes apresentaram sucesso hemodinâmico após cirurgia de revascularização (aumento do ITB em 0,15 ou mais). Foi observada correlação positiva (p ≤ 0,05) entre o IR da artéria distal revascularizada do MMII e o sucesso hemodinâmico imediato avaliado pela aferição do ITB (IR menor e sucesso hemodinâmico). Conclusões Na presente pesquisa foi observada uma correlação positiva entre o índice de resistência arterial distal e o sucesso hemodinâmico nas revascularizações dos membros inferiores, avaliada através do índice tornozelobraquial, de forma que, quanto menor foi o IR, maior o sucesso hemodinâmico obtido.

Abstract Background Revascularization surgery is used to attempt to restore blood flow to the foot in patients with critical ischemia (CI) caused by peripheral arterial occlusive disease of the lower limbs (LL). Ultrasonography with Doppler (USD) SAH emerged in recent years as a highly valuable method for planning this surgical intervention. Objectives To evaluate the relationship between the resistance index (RI), measured with USD, and immediate hemodynamic success of LL revascularization surgery in patients with CI. Methods The study design was a prospective cohort assessing 46 patients with LL CLI who underwent operations to perform infrainguinal revascularization by angioplasty or bypass from August 2019 to February 2022. All patients underwent preoperative clinical vascular assessment with USD including measurement of the RI of distal LL arteries, LL arteriography, and measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). All patients had their ABI measured again in the immediate postoperative period. Results Forty-six patients were assessed, 25 (54.3%) of whom were male. Age varied from 32 to 89 years (mean: 67.83). Hemodynamic success was assessed by comparison of preoperative and postoperative ABI, showing that hemodynamic success was achieved in 31 (67.4%) patients after revascularization surgery (ABI increased by 0.15 or more). A positive correlation (p ≤ 0.05) was observed between the RI of the distal revascularized LL artery and immediate hemodynamic success assessed by ABI (lower RI and hemodynamic success). Conclusions This study observed a positive correlation between the resistance index of the distal artery and immediate hemodynamic success of lower limb revascularizations, as assessed by the ankle-brachial index, so that the lower the RI the greater the hemodynamic success achieved.

Dexmedetomidine versus sufentanil as adjuvants to bupivacaine for brachial plexus block during upper extremity surgery: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Background: Brachial plexus block (BPB) has been accepted as a reliable alternative for general anesthesia in upper limb surgeries. Adding adjuvant drugs like dexmedetomidine and sufentanil has been shown to have clinical and pharmacologic advantages. In this randomized parallel clinical trial, we aim to compare the effects of these two adjuvants for bupivacaine in BPB. Methods: In this double-blinded study, by using computer-assisted block randomization, 40 patients ranged from 20 to 65 years old and scheduled for elective upper limb surgeries were assigned to two equal study groups (n = 20), receiving 1 mL of 5 μg.mL-1 sufentanil (group S) or 1 mL of 100 μg.mL-1 dexmedetomidine (group D) in adjunction to 30 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine for supraclavicular BPB under the guidance of ultrasonography. Characteristics of local anesthesia and postoperative analgesia were evaluated (n = 40). Results: The duration of blocks significantly improved in group S (sensory: estimated median difference (EMD) [95%CI] = 100.0 [70.0~130.0], p < 0.001; motor: EMD [95%CI] = 120.0 [100.0~130.0], p < 0.001). Group S also had significantly longer postoperative analgesia and lower opioid consumption within 24 hours after the surgery (EMD [95%CI] = 4.0 [3.0~7.0], p < 0.001; EMD [95%CI] = -5.0 [-5.0~-5.0], p < 0.001; respectively). None of the patients showed adverse effects concerning vital signs, nausea, or vomiting. Conclusion: Our study showed that during ultrasound-guided supraclavicular BPB, sufentanil is a fairly better choice than dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant for bupivacaine and can provide preferable sensory and motor blocks. No significant side effects were seen in either of the study groups.

Perineural low dexamethasone dose as adjuvant in supraclavicular brachial plexus block for arteriovenous fistula creation in end stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background and aims: Dexamethasone as adjunct to local anesthetic solution improves the quality of brachial plexus block (BPB). However, evidence for its efficacy at low doses (< 4 mg) is lacking. This study was designed to evaluate the duration of analgesia attained with low dose dexamethasone as adjuvant to local anesthetic for creation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) under BPB. Methods: Sixty-six patients scheduled for AVF creation were randomly allocated to receive either saline (control) or 2 mg dexamethasone, together with 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.2% lignocaine. The primary outcome was duration of analgesia, defined as time from performing the block to the first analgesic request. The secondary outcomes were time from injection to complete sensory block, time from injection to complete motor block, duration of motor block, postoperative analgesic consumption, and fistula patency at three months. Results: All the blocks were effective. In the group that received dexamethasone, the time to first analgesic request was significantly delayed (432 ± 43.8 minutes vs. 386.4 ± 40.2 minutes; p < 0.01). The onset of sensory and motor blockade occurred faster in dexamethasone group and overall analgesic consumption was also reduced. However, dexamethasone addition did not prolong the duration of motor block. There was no statistically significant difference in the patency of fistulas between the two groups at three months. (p = 0.34). Conclusion: Addition of low-dose perineural dexamethasone to local anesthetic solution significantly prolonged the duration of analgesia. Further trials are warranted to compare the adverse effects between dexamethasone doses of 4 mg and lower.

Application Value of Sevoflurane Combined with Brachial Plexus Block in Children with Humeral Fracture Surgery and its Effect on Hemodynamics: A Clinical and Anatomical Study

SUMMARY: To observe the effect of sevoflurane combined with brachial plexus block (BPB) in children with humeral fracture surgery and its effect on hemodynamics. 84 children who received surgical treatment of humeral fracture in our hospital from September 2019 to September 2022 were selected. According to different anesthesia methods, the children were divided into control group and study group. The control group only received laryngeal mask sevoflurane; the study group received laryngeal mask sevoflurane combined with BPB. The operation situation, hemodynamic indexes, stress level, pain and adverse reactions of children was observed. The postoperative awakening time in the study group was lower than control group, the postoperative pain onset time in the study group was higher than control group (P0.05). Postoperative 2h, the levels of serum cortisol, b-endorpin, norepinephrine and epinephrine in the study group were lower than control group (P0.05). Sevoflurane combined with BPB is helpful to shorten the postoperative awakening time of children with humeral fracture, reduce the degree of postoperative pain, improve hemodynamics, and reduce stress response, and has good safety.

El objetivo fue observar el efecto del sevoflurano combinado con bloqueo del plexo braquial (BPB) en niños con cirugía de fractura de húmero y su efecto sobre la hemodinámica. Se seleccionaron 84 niños que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico de fractura de húmero en nuestro hospital desde septiembre de 2019 hasta septiembre de 2022. Según diferentes métodos de anestesia, los niños se dividieron en grupo control y grupo de estudio. El grupo control solo recibió sevoflurano en mascarilla laríngea; el grupo de estudio recibió sevoflurano con mascarilla laríngea combinado con BPB. Se observó la situación operatoria, índices hemodinámicos, nivel de estrés, dolor y reacciones adversas de los niños. El tiempo hasta el despertar postoperatorio en el grupo de estudio fue menor que el del grupo control, el tiempo de aparición del dolor postoperatorio en el grupo de estudio fue mayor que el del grupo control (P0,05). A las 2 horas postoperatorias, los niveles séricos de cortisol, β-endorfina, norepinefrina y epinefrina en el grupo de estudio fueron más bajos que los del grupo control (P 0,05). El sevoflurano combinado con BPB es útil para acortar el tiempo de despertar del posoperatorio de los niños con fractura de húmero, reduce el grado de dolor postoperatorio, mejora la hemodinámica y reduce la respuesta al estrés, además de tener buena seguridad.

Influencia de posición del brazo en adultos para abordaje de plexo braquial costoclavicular: estudio observacional / Influence of arm position in costoclavicular approach for brachial plexus block in adult patient: observational study

Resumen: Introducción: el bloqueo de plexo braquial con abordaje costoclavicular, ofrece ventajas como sitio de inyección único, sitio adecuado para colocación de catéter de analgesia continua. Objetivo: identificar la visibilidad de los tres cordones del plexo braquial en el espacio costoclavicular según la angulación del brazo. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal; se incluyeron 99 pacientes entre 18 a 90 años de edad, en un período de dos meses. Se describieron variables continuas, se aplicó la prueba no paramétrica de Friedman para K muestras relacionadas, una regresión lineal para confirmar la correlación entre la distancia de la piel a plexo braquial, peso e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: se encontró una menor profundidad en relación piel plexo bajo abducción del brazo a una angulación de 90o y 110o, que permite la visualización sonoanatómica del plexo braquial a nivel costoclavicular con significancia estadística. El peso es un factor independiente que determina la distancia entre la profundidad piel plexo. Conclusiones: se determinó que el abordaje del bloqueo costoclavicular ecoguiado es anatómicamente factible con elevada eficacia clínica, el cual concluye ser un sitio anatómico innovador y seguro.

Abstract: Introduction: the brachial plexus block with a costoclavicular approach offers advantages as a single injection site, being a suitable site for continuous analgesia catheter placement. Objective: to identify the visibility of the 3 brachial plexus cords in the costoclavicular space according to the angulation of the arm. Material and methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional observational study was carried out; 99 healthy patients between 18 and 90 years of age were included, in a period of two months. Continuous variables were described, the nonparametric Friedman test was applied for K related samples, a linear regression was performed to confirm the correlation between the distance from the skin to the brachial plexus, weight and body mass index (BMI). Results: a smaller depth was found in relation to the skin plexus under abduction of the arm at an angulation of 90o and 110o, which allows an adequate sonoanatomical visualization of the brachial plexus at the costoclavicular level with statistical significance. Weight is an independent factor that determine the distance between the skin plexus depth. Conclusions: it was determined that the ultrasound-guided costoclavicular block approach is anatomically feasible with greater clinical efficacy, which concludes to be an innovative and safe anatomical site.

Bloqueo de plexo braquial con ultrasonido: estudio descriptivo de práctica clínica habitual en 283 niños / Brachial plexus block with ultrasound: a descriptive study of routine clinical practice in 283 children

Resumen: Introducción: en años recientes con el renacimiento de la anestesia regional a causa de los avances técnicos en equipamiento como el ultrasonido, estos han permitido llevar a cabo bloqueos de plexo braquial con varias técnicas de abordaje, alta eficacia de éxito y disminución de complicaciones. Objetivo: conocer la eficacia y seguridad del bloqueo de plexo braquial con ultrasonido, en anestesiólogos con especialidad en anestesia regional. Material y métodos: se realizó el estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de la práctica clínica habitual en 283 pacientes de 0 a 15 años, programados para cirugía electiva de ortopedia y traumatología, de extremidad superior (húmero tercio distal, codo, antebrazo y mano), con manejo anestésico: sedación más bloqueo de plexo braquial con ultrasonido abordaje supraclavicular o infraclavicular. Durante dos años, de enero de 2018 a diciembre de 2019. Resultados: los bloqueos fueron realizados por 11 anestesiólogos con especialidad en anestesia regional. Se evaluó la eficacia con 99.65% de éxito. En cuanto a la seguridad no se registraron complicaciones. Conclusiones: el uso de ultrasonido en bloqueo de plexo braquial con abordaje supraclavicular e infraclavicular es una técnica con éxito alto y sin complicaciones; sin embargo, es necesario tener capacitación y experiencia.

Abstract: Introduction: in recent years with the revival of regional anesthesia due to technical advances in equipment such as ultrasound, have allowed to carry out brachial plexus blocks with several approach techniques with high efficiency of success and reduction of complications. Objective: to know the efficacy and safety of brachial plexus block with ultrasound, in anesthesiologists with a specialty in regional anesthesia. Material and methods: the observational, descriptive, retrospective study of the usual clinical practice was carried out in 283 patients from 0 to 15 years old, scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery and traumatology, of the upper extremity (distal third humerus, elbow, forearm and hand), with anesthetic management: sedation plus brachial plexus block with ultrasound supraclavicular or infraclavicular approach. For two years from January 2018 to December 2019. Results: the blocks were performed by 11 anesthesiologists specializing in regional anesthesia. Efficacy was evaluated with 99.65% success. In terms of safety, there were no complications. Conclusions: the use of ultrasound in brachial plexus block with supraclavicular and infraclavicular approach is a technique with high success and without complications however it is necessary to have training and experience.

A rare variation of radial nerve coexisting with the intercalated ectopic muscle from latissimus dorsi muscle / Una rara variación del nervio radial que coexiste con el músculo ectópico intercalado del músculo latísimo del dorso

SUMMARY: The axilla is the main communication channel connecting the upper limbs, the neck and chest. Stabilization of the internal structure is essential for upper limb and shoulder mobility. In this case, we observed and recorded the characteristics of the variation of the radial nerve as well as the intercalated ectopic muscle from latissimus dorsi muscle. The position relationship between both, was also particularly noted by us. In view of the presence of the variation we reported, related clinical research, surgery and disease diagnosis are expected to take this case into account.

La axila es el principal canal de comunicación que conecta los miembros superiores, el cuello y el tórax. La estabilización de la estructura interna es fundamental para la movilidad del miembro superior y del hombro. En este caso observamos y registramos las características de la variación del nervio radial así como del músculo ectópico intercalado del músculo latísimo del dorso. La relación de posición entre ambas también fue significativa en este estudio. En vista de la presencia de la variación que informamos, se espera que la investigación clínica relacionada con la cirugía y el diagnóstico de la enfermedad tengan en cuenta este caso.

Debridement of axillary necrotizing fasciitis under anesthetic blocks of the serratus plane and supraclavicular brachial plexus: a case report

Abstract The regional techniques for axillary analgesia are well established. However, few studies have investigated surgical anesthesia. In this report, extensive debridement of axillary necrotizing fasciitis, including the posteromedial region of the right arm, performed under exclusive regional anesthesia in a patient with probable difficult airway is described. The procedure was accomplished under a Serratus Plane Block (SPB) and supraclavicular brachial plexus block, guided by ultrasound, and with venous sedation. We observed satisfactory anesthesia 15 minutes after the intervention, efficient intraoperative pain control and within the following 24 hours. Surgical axilla anesthesia is feasible with the described blocks.

Precisión y fiabilidad de la medición del índice tobillo-brazo utilizando un dispositivo oscilométrico versus el método Doppler / Accuracy and reliability of ankle-brachial index measurement using an oscillometric device versus the Doppler method

Introducción: la medición del índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) es una prueba de primera línea y con alta precisión diagnóstica para detectar la enfermedad vascular periférica (EVP). El método Doppler, considerado el estándar de oro, requiere del dispositivo y de un operador capacitado, lo que limita su uso en la atención primaria. Como alternativa, un método oscilométrico que emplea un dispositivo de presión arterial automático es una prueba simple y accesible que podría minimizar los sesgos del observador y eliminar la necesidad de capacitación especial. Objetivos: validar la capacidad diagnóstica de un dispositivo oscilométrico automatizado frente al método Doppler para la medición del ITB. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y 2 (DM1 y DM2), mayores de 50 años, con uno o más factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Luego de que los pacientes permanecieran 5 minutos acostados, se registró la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) con tensiómetro Welch Allyn DS 45-11 y Doppler Vascular Contec Sonoline B 8 Mhz en ambas arterias tibiales posteriores y en arteria braquial derecha. Posteriormente se realizaron los mismos registros con monitor de presión arterial automático modelo Omrom HEM-7130. Se calculó el ITB de cada miembro inferior y las capacidades diagnósticas (sensibilidad [S-, especificidad [E], concordancia por coeficiente kappa, valor predictivo positivo [VPP] y valor predictivo negativo [VPN]) del método oscilométrico para detectar un ITB patológico por Doppler (≤0,90). Resultados: se evaluaron 66 pacientes, 52 varones y 14 mujeres, 7 con DM1 y 59 con DM2, 69 años de edad (DS 9,8), con una antigüedad de la DM de 18,05 años (DS 12,01). La prevalencia de EVP detectada por Doppler (ITB ≤0,90) fue del 16,7% (IC 95% 9,9-23,4). El método oscilométrico para detectar un ITB ≤0,90 por Doppler mostró una S del 72,7% (IC 95% 51,8-93,6), una E del 96,3% (IC 95% 92,4-100), una concordancia del 92,4% (IC 95% 87,5-97,3), un VPP del 80,0% (IC 95% 59,9-100) y un VPN del 94,6% (IC 95% 90,0-99,3). Conclusiones: el alto VPN hallado (condición esencial para un método de screening) significa que si el método oscilométrico da un ITB >0,90, hay un 94,6% de posibilidad de que el ITB por Doppler no sea ≤0,90. El VPP de 80% encontrado significa que si el ITB oscilométrico es ≤0,90, hay un 80% de posibilidad de que el ITB Doppler sea verdaderamente ≤0,90. Por lo tanto, consideramos que la simple medición del ITB con el método oscilométrico podría recomendarse en la atención primaria, donde se requieren métodos rápidos, fáciles y confiables.

Introduction: the measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a first-line test with high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of peripheral vascular disease. The Doppler method, considered the gold standard, requires the device and a trained operator, which limits its use in primary care. Alternatively, an oscillometric method using an automated blood pressure device is a simple and affordable test that could minimize observer bias and eliminate the need for special training. Objectives: to validate the diagnostic capacity of an automated oscillometric device against the Doppler method for ABI measurement. Materials and methods: diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 (DM1 and DM2) patients older than 50 years with 1 or more cardiovascular risk factors were included. After 5 minutes lying down, SBP was recorded with a Welch Allyn DS 45-11 sphygmomanometer and Contec Sonoline B 8 Mhz Vascular Doppler in both posterior tibial arteries and in the right brachial artery. Subsequently, the same recordings were made with an Automatic Blood Pressure Monitor Model Omrom HEM-7130. The ABI of each lower limb and the diagnostic capabilities (sensitivity [S], specificity [E], concordance by kappa coefficient, positive predictive value [PPV] and negative predictive value [NPV] of the oscillometric method to detect a pathological ABI were calculated by Doppler (≤0.90). Results: 66 patients were evaluated, 52 men and 14 women, 7 DM1 and 59 DM2, 69 years old (SD 9.8) with a history of diabetes of 18.05 years (SD 12.01). The prevalence of PVD detected by Doppler (ABI ≤0.90) was 16.7% (95% CI 9.9-23.4). The oscillometric method to detect an ABI ≤0.90 by Doppler showed an S of 72.7% (95% CI 51.8-93.6), an E of 96.3% (95% CI 92.4-100), a concordance of 92.4% (95% CI 87.597.3), a PPV of 80.0% (95% CI 59.9-100) and a NPV of 94.6% (95% CI 90 .0-99.3). Conclusions: the high NPV found (essential condition for a screening method) means that if the oscillometric method gives an ABI >0.90, there is a 94.6% chance that the Doppler ABI is not ≤0.90. The PPV of 80% found means that if the oscillometric ABI is ≤0.90, there is an 80% chance that the Doppler ABI is truly ≤0.90. Therefore, we consider that the simple measurement of ABI with the oscillometric method could be recommended in primary care, where fast, easy and reliable methods are adequate.

Influence of spleen-qi deficiency syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus on Ankle-Brachial Index / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To investigate the influence of T2DM Spleen-qi Deficiency syndrome on Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI).Methods:The clinical data of 298 patients with T2DM who were hospitalized in Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the diagnostic criteria of spleen-qi deficiency syndrome, the patients were divided into two groups: spleen-qi deficiency syndrome group and non-spleen-qi deficiency syndrome group. There were 142 patients in the spleen-qi deficiency syndrome group and 156 patients in the non-spleen-qi deficiency syndrome group. The differences of ABI between the two groups were compared, and the correlation between spleen-qi deficiency syndrome and clinical indicators (gender, age, body mass index, course of diabetes, history of hypertension, smoking history, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, platelet, hemoglobin, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate) and ABI in T2DM patients was analyzed.Results:The left ABI [1.09 (1.00, 1.19) vs. 1.13 (1.03, 1.22)] and the right ABI [1.09 (0.96, 1.17) vs. 1.12 (1.02, 1.20)] in T2DM spleen-qi deficiency syndrome group were significantly lower than those in non-spleen-qi deficiency group ( P<0.05).The left ABI was significantly correlated with spleen-qi deficiency syndrome ( r=0.122, P=0.035) and estimated glomerular filtration rate ( r=0.137, P=0.018), and the right ABI was significantly correlated with spleen-qi deficiency syndrome ( r=0.123, P=0.034) and PLT ( r=-0.115, P=0.047). After correcting for other confounding factors by multiple linear regression analysis, there was significantly correlation between spleen-qi deficiency syndrome and ABI. Conclusion:Compared with the non-spleen-qi deficiency syndrome group, T2DM patients in the spleen-qi deficiency group had a lower ankle-brachial index and were more likely to develop peripheral arterial disease.

Association between air quality index and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Beijing / 环境与职业医学

Background Few studies have investigated the association between air pollution and arterial stiffness in Chinese population, and the findings are inconsistent. The problem of multicollinearity exists when modeling multiple air pollutants simultaneously. Objective To investigate potential association between air quality index (AQI) and population brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in Beijing. Methods This study retrieved medical examination data of 2971 participants from the Beijing Health Management Cohort, who were under 60 years old and not yet retired, from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. The most recent medical examination data available were utilized for this analysis. AQI data from 35 air pollution monitoring sites in Beijing and meteorological data (including atmospheric pressure, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) from 16 meteorological monitoring stations from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2019 were collected. An average AQI exposure level for 365 d before the date of physical examination for each participant was computed using inverse distance weighting. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between AQI and baPWV in Beijing, after adjusting for confounding variables including age, gender, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, medication history of diabetes, medication history of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, education, smoking status, drinking status, and physical activity intensity. Subgroup analysis was performed by age, sex, presence of diabetes, and presence of hypertension. Results AQI demonstrated an overall decreasing trend during the study period and was lower in the northern regions and higher in the southern regions of Beijing. After adjusting the confounding variables, each 10 unit increase in AQI was associated with 6.18 (95%CI: 1.25, 11.10) cm·s−1 increase in baPWV in all participants, 8.05 (95%CI: 2.32, 13.79) cm·s−1 increase in the participants <50 years, 15.82 (95%CI: 8.33, 23.31) cm·s−1 increase in the female group, 10.10 (95%CI: 4.66, 15.55) cm·s−1 increase in the participants without diabetes, and 9.41 (95%CI: 4.21, 14.62) cm·s−1 increase in the participants without hypertension. However, there was no statistically significant association observed between AQI and baPWV in the age group ≥50 years, the male group, the diabetic group, and the hypertensive group (P>0.05). Conclusion An increase in long-term AQI levels is associated with an elevation in the degree of arterial stiffness. Individuals under 50 years old, females, without hypertension or diabetes are susceptible populations to arterial stiffness when being exposed to air pollution. Improving air quality may contribute to prevent arterial stiffness.

Association between appendicular skeletal muscle mass and ankle-brachial index in patients with type 2 diabetes / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To assess the relationship between appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and ankle brachial index (ABI) among patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, from July 2018 to March 2019, a total of 278 patients with type 2 diabetes treated in Zhongda Hospital were enrolled in this study, and there were 158 males and 120 females. General information and clinical biochemical parameters and ABI in the patients were collected. The appendicular muscle mass was quantitatively measured with body composition analyzer to achieve ASM. And the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), skeletal muscle index (SMI), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body mass index (ASM/BMI) were calculated respectively. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analyses with different adjustment models were conducted to analyze the correlation between ABI and above-mentioned indexes.Results:The Pearson correlation analysis showed that ABI had significant positive correlation with ASM, ASMI and ASM/BMI ( r=0.14, 0.13, 0.13, all P<0.05), but a marginal relation with SMI ( r=0.116, P=0.053). Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that ASMI ( β=0.053, 95% CI: 0.006-0.101, P=0.027) and AMI/ABI ( β=0.347, 95% CI: 0.040-0.654, P=0.027) were significantly related to ABI. Conclusion:ASM is positively associated with ABI in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Evaluation of autogenous arteriovenous fistula insufficiency by ultrasound monitoring of brachial artery resistance index / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the autogenous arteriovenous fistula(AVF) insufficiency by ultrasound monitoring of brachial artery resistance index(RI).Methods:The brachial artery RI and blood flow volume(FV) data of 828 patients who underwent color-Doppler ultrasound detection after AVF in the General Hospital of Western Theater Command from January 2019 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were grouped according to the adequacy of clinical dialysis, including 668 patients in the group with normal AVF function and 160 patients in the group with insufficient AVF function. The general information and ultrasonic measurement parameters were compared between the two groups. The correlation between brachial artery FV and RI was analyzed. The evaluation of brachial artery flow RI for AVF insufficiency was analyzed by ROC curve.Results:There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in brachial artery RI and FV(both P<0.001). The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that brachial artery FV was negatively correlated to RI ( r=-0.657, P<0.001). The area under ROC curve for assessing AVF function by brachial artery RI was 0.970, with 95% CI was 0.955-0.986, the optimal cut-off value was 0.665, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.888 and 0.955, respectively. Conclusions:Brachial artery RI in patients with AVF insufficiency is significantly higher than that in patients with normal AVF function. The optimal cutoff value of brachial artery RI can be used as an evaluation parameter for rapid screening of AVF function.

Peripheral BDNF Regulates Somatosensory-Sympathetic Coupling in Brachial Plexus Avulsion-Induced Neuropathic Pain / 神经科学通报·英文版

Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) is a combined injury involving the central and peripheral nervous systems. Patients with BPA often experience severe neuropathic pain (NP) in the affected limb. NP is insensitive to the existing treatments, which makes it a challenge to researchers and clinicians. Accumulated evidence shows that a BPA-induced pain state is often accompanied by sympathetic nervous dysfunction, which suggests that the excitation state of the sympathetic nervous system is correlated with the existence of NP. However, the mechanism of how somatosensory neural crosstalk with the sympathetic nerve at the peripheral level remains unclear. In this study, through using a novel BPA C7 root avulsion mouse model, we found that the expression of BDNF and its receptor TrκB in the DRGs of the BPA mice increased, and the markers of sympathetic nervous system activity including α1 and α2 adrenergic receptors (α1-AR and α2-AR) also increased after BPA. The phenomenon of superexcitation of the sympathetic nervous system, including hypothermia and edema of the affected extremity, was also observed in BPA mice by using CatWalk gait analysis, an infrared thermometer, and an edema evaluation. Genetic knockdown of BDNF in DRGs not only reversed the mechanical allodynia but also alleviated the hypothermia and edema of the affected extremity in BPA mice. Further, intraperitoneal injection of adrenergic receptor inhibitors decreased neuronal excitability in patch clamp recording and reversed the mechanical allodynia of BPA mice. In another branch experiment, we also found the elevated expression of BDNF, TrκB, TH, α1-AR, and α2-AR in DRG tissues from BPA patients compared with normal human DRGs through western blot and immunohistochemistry. Our results revealed that peripheral BDNF is a key molecule in the regulation of somatosensory-sympathetic coupling in BPA-induced NP. This study also opens a novel analgesic target (BDNF) in the treatment of this pain with fewer complications, which has great potential for clinical transformation.

Dexmedetomidine versus clonidine as an adjuvant to local anaesthetic in brachial plexus blocks: a metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials

Abstract Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and Clonidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics in BPBs. Methods: Two investigators independently searched databases to identify all RCTs comparing the efficacy and/or safety of dexmedetomidine and Clonidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics in BPBs. All outcomes were pooled using the inverse variance method with a random-effect model. An I2 test was used to assess heterogeneity. The source of heterogeneity was explored through meta-regression. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results: Out of 123 full texts assessed, 24 studies (1448 patients) were included in the analysis. As compared to Clonidine, dexmedetomidine groups showed significantly longer sensory block duration (MD = 173.31; 95% CI 138.02-208.59; I2 = 99%; GRADE approach evidence: high); motor block duration (MD = 158.35; 95% CI 131.55-185.16; I2 = 98%; GRADE approach evidence: high), duration of analgesia (MD = 203.92; 95% CI 169.25-238.58; I2 = 99%; GRADE approach evidence-high), and provided higher grade quality of block (RR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.60-2.41 ; I2 = 0%; GRADE approach evidence: moderate). The block positioning technique (regression coefficient: 51.45, p = 0.005) was observed as a significant predictor of the heterogeneity in the case of sensory block duration. No significant difference was observed for the risk of hypotension (RR = 2.59; 95% CI 0.63-10.66; I2 = %). Conclusion: Moderate to high-quality evidence suggests dexmedetomidine is a more efficacious adjuvant to local anesthetic in BPBs than Clonidine.

Protocolo de recuperación intensificada durante la cirugía del plexo braquial (RIPLEX) / ntensified Recovery Protocol during Brachial Plexus Surgery (RIPLEX)

La restauración de la función del miembro superior en los pacientes que sufren lesiones del plexo braquial para favorecer la mejoría en su calidad de vida. Así como su reinserción social y laboral, se puede optimizar mediante la implementación de programas de recuperación intensificada o mejorada, multimodales, multidisciplinarios, y de elevados estándares cualitativos, denominados protocolos ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery), se recomienda la utilización de métodos fundamentados en la mejor evidencia científica disponible. El protocolo que se expone, aplicado en el Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional "Frank Paísˮ, derivado de una investigación institucional en curso. Objetivos: Contribuir en el desarrollo del conocimiento científico imprescindible para favorecer la introducción y sistematización de los cuidados perioperatorios multimodales durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas del plexo braquial.

Introduction: Restoration of upper limb function in patients suffering from brachial plexus injuries, in view of favoring improvement in their quality of life or their social and labor reinsertion, can be optimized by means of implementing multimodal, multidisciplinary, intensified or enhanced recovery programs with high qualitative standards, called ERAS (enhanced recovery after surgery) protocols. The use of methods based on the best available scientific evidence is recommended. The protocol presented here is applied at Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional "Frank Paísˮ and derived from an ongoing institutional research. Objective: To contribute to the development of scientific knowledge essential to favor the introduction and systematization of multimodal perioperative care during brachial plexus surgical interventions.

TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE AS AN ADJUVANT TO LOCAL ANAESTHETICS IN SUPRACLAVICULAR BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK

BackgroundThere is an increase in use of regional anaesthetic techniques in various surgeries.Steroids have anti inflammatory and analgesic properties. Hence , we decided to study the efficacy ofdexamethasone as an adjuvant to local anaesthetic agents in supraclavicular brachial plexus block vialandmark approach for upper limb orthopaedic surgeries.Materials and MethodsAfter ethical clearance, and informed written consent, this prospective randomised controlled clinical studywas carried out in 50 patients, aged 18-50 years, ASA grade I or II, scheduled for elective or emergencyorthopaedic upper limb surgeries.Patients were randomly divided into two groups,Group A- received Inj. Bupivacaine 0.5% 10 ml, Inj. Lignocaine + Adrenaline (1.5%) 20 ml and Inj..Normal saline (0.9%) 2 mlGroup B- received Inj. Bupivacaine 0.5% 10 ml, Inj. Lignocaine + Adrenaline (1.5%) 20 ml and Inj.Dexamethasone (8 mg) 2 mlAfter confirming complete motor and sensory blockade, surgery was commenced.VAS score was recorded for 18 hours postoperatively where 0 equals no pain and 10 as worst possible pain.Results-● The onset of sensory and motor block was significantly faster in patients who receivedcombination of local anaesthetic and dexamethasone.● The duration of motor and sensory block in dexamethasone group was significantly higher thancontrol group.● There was no significant difference in the hemodynamics found between the two groupsperioperatively.● The duration of post operative analgesia was prolonged in dexamethasone group as compared tocontrol group.● Postoperatively, no complications were observed in any group.ConclusionThe addition of dexamethasone to local anaesthetics in supraclavicular approach of brachial plexus blockproduces adequate anaesthesia with following advantage.• Dexamethasone hastens the time of onset of sensory and motor blockade.• It prolongs the duration of sensory and motor blockade.• It prolongs the duration of postoperative analgesia.• Dexamethasone provides stable haemodynamics without any unwanted side effects in perioperative

Clinical Comparative Evaluation of Bupivacaine with Fentanyl and Ropivacaine with Fentanyl in Upper Limb Surgery Under Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block

Introduction: A lot of surgeries are now performed to reduce a number of physical ailments. Although these surgeries are done to reduce the sufferings these inevitably lead to a lot of pain for the patient. Material and Methods: Our study comprises of 60 patients who had undergone elective upper limb surgery in a tertiary care centre of central India. Patients of both genders, in age group 18-60 years with American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) grade I or II were included in our study and divided in two groups of 30 each. Results: Data was entered into MS-Excel sheet and analysed by SPSS version 20. Quantitative data was compared by using student t-test and qualitative data by using chi-square test and Fisher exact test, as applicable. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Both the groups were similar in demographic and surgical characteristics. However, we found that the group given bupivacaine and fentanyl had longer duration of sensory and motor block and post-operative analgesia than ropivacaine and fentanyl group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Combination of bupivacaine with fentanyl provides longer duration of sensory block, motor block and postoperative analgesia without any major side effects than combination of ropivacaine with fentanyl with comparable haemodynamic in both groups.

An alternative approach for blocking the superior trunk of the brachial plexus evaluated by a single arm clinical trial

Abstract Background Interscalene brachial plexus block is associated with phrenic nerve paralysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate an alternative approach to interscalene brachial plexus blocks in terms of efficacy, grade of motor and sensory blockade, and phrenic nerve blockade. Methods The study was prospective and interventional. The ten living patients studied were 18 to 65 years old, ASA physical status I or II, and submitted to correction of rotator cuff injury. A superior trunk blockade was performed at the superior trunk below the omohyoid muscle, without blocking the phrenic nerve. The needle was advanced below the prevertebral layer until contacting the superior trunk. In order to guarantee the correct positioning of the needle tip, an intracluster pattern of the spread was visualized. The block was performed with 5 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine in ten patients. In the six cadavers, 5 mL of methylene blue was injected. Diaphragmatic excursion was assessed by ultrasonography of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm. In three patients, pulmonary ventilation was evaluated with impedance tomography. Pain scores and analgesic consumption were assessed in the recovery room for 6 hours after the blockade. Results In the six cadavers, methylene blue didn't reach the phrenic nerve. Ten patients underwent arthroscopic surgery, and no clinically phrenic nerve paralysis was observed. No patient reported pain during the first 6 hours. Conclusions This study suggests that this new superior trunk approach to block the superior trunk may be an alternative technique to promote analgesia for shoulder surgery in patients with impaired respiratory function.

Efectividad del bloqueo de plexo braquial con abordaje costoclavicular y factores que modifican la sonoanatomía en pacientes pediátricos / Effectiveness of brachial plexus block with costoclavicular approach and factors modifying sonoanatomy in pediatric patients

Resumen: El bloqueo de plexo braquial en pediatría se ha posicionado como una buena alternativa para procedimientos quirúrgicos de la extremidad superior, en especial a partir del advenimiento de la ultrasonografía. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la efectividad del bloqueo con el abordaje costoclavicular en la población pediátrica, comparar la sonoanatomía de la ventana costoclavicular con la coracoidea y determinar si la posición del brazo impacta en la imagen ultrasonográfica. Se evaluaron un total de ocho pacientes con fracturas de miembro superior. De los ocho pacientes, cinco eran de género masculino (62.5%), tres de género femenino (37.5%) con una edad promedio de 8.8 años. Se realizó rastreo ultrasonográfico comparando la sonoanatomía del abordaje costoclavicular y coracoideos, observando mejor los cordones del plexo braquial y estructuras vasculares con el abordaje costoclavicular. Con el brazo en abducción 90 y 110o se optimizó la visualización de las estructuras neurovasculares y mejoría en la calidad del bloqueo. La dosis de ropivacaína fue de 1.5 mg/kg entre el 0.3-0.5%, con un tiempo de bloqueo motor promedio de 6.4 horas, y bloqueo sensitivo promedio de 11 horas. No se presentaron complicaciones. En conclusión, el bloqueo de plexo braquial por vía costoclavicular en la población pediátrica es una técnica segura.

Abstract: Pediatric brachial plexus block has become a good alternative for upper extremity surgical procedures, especially since the advent of ultrasonography. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the blockade with the costoclavicular approach in the pediatric population, and compare the sonoanatomy of the costoclavicular window with the coracoid one, and determinate if the position of the arm has an impact on the ultrasound image. A total of eight patients with upper limb fractures were evaluated. Of the eight patients, five were male (62.5%), three female (37.5%) with a mean age of 8.8 years. Ultrasonographic screening was performed comparing the sonoanatomy of the costoclavicular and coracoid approaches, better observing the brachial plexus cords and vascular structures with the costoclavicular approach. With the arm abducted 90 and 110o, a better visualization of the neurovascular structures and an improvement in the quality of the block was obtained. The ropivacaine dose was 1.5 mg/kg between 0.3-0.5%, with an average motor block time of 6.7 hours, and an average sensory block of 11.25 hours. There were not complications. In conclusion, the brachial plexus block via the costoclavicular approach in the pediatric population is a safe technique.