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Se describe una visión multidisciplinaria del problema de confundibilidad de las marcas en los productos farmacéuticos y su repercusión en la salud de la población. Expresan sus opiniones expertos de distintos países, que fueron convocados por la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) en un conversatorio realizado en octubre de 2022. Se tratan diversos aspectos: a) el riesgo de confusión en la identificación del producto farmacéutico, b) el registro de marcas farmacéuticas en Brasil y a nivel europeo, c) los medicamentos LASA y los riesgos de similitudes de fonética y grafía, d) el examen de patentes de invención y el estudio de marcas de productos farmacéuticos. Todo ello en el marco de su relación con la seguridad del paciente. (AU)
A multidisciplinary vision of the problem of confusion of brands in pharmaceutical products and its impact on the health of the population is described. Experts from different countries who were convened by the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) expressed their opinions in a discussion held in October 2022. Various aspects were discussed: a) the risk of confusion in the identification of the pharmaceutical product, b) the registration of pharmaceutical trademarks in Brazil and at a European level, c) LASA drugs and the risks of phonetic and spelling similarities, d) the examination of invention patents and the study of trademarks of pharmaceutical products. All this within the framework of its relationship with patient safety. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Drug and Narcotic Control , Drug Labeling , Medication Errors , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Patient Safety , Terminology as TopicABSTRACT
Resumen La literatura sobre condicionamiento clásico de actitudes (CCA) no reporta utilización de vocalizaciones humanas para crear o intensificar actitudes. El propósito del estudio fue comprobar la capacidad de los estímulos acústicos de risa contagiosa para originar actitudes positivas hacia marcas comerciales neutras cuando estos se utilizan como estímulos incondicionados en CCA. Participaron 60 universitarios de ambos sexos con edades entre 18 y 30 años y con base en un diseño experimental intrasujeto se aplicó el CCA, que implicó apareamiento simultáneo de marcas comerciales neutras con risas más y menos contagiosas. Se verificaron 5 hipótesis que compararon actitudes explícitas (medidas con diferencial semántico) e implícitas (medidas mediante un priming evaluativo y amplitud electromiográfica —EMC— del músculo cigomático) entre el pre- y el poscondicionamiento y entre marcas condicionadas con risas más vs. menos contagiosas. .on respecto a línea de base, se observaron mayores actitudes explícitas poscondicionamiento hacia marcas comerciales apareadas con risas más contagiosas; no se encontraron diferencias actitudinales explícitas entre marcas condicionadas con risas más vs. menos contagiosas. Sólo se evidenciaron diferencias actitudinales implícitas entre el pre y el poscondicionamiento de la marca comercial apareada con risa masculina más contagiosa. No se observaron diferencias en la amplitud EMG del cigomático entre el pre y el poscondicionamiento ni entre marcas comerciales apareadas con risas más vs. menos contagiosas. Concluimos que la risa contagiosa tiene capacidad para transferir valencia afectiva a estímulos neutros y no siempre se observa concordancia entre las actitudes explícitas e implícitas poscondicionamiento.
Abstract The literature on classical conditioning of attitudes (CCA) does not report the use of human vocalizations to create or intensify attitudes. This study aimed to test the ability of contagious laughter acoustic stimuli to elicit positive attitudes towards neutral commercial brands when used as unconditioned stimuli in CCA. 60 university students of both genders, aged between 18 and 30 years, participated. Based on an intra-subject experimental design the CCA was applied, which involved the simultaneous pairing of neutral commercial brands with more and less contagious laugher. Five hypotheses were tested comparing explicit (measured with semantic differential) and implicit attitudes (measured by evaluative priming and electromyographic amplitude -EMG- of the zygomatic muscle) between pre- and postconditioning and between commercial brands conditioned with more vs less contagious laugher. Concerning the baseline, there were greater explicit postconditioning attitudes towards commercial brands paired with more contagious laughter; no explicit attitudinal differences were found between brands conditioned with more vs. less contagious laughter. Only implicit attitudinal differences were evidenced between pre- and postconditioning for the commercial brand paired with the most contagious male laughter. No differences in the zygomatic EMG amplitude were observed between pre- and postconditioning or between commercial brands paired with more vs. less contagious laughter. We conclude that contagious laughter has the capacity to transfer affective valence to neutral stimuli and that concordance is not always observed between explicit and implicit postconditioning attitudes.
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There is a need of a relatively simple and inexpensive method for the determination of relative potency of various generic brands of antibiotics in comparison to original products. The current study describes an agar diffusion method which can be performed in any microbiology laboratory, is cheap (costs $2 per test) and its results can be available after overnight incubation. The results show that neither all generics are reliable nor are all generic antibiotics of poor quality.
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ABSTRACT: Considering economic, contingent and cultural conditions that interfere with consumer demand, the objective of this research was to evaluate the degree of importance of these variables in the decision of the Brazilian consumer to buy fluid milk. A total 1,015 milk consumers were sampled through non-probabilistic tools such as researchers' contact network, snowballing, and self-generated samples, in a virtual questionnaire. Non-parametric tests and univariate statistical analyzes were applied, including the chi-square test. The consumer profile interferes with the selection criteria in the purchase of fluid milk as follows: (a) women consider "price", "product origin", "friend recommendation", "product appearance", "sales offers", and "brand" as the most important conditioners; (b) young people, aged between 18 and 25, consider "product origin" a less important attribute; (c) consumers over 45 years of age value "price" the less; (d) consumers with incomes of up to one minimum wage value "sales offers" the most. This research theoretically confirmed the hypothesis that prior information regarding milk production, especially brands, lead the decision to buy fluid milk, especially in women case. Product price and availability are complementary constraints.
RESUMO: Considerando condições econômicas, contingênciais e culturais que interferem na demanda do consumidor, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o grau de importância dessas variáveis na decisão do consumidor brasileiro de comprar leite fluido. Um total de 1.015 consumidores de leite foi pesquisado por meio de ferramentas não probabilísticas, como rede de contatos de pesquisadores, bola de neve e amostras autogeradas, em um questionário virtual. Testes não paramétricos e análises estatísticas univariadas foram aplicados, incluindo o teste qui-quadrado. O perfil do consumidor interfere com os critérios de seleção na compra de leite fluido da seguinte forma: (a) as mulheres consideram "preço", "origem do produto", "recomendação de amigos", "aparência do produto", "ofertas de venda" e "marca" como os condicionantes mais importantes; (b) os jovens, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos, consideram a "origem do produto" um atributo menos importante; (c) consumidores com mais de 45 anos de idade valorizam menos a variável "preço"; (d) os consumidores com renda de até um salário mínimo valorizam as "ofertas de venda". Esta pesquisa teoricamente confirma a hipótese de que informações prévias sobre a produção de leite, principalmente as marcas, levam à decisão de comprar leite fluido, especialmente no caso das mulheres. O preço e a disponibilidade do produto são restrições complementares.
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Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and needs lifelong treatment. There are large numbers of oral anti-diabetic drugs available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There are numerous brands available for each of the individual oral anti-diabetic drug. Thus, a study was planned to find out cost variation among different brands of same active oral anti-diabetic drug.Methods: Cost of a particular drug being manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms was obtained from the price list provided by the pharmaceutical companies in Current Index of Medical Specialities (CIMS) (October 2017- January 2018). The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in price was analyzed.Results: Percentage cost variation of the commonly used drugs found was seen highest with Sulfonylureas (Glimepiride - 562%) followed by Metformin (492%) which was followed by Pioglitazone (488%), DPP-4 inhibitor Teneligliptin (231%), α- glucosidase inhibitors (Voglibose 284%), Meglitinides (Repaglinide 0.5mg 154%) and lowest was seen with Repaglinide 2mg (15%).Conclusions: There is very wide cost variation among different brands of the same oral anti-diabetic drugs manufactured in India. The average percentage cost variation of different brands of the same oral anti diabetic drugs manufactured in India is very wide. The appraisal and management of marketing drugs should be directed toward maximizing the benefits of therapy and minimizing negative personal and economic consequences.
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Introduction@#Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that acts against a number of bacterial infections. The study was carried out to examine the in vitro quality control tests for five leading brands of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride 500 mg tablet formulation, registered in Mongolia. The quality control parameters of five different brands of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride 500 mg tablets were determined weight variation, friability, hardness, and disintegration, dissolution and assay tests. In addition, 0 and first order kinetic models were applied for each sample.@*Method@#All the tablets were evaluated for conformity with British Pharmacopoeia (BP) and Mongolian Pharmacopoeia-National Formulary (MP-NF) standards.@*Results@#Among five brands of tablets Brand C had lower mean weight variation of 0.8% and Brand A had highest mean weight variation of 3.42%. For friability test Brand B had the lowest mean friability (0.57) and Brand A had highest mean friability (1.51). The percentages of the drug content of five brands of ciprofloxacin tablet were obtained in the following sequence: Brand E (98.4 %) < Brand C (100.3%) < Brand D (115.1%) < Brand A (138.5%) < Brand B (183.8%). E and C brands met the BP and MP-NF specifications for assay@*Conclusion@#The present study revealed that Brand A, B and D the leading brands of this tablet not met the quality control parameters as per pharmacopoeia specifications expect dissolution test for some brands (Brand A, Brand B).
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As an important representative of modern Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injzection has become an indispensable part of the Chinese medicine industry. However, its development is now restricted by the bottleneck of insufficient core competitiveness, low-level research and production, even injection quality and the safe use are not guaranteed. Thus, it is urgent to reevaluate post-marketing TCM injection generally and to make secondary development. Under current circumstances, taking major brands which have good clinical and market foundation, as well as research value, as the main subject of cultivation and evaluation is an important approach to innovative development of TCM injection industry. Unlike oral proprietary Chinese medicine, the cultivatation of major brands of TCM injection needs higher technical support, quality standards and more timely feedback. Therefore, a post-market integral evaluation system adaptive to TCM injection is required. This article discussed some key points on the construction of a post-market integral evaluation system of TCM injection in three levels： optimizing evaluation methods, building synergistic innovation platforms which combine the medical research institutions and pharmaceutical enterprises, and finally constructing the integral evaluation system. A "five to one" structure has been proposed to enhance TCM injection effectiveness, safety and adaptability on the whole, which are from the following aspects： mechanism research, clinical evidence validation, literature information mining, sustainable development of resources and industrialization operation.
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Se desarrolló una experiencia en una pacientede cambio entre dos marcas comerciales de lamotrigina: Lamictal (referencia) y Epilepax (test). Esto fue motivado por notificaciones sobre sospecha de falta de eficacia de una de las citadas presentaciones farmacéuticas utilizada en el Hospital Vilardebó. Se realizó la comparación de las curvas salivales de lamotrigina versus tiempo para las dos marcas, determinándose parámetros clínicos, farmacocinéticos y de seguridad. La experiencia de cambio entre las dos marcas en la paciente no evidenció diferencias en ninguno de los parámetros mencionados.
An experience was developed in a patient of change between two commercial brands of lamotrigine: Lamictal (reference) and Epilepax (test). This was motivated by notifications on suspicion of lack of efficacy of one of the aforementioned pharmaceutical presentations used in the Vilardebó Hospital. The comparison of salivary curves of lamotrigine versus time for the two brands was made, determining clinical, pharmacokinetic and safety parameters. The experience of change between the two brands in the patient did not show any differences in any of the mentioned parameters.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Anticonvulsants/pharmacokinetics , Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacokinetics , Drugs, Generic/adverse effects , Drugs, Generic/pharmacokinetics , Drug Evaluation , Bipolar Disorder , Therapeutic Equivalency , OutpatientsABSTRACT
El presente escrito expone algunas líneas de trabajo del proyecto de Beca de Culminación de Doctorado que lleva por título Identidad y Nominación. Abordaje del problema de la identidad en los casos de apropiación/restitución de niños en la Argentina, con el objeto de avanzar en la precisión del estatuto de las marcas que el apropiador transmite al apropiado y las condiciones de estructuración de un sujeto en ese contexto. Indagamos aquí el destino de las marcas de la apropiación con el fin de abordar el problema de la identidad en los sujetos apropiados: durante el período de la apropiación y en el momento de la eventual restitución. Tomaremos para ello un caso clínico, el caso P., una niña de dos años apropiada en 1978, durante el terrorismo de estado en la Argentina.
This paper exposes some work lines of the project of Culmination of Doctoral Grant: Identity and Naming. Approach to the problem of identity in appropriation/restitution cases in the Argentina, in order to advance in the elucidation of the statute of the marks that the appropriator transmits to the appropriated and the conditions of structure of a subjectivity in this context. We investigate here the destiny of the marks of the appropriation in order to approach the problem of the identity in the appropriated subjects: during the period of the appropriation and in the moment of the eventual restitution. We will take for it a clinical case, the case P., appropriated two years old girl in 1978, during Argentina state terrorism.
Subject(s)
Child , Child , Identity TheftABSTRACT
Background: Drugs are available in many different brands and costs of all brands are different. Patients of depression have to take the antidepressant drug for a long duration. If the cost of a drug is high patient has to pay more money for complete treatment. It can result in noncompliance and treatment failure. This study was aimed to evaluate the cost of antidepressant drugs of different classes and to analyze price variation in various antidepressant drugs available in India. Hence, we decided to do the study of price variations of antidepressant drugs. Methods: We had evaluated the cost of a different class of antidepressant drugs. Current Index of Medical Specialties October-December 2014 and Indian Drug Review 2015 issue 1 drug manuals were used to derive the cost of antidepressant drugs. Data about the cost of antidepressant drugs were collected for all the strength and dosage forms. The maximum price and minimum price for the different antidepressant drugs were identified, and calculation for the percentage of price variation was done. Results: Maximum percentage of price variation in different groups were 900% in reboxetine 2 mg (tricyclic antidepressants group), 495.23% in escitalopram 10 mg (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors group), 318.66% in duloxetine 20 mg capsules (serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors group), 243.58% in moclobemide 150 mg tablet (reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor), 84.93% in bupropion 150 mg sustained-release tablet (atypical antidepressants group). In combination escitalopram 10 mg + clonazepam 0.5 mg shows maximum price variation of 1101.92%. Conclusion: Price variation was wide for antidepressant drugs. Generic drug prescribing can decrease the expenditure of patient on the drug. Prescribers should be provided updated knowledge of the cost of different drugs. Modifications in pharmaceutical policy are required, and prices of the drug should be controlled in effective way for all the drugs.
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Objective: To explore the potential of local agar of genus Gracilaria, Eucheuma, Gelidium and local brands as an alternative for imported agarose for DNA electrophoresis, and to examine their ability related to separation and migration of DNA fragments in DNA electrophoresis. Methods: Their performance at various concentrations were compared via an experimental study with a specific brand of imported commercial agarose used in molecular biology research. The measured variables were separation and migration during electrophoresis of a DNA fragment. Results: The local agar genus Gracilaria gigas, Gelidium, brand "B" and brand "S" could separate DNA fragments at a concentration between 1% and 2%, with an optimum concentration of 2% w/v, as good as a specific brand of imported commercial agarose. Conclusions: Their performance were very close to that of commercial agarose and can still be improved by further agar purification as well as by pH and sulfur control.
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Objective:To explore the potential of local agar of genusGracilaria,Eucheuma,Gelidium and local brandsas an alternative for imported agarose forDNA electrophoresis, and to examine their ability related to separation and migration ofDNA fragments inDNA electrophoresis. Methods:Their performance at various concentrations were compared via an experimental study with a specific brand of imported commercial agarose used in molecular biology research. The measured variables were separation and migration during electrophoresis of a DNA fragment. Results: The local agar genusGracilaria gigas,Gelidium, brand B and brand S could separateDNA fragments at a concentration between 1% and 2%, with an optimum concentration of 2% w/v, as good as a specific brand of imported commercial agarose. Conclusions:Their performance were very close to that of commercial agarose and can still be improved by further agar purification as well as by pH and sulfur control.
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Em Moda, sapatos e grifes, uma psicanalista dialoga de forma leve e bem-humorada com uma filósofa em torno do assunto moda, explorando alguns recortes possíveis: desde a compulsão a comprar de uma vítima da moda, passando pela moda como linguagem, em seguida como forma de arte, e finalizando com o olhar de um crítico de arte sobre a moda das ruas.
In Fashion, shoes and brands, a psychoanalyst dialogues with a philosopher in a light and humorous way about fashion, exploring some possible perspectives: from the compulsion to shop of a fashion victim, passing through fashion as a language, and then as an art form, ending with an art critic's view on street fashion.
En Moda, zapatos y marcas, una psicoanalista conversa de forma amena y bienhumorada con una filósofa sobre el tema de la moda, explorando algunos recortes posibles: desde la compulsión por comprar de una víctima de la moda, pasando por la moda como lenguaje, después como forma de arte, y finalizando con la visión de un crítico de arte sobre la moda en las calles.
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Background: Hypertension is one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and needs lifelong treatment. There is a wide range of variation in the prices of antihypertensive drugs marketed in India. Thus, a study was planned to find out price variations in the oral antihypertensive drugs available either singly or in combination and number of manufacturing companies for each, also to evaluate the difference in cost of different brands of same active drug by calculating percentage variation of cost. Methods: Cost of a particular drug being manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms was obtained from “Current Index of Medical Specialties” July October 2013 and “Indian Drug Review” September 2013. The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in price was calculated. Results: Percentage price variation of the commonly used drugs found was amlodipine (5 mg): 1128.57%, atenolol (12.5 mg): 683.53%, enalapril (10 mg): 394.67%, telmisartan (20 mg): 288.33%. Among the combination therapy, amlodipine + atenolol (5 + 50 mg): 673.79%, amlodipine + losartan (5 + 50 mg): 284.61%, telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide (40 + 12.5 mg): 293.85%, losartan + hydrochlorothiazide (50 + 12.5 mg): 384.62% variation. Conclusion: The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral antihypertensive drug manufactured in India is very wide. The appraisal and management of marketing drugs should be directed toward maximizing the benefits of therapy and minimizing negative personal and economic consequences.
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This work assesses the bioequivalence of four selected brands of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in the Nigerian market to Ciproflox® as a selected innovator brand. The brands selected were reperesented by samples A, B, C and D all are of Asian origin. The following parameters were employed in the assay- Weight uniformity, tablet hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile in 0.1N HCl , and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined by zones of inhibition on clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The mean hardness results were in the order Ciproflox(R) (14.55 ± 3.97) > C (12.51 ± 3.01) > D (9.87 ± 2.38) > B (9.67 ± 1.37) > A (8.98 ± 3.46) and they all fell within the acceptable values of 3 kgs ≤.hardness. The mean friability results were in the order A (0.07) < D (0.12) < Ciproflox (0.17) < B (0.30) < D (0.31). The drug content values were in the order -Ciproflox (500.02) > D (483.54) > Cipromax B > C (458.86) > A (420.29). By the USP standard, only A failed the test; while, by the BP standard only Ciproflox and D passed the test. The disintegration times were in the order- A (1.73±0.27) > C (3.22±0.20)> B (4.15±1.07)> Ciproflox (4.88±0.54)> D (7.60±0.44). The tablet dissolution rates (P12min values) were in the order – A (59.528 ± 8.427) > C (42.468 ± 1.863) > B (35.124 ± 4.408)> Ciproflox (15.403 ± 0.799) > D (8.808 ± 0.856). Ciproflox(R) with the highest drug content had the lowest MIC on Staphylococcus aureus (0.064 μg/ml ). This shows that Ciproflox is the most effective of the five brands, followed by D, C, B and A. The highest MIC value on Staphylococcus aureus was obtained with A 0.255 μg/ml which also had the lowest drug content. Ciproflox (R) with this reseach stands to be the oustanding product among the five brands.
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Se llevó a cabo un experimento en el que se puso a prueba la variable de número de competidores sobre la preferencia de estímulos publicitarios. Según un modelo asociacionista cognoscitivo desarrollado por el autor, a mayor número de estímulos competidores (publicidad de otras marcas) menor es la probabilidad tanto de recuerdo como de preferencia. Se examinó la preferencia de tres marcas novedosas (BUCK, BHUK y BOUK) de un producto ficticio ("bebida para el aprendizaje") luego de ser publicitadas en un contexto de cero competidores (grupo experimental 1), un competidor (grupo experimental 2) y dos competidores (grupo experimental 3). Los datos de preferencia fueron corregidos con un sesgo a priori, cuyo valor se calculó a partir de los resultados del grupo control, el cual no fue pre expuesto a ningún estímulo publicitario. Los resultados sustentan parcialmente las predicciones del modelo, especialmente los obtenidos con los grupos experimentales 1 y 2, además del comportamiento de la marca BUCK a lo largo de los tres grupos.
An experiment was carried out to test the influence of number of competitors on the preference of advertising stimuli. According to a cognitive-associacionist model developed by the author, to greater number of competing stimuli (advertising of other brands) smaller is the probability of recall and preference for a brand-stimulus. The preference for three novel brands (BUCK, BHUK and BOUK) of a fictitious product ("liquid for learning") was tested in a context of zero competitors (experimental group 1), one competitor (experimental group 2) and two competitors (experimental group 3). The preference data were corrected with an a priori bias, whose value was calculated from results of control group, which was not pre-exposed to any stimulus. The results partially sustain the predictions of the model, specially the obtained ones with experimental groups 1 and 2, in addition to the behavior of the brand BUCK throughout the three groups.