Role of beneficial microbes with nitrogen and phosphorous levels on canola productivity / Papel de microbes benéficos em associação com níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo na produtividade de canola

A research was conducted to evaluate the impact of various nitrogen and phosphorus levels along with beneficial microbes to enhance canola productivity. The research was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar in winter 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block factorial design. The study was comprised of three factors including nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-¹), phosphorous (70, 100 and 130 kg ha-¹) and beneficial microbes (with and without BM). A control treatment with no N, P and BM was also kept for comparison. Application of beneficial microbes significantly increased pods plant, seed pod, seed filling duration, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield as compared to control plots. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 180 kg ha-¹ increased pods plant-¹, seed pod, seed filling duration, seed weight, biological yield and seed yield. Maximum pods plant-¹, seed pod, early seed filling, heavier seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index were observed in plots treated with 130 kg.ha-¹ phosphorous. As comparison, the combine treated plots have more pods plant-¹, seeds pod-¹, seed filling duration, heaviest seeds, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index as compared to control plots. It is concluded that application of beneficial microbes with N and P at the rate of 180 kg ha-¹ and 130 kg ha-¹, respectively, increased yield and its attributes for canola.

Uma pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o impacto de vários níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo, juntamente com micróbios benéficos, para aumentar a produtividade da canola. A pesquisa foi realizada no inverno de 2016-17 no Agronomy Research Farm, Universidade de Agricultura do Peshawar. O experimento foi conduzido por planejamento fatorial aleatorizado em blocos. O estudo focou-se em três fatores, incluindo o teor de nitrogênio, N, (60, 120 e 180 kg.ha-¹), o teor de fósforo, P, (70, 100 e 130 kg ha-¹) e a presença de micróbios benéficos (com BM e sem BM). Para fins de comparação, um tratamento controle sem N, P e BM também foi incluído no estudo. A aplicação de micróbios benéficos aumentou significativamente as vagens das plantas e de sementes, a duração do enchimento das sementes, o peso de 1000 sementes, o rendimento biológico e o rendimento de sementes em comparação com os resultados do controle. O nitrogênio aplicado na taxa de 180 kg ha-¹ aumentou as vagens por planta, vagem, duração do enchimento, peso da semente, rendimento biológico e rendimento de sementes. Vagens máximas por planta, vagem, enchimento precoce de sementes, peso maior de semente, rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita foram observados em parcelas tratadas com 130 kg.ha-¹ de fósforo. Em comparação aos blocos cultivados de controle, os blocos cultivados tratados combinados têm mais vagens por planta e sementes por vagem, maior duração do enchimento das sementes, maior número de sementes mais pesadas e maior rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita. Conclui-se que a aplicação de micróbios benéficos junto com N e P nas doses de 180 kg ha-¹ e 130 kg ha-¹, respectivamente, aumentou a produtividade e atributos de produtividade para a canola.

Role of beneficial microbes with nitrogen and phosphorous levels on canola productivity

Abstract A research was conducted to evaluate the impact of various nitrogen and phosphorus levels along with beneficial microbes to enhance canola productivity. The research was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar in winter 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block factorial design. The study was comprised of three factors including nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), phosphorous (70, 100 and 130 kg ha-1) and beneficial microbes (with and without BM). A control treatment with no N, P and BM was also kept for comparison. Application of beneficial microbes significantly increased pods plant, seed pod, seed filling duration, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield as compared to control plots. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 increased pods plant-1, seed pod, seed filling duration, seed weight, biological yield and seed yield. Maximum pods plant-1, seed pod, early seed filling, heavier seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index were observed in plots treated with 130 kg.ha-1 phosphorous. As comparison, the combine treated plots have more pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, seed filling duration, heaviest seeds, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index as compared to control plots. It is concluded that application of beneficial microbes with N and P at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 and 130 kg ha-1, respectively, increased yield and its attributes for canola.

Resumo Uma pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o impacto de vários níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo, juntamente com micróbios benéficos, para aumentar a produtividade da canola. A pesquisa foi realizada no inverno de 2016-17 no Agronomy Research Farm, Universidade de Agricultura do Peshawar. O experimento foi conduzido por planejamento fatorial aleatorizado em blocos. O estudo focou-se em três fatores, incluindo o teor de nitrogênio, N, (60, 120 e 180 kg.ha-1), o teor de fósforo, P, (70, 100 e 130 kg ha-1) e a presença de micróbios benéficos (com BM e sem BM). Para fins de comparação, um tratamento controle sem N, P e BM também foi incluído no estudo. A aplicação de micróbios benéficos aumentou significativamente as vagens das plantas e de sementes, a duração do enchimento das sementes, o peso de 1000 sementes, o rendimento biológico e o rendimento de sementes em comparação com os resultados do controle. O nitrogênio aplicado na taxa de 180 kg ha-1 aumentou as vagens por planta, vagem, duração do enchimento, peso da semente, rendimento biológico e rendimento de sementes. Vagens máximas por planta, vagem, enchimento precoce de sementes, peso maior de semente, rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita foram observados em parcelas tratadas com 130 kg.ha-1 de fósforo. Em comparação aos blocos cultivados de controle, os blocos cultivados tratados combinados têm mais vagens por planta e sementes por vagem, maior duração do enchimento das sementes, maior número de sementes mais pesadas e maior rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita. Conclui-se que a aplicação de micróbios benéficos junto com N e P nas doses de 180 kg ha-1 e 130 kg ha-1, respectivamente, aumentou a produtividade e atributos de produtividade para a canola.

Role of beneficial microbes with nitrogen and phosphorous levels on canola productivity / Papel de microbes benéficos em associação com níveis de nitrogênio e fosforos na produtividade de canola

A research was conducted to evaluate the impact of various nitrogen and phosphorus levels along with beneficial microbes to enhance canola productivity. The research was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar in winter 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block factorial design. The study was comprised of three factors including nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), phosphorous (70, 100 and 130 kg ha-1) and beneficial microbes (with and without BM). A control treatment with no N, P and BM was also kept for comparison. Application of beneficial microbes significantly increased pods plant, seed pod, seed filling duration, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield as compared to control plots. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 increased pods plant-1, seed pod, seed filling duration, seed weight, biological yield and seed yield. Maximum pods plant-1, seed pod, early seed filling, heavier seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index were observed in plots treated with 130 kg.ha-1 phosphorous. As comparison, the combine treated plots have more pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, seed filling duration, heaviest seeds, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index as compared to control plots. It is concluded that application of beneficial microbes with N and P at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 and 130 kg ha-1, respectively, increased yield and its attributes for canola.

Uma pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o impacto de vários níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo, juntamente com micróbios benéficos, para aumentar a produtividade da canola. A pesquisa foi realizada no inverno de 2016-17 no Agronomy Research Farm, Universidade de Agricultura do Peshawar. O experimento foi conduzido por planejamento fatorial aleatorizado em blocos. O estudo focou-se em três fatores, incluindo o teor de nitrogênio, N, (60, 120 e 180 kg.ha-1), o teor de fósforo, P, (70, 100 e 130 kg ha-1) e a presença de micróbios benéficos (com BM e sem BM). Para fins de comparação, um tratamento controle sem N, P e BM também foi incluído no estudo. A aplicação de micróbios benéficos aumentou significativamente as vagens das plantas e de sementes, a duração do enchimento das sementes, o peso de 1000 sementes, o rendimento biológico e o rendimento de sementes em comparação com os resultados do controle. O nitrogênio aplicado na taxa de 180 kg ha-1 aumentou as vagens por planta, vagem, duração do enchimento, peso da semente, rendimento biológico e rendimento de sementes. Vagens máximas por planta, vagem, enchimento precoce de sementes, peso maior de semente, rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita foram observados em parcelas tratadas com 130 kg.ha-1 de fósforo. Em comparação aos blocos cultivados de controle, os blocos cultivados tratados combinados têm mais vagens por planta e sementes por vagem, maior duração do enchimento das sementes, maior número de sementes mais pesadas e maior rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita. Conclui-se que a aplicação de micróbios benéficos junto com N e P nas doses de 180 kg ha-1 e 130 kg ha-1, respectivamente, aumentou a produtividade e atributos de produtividade para a canola.

First report of colored pan traps to capture Drosophilidae (Diptera)

ABSTRACT The use of robust sample methodologies to estimate the highest number of species with different ecological requirements and traits is essential to the knowledge construction of the biodiversity and to establish wildlife assessment and monitoring programs. Our aims were to study the performance of colored pan traps in the capture of Drosophilidae (Diptera), a method never used for sampling this taxon. During six months, colored pan traps (blue, yellow and white) were tested in three areas in Southern Brazil. We captured 375 individuals of 30 species belonging to four genera of Drosophilidae. The most abundant species were Drosophila lutzii (n=215) p=0.58, Scaptomyza sp. (n=55) p=0.15 and D. bromelioides (n=17) p=0.04, all of them, anthophilous species. All colored pan traps captured a high quantify species of Drosophilidae, mainly anthophilous species.

Protective Effect of Brassica napus L. Hydrosols against Inflammation Response in RAW 264.7 Cells / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of Brassica napus L. hydrosols (BNH) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.@*METHODS@#Composition analysis of BNH was conducted via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after BNH were extracted. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured using the Griess assay. Prostaglandin E@*RESULTS@#Compared with LPS-stimulated cells, BNH markedly decreased the generation of NO and PGE@*CONCLUSION@#The anti-inflammatory activities of BNH were mediated via blockage of the NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

Canola agronomic performance in three sowing dates in Jataí-GO / Desempenho agronômico da canola em três épocas de semeadura em Jataí-GO

Canola (Brassica napus L. var oleifera) is a potential crop due to the growing world demand for vegetable oil. This work aims to evaluate the performance of five canola hybrids in three sowing dates in Jataí-GO. The experiment was conducted in the year of 2017, in a randomized block design, with subdivided plots and four replications. Plots were composed by three sowing dates (03/03, 03/10 and 03/17) and subplots by the canola hybrids Hyola 50, Hyola 61, Hyola 433, Hyola 571CL and Hyola 575CL. Seedling emergence, inicial and final plant population, flowering, maturation, plant height, plant survival index and grain yield were evaluated. The thermal sum calculation was performed with the phenological data. Results were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by Scott Knott test at 5% of probability. The plants survival index highlighted Hyola 433, Hyola 571CL and Hyola 575CL hybrids. Grain yield varied according to hybrid and sowing date. In the edaphoclimatic conditions of this study, in the year of 2017, the best agronomic performance was observed in the first sowing date for the canola hybrids Hyola 433 and Hyola 575CL and in the second sowing date for the canola hybrid Hyola 571CL. (AU)

Canola (Brassica napus L. var oleífera) é uma cultura de potencial devido a crescente demanda mundial por óleo vegetal. Diante disso, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho de cinco híbridos de canola, em três épocas de semeadura em Jataí-GO. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram avaliadas as três épocas de semeadura (03/03, 10/03 e 17/03) e nas subparcelas os híbridos (Hyola 50, Hyola 61, Hyola 433, Hyola 571CL e Hyola 575CL) no ano de 2017. Foram avaliadas: emergência de plântulas, populações inicial e final, florescimento, maturação, altura de planta, índice de sobrevivência de plantas e produtividade de grãos. Com os dados fenológicos foi realizado o cálculo da soma térmica. Foram efetuadas as análises de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Para o índice de sobrevivência, destacaram-se os híbridos Hyola 433, Hyola 571CL e Hyola 575CL. A produtividade variou de acordo com híbrido e época. Nas condições edafoclimáticas deste estudo, no ano de 2017, o melhor desempenho agronômico foi observado na primeira época de semeadura para os híbridos de canola Hyola 433 e Hyola 575CL e na segunda época de semeadura para o híbrido de canola Hyola 571CL. (AU)

Environmental Risk Assessment of Glufosinate-Tolerant Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 for Import, Processing and Feed Uses under Directive 2001/18/EC (Notification C/BE/96/01)

In preparation for a legal implementation of EU-regulation 1829/2003, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has been requested by the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management to conduct final environmental risk assessments for all genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products containing or consisting of GMOs that are authorized in the European Union under Directive 2001/18/EC or Regulation 1829/2003/EC. The request covers scope(s) relevant to the Gene Technology Act. The request does not cover GMOs that VKM already has conducted its final risk assessments on. However, the Directorate requests VKM to consider whether updates or other changes to earlier submitted assessments are necessary. The genetically modified, glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape lines MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 (Notification C/BE/96/01) are approved under Directive 2001/18/EC for import and processing for feed and industrial purposes since 26 March 2007 (Commission Decision 2007/232/EC). In addition, processed oil from genetically modified oilseed rape derived from MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 were notified as existing food according to Art. 5 of Regulation (EC) No 258/97 on novel foods and novel food ingredients in November 1999. Existing feed and feed products containing, consisting of or produced from MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 were notified according to Articles 8 and 20 of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 and were placed on the market in January 2000. An application for renewal of the authorisation for continued marketing of existing food, food ingredients and feed materials produced from MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 was submitted within the framework of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 in June 2007 (EFSA/GMO/RX/MS8/RF3). In addition, an application covering food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from oilseed rape MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 (with the exception of processed oil) was delivered by Bayer CropScience in June 2010 (EFSA/GMO/BE/2010/81). The VKM GMO Panel has previously issued a scientific opinion related to the notification C/BE/96/01 for the placing on the market of the oilseed rape lines for import, processing and feed uses (VKM 2008). The health and environmental risk assessment was commissioned by the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management in connection with the national finalisation of the procedure of the notification C/BE/96/01 in 2008. Due to the publication of updated guidelines for environmental risk assessments of genetically modified plants and new scientific literature, the VKM GMO Panel has decided to deliver an updated environmental risk assessment of oilseed rape MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3. A scientific opinion on an application for the placing on the market of MS8/RF3 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from MS8/RF3 (with the exception of processed oil) (EFSA/GMO/BE/2010/81) have also been submitted by the VKM GMO Panel (VKM 2012). The environmental risk assessment of the oilseed rape MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 is based on information provided by the notifier in the applications EFSA/GMO/RX/MS8/RF3, EFSA/GMO/BE/2010/8, the notification C/BE/96/01, and scientific comments from EFSA and other member states made available on the EFSA website GMO Extranet. The risk assessment also considered other peer-reviewed scientific literature as relevant. The VKM GMO Panel has evaluated MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 with reference to its intended uses in the European Economic Area (EEA), and according to the principles described in the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act, Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms, and Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety has also decided to take account of the appropriate principles described in the EFSA guidelines for the risk assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed (EFSA 2006, 2011a), the environmental risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA 2010), the selection of comparators for the risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA 2011b), and for the post-market environmental monitoring of GM plants (EFSA 2006, 2011c). The scientific risk assessment of oilseed rape MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 include molecular characterisation of the inserted DNA and expression of target proteins, comparative assessment of agronomic and phenotypic characteristics, unintended effects on plant fitness, potential for horizontal and vertical gene transfer, and evaluations of the post-market environmental plan. In line with its mandate, VKM emphasised that assessments of sustainable development, societal utility and ethical considerations, according to the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and Regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act, shall not be carried out by the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms. The genetically modified oilseed rape lines MS8 and RF3 were developed to provide a pollination control system for production of F1-hybrid seeds (MS8 x RF3). Oilseed rape is a crop capable of undergoing both self-pollination (70%) as well as cross-pollination (30%). Therefore a system to ensure only cross-pollination is required for producing hybrids from two distinct parents. As a result of hybrid vigor cross-pollinated plants produce higher yield as compared to self-pollinating rape. The hybrid system is achieved using a pollination control system by insertion and expression of barnase and barstar genes derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens into two separate transgenic oilseed rape lines. The barnase gene in the male sterile line MS8 encode a ribonuclease peptide (RNase), expressed in the tapetum cells during anther development. The RNase effect RNA levels, disrupting normal cell function, arresting early anther development, and results in the lack of viable pollen and male sterility. The fertility restoration line RF3 contains a barstar gene, coding for a ribonuclease inhibitor (Barstar peptide) expressed only in the tapetum cells of the pollen during anther development. The peptide specifically inhibits the Barnase RNase expressed by the MS8 line. The RNase and the ribonuclease inhibitor form a stable one-to-one complex, in which the RNase is inactivated. As a result, when pollen from the receptor line RF3 is crossed to the male sterile line MS8, the MS8 x RF3 progeny expresses the RNase inhibitor in the tapetum cells of the anthers allowing hybrid plants to develop normal anthers and restore fertility. The barnase and barstar genes in MS8 and RF3 are each linked with the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopus. The bar gene is driven by a plant promoter that is active in all green tissues of the plant, and encodes the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT). The PAT enzyme inactivates phosphinothricin (PPT), the active constituent of the non-selective herbicide glufosinate-ammonium. The bar gen were transferred to the oilseed rape plants as markers both for use during in vitro selection and as a breeding selection tool in seed production. Molecular characterization: The oilseed rape hybrid MS8xRF3 is produced by conventional crossing. The parental lines MS8 and RF3 are well described in the documentation provided by the applicant, and a number of publications support their data. It seems likely that MS8 contains a complete copy of the desired T-DNA construct including the bar and barnase genes. Likewise, the event RF3 is likely to contain complete copies of the bar and barstar genes in addition to a second incomplete non-functional copy of the bar-gene. The inserts in the single events are preserved in the hybrid MS8xRF3, and the desired traits are stably inherited over generations. Oilseed rape MS8, RF3 and MS8xRF3 and the physical, chemical and functional characteristics of the newly expressed proteins have previously been evaluated by the VKM Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms, and considered satisfactory (VKM 2008, 2012). The GMO Panel finds the characterisation of the physical, chemical and functional properties of the recombinant inserts in the oilseed rape transformation events MS8, RF3 and MS8xRF3 to be satisfactory. The GMO Panel has not identified any novel risks associated with the modified plants based on the molecular characterisation of the inserts. Comparative assessment: Based on results from comparative analyses of data from field trials located at representative sites and environments in Europe and Canada, it is concluded that oilseed rape MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 is agronomically and phenotypically equivalent to the conventional counterpart, except for the newly expressed barnase, barstar and PAT proteins. The field evaluations support a conclusion of no phenotypic changes indicative of increased plant weed/pest potential of event MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 compared to conventional oilseed rape. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that in-crop applications of glufosinate herbicide do not alter the phenotypic and agronomic characteristics of event MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 compared to conventional oilseed rape varieties. Environmental risk: Considering the scope of the notification C/BE/96/01, excluding cultivation purposes, the environmental risk assessment is limited to exposure through accidental spillage of viable seeds of MS8, RF3 and MS8 x RF3 into the environment during transportation, storage, handling, processing and use of derived products. Oilseed rape is mainly a self-pollinating species, but has entomophilous flowers capable of both self- and cross-pollinating. Normally the level of outcrossing is about 30%, but outcrossing frequencies up to 55% are reported. Several plant species related to oilseed rape that are either cultivated, occurs as weeds of cultivated and disturbed lands, or grow outside cultivation areas t

Preliminary Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape MON 88302 for Food and Feed Uses, Import and Processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (Application EFSA/GMO/BE/2011/101)

The environmental risk assessment of the herbicide tolerant genetically modified oilseed rape MON 88302 (Reference EFSA/GMO/BE/2011/101) has been performed by the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). VKM has been requested by the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management and the Norwegian Food Safety Authority to issue a preliminary scientific opinion on the safety of the genetically modified oilseed rape MON 88302 (Unique identifier MON-88Ø2-9) for food and feed uses, import and processing, and submit relevant scientific comments or questions to EFSA on the application EFSA/GMOBE/2011/101. The environmental risk assessment of the MON 88302 is based on information provided by the applicant in the application EFSA/GMO/BE/2011/101, and scientific comments from EFSA and other member states made available on the EFSA website GMO Extranet. The risk assessment also considered peer-reviewed scientific literature as relevant. The VKM GMO Panel has evaluated MON 88302 with reference to its intended uses in the European Economic Area (EEA), and according to the principles described in the Norwegian Food Act, the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act, Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms, and Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety has also decided to take account of the appropriate principles described in the EFSA guidelines for the risk assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed (EFSA 2006, 2011a), the environmental risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA 2010), the selection of comparators for the risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA 2011b), and for the post-market environmental monitoring of GM plants (EFSA 2006, 2011c). The scientific risk assessment of oilseed rape MON 88302 include molecular characterisation of the inserted DNA and expression of target proteins, comparative assessment of agronomic and phenotypic characteristics, unintended effects on plant fitness, potential for horizontal and vertical gene transfer, and evaluations of the post-market environmental plan. In line with its mandate, VKM emphasized that assessments of sustainable development, societal utility and ethical considerations, according to the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and Regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act, shall not be carried out by the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms. The GMO Panel has therefore not considered possible health and environmental effects of cultivation and processing of oilseed rape MON 88302 outside the EU/EEA area. The genetically modified oilseed rape MON 88302 was developed to provide tolerance to the herbical active substance glyphosate by the introduction of a gene coding for the enzyme 5enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS). Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide and is normally phytotoxic to a broad range of plants. Its mode of action occurs by binding to and inactivating the EPSPS protein, which is a key enzyme in the shikimate pathway that leads to the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. The disruption of this pathway and the resulting inability to produce key amino acids prevents growth and ultimately leads to plant death. Molecular characterization: The VKM Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms find the conclusion that no major section of the T-DNA plasmid backbone is inserted in MON88302 oilseed rape justified. We also find it justified that there is only one major T-DNA insert in MON88302. Comparative assessment: Based on results from comparative analyses of data from field trials located at representative sites and environments in the USA, Canada and Chile, it is concluded that oilseed rape MON 88302 is agronomically and phenotypically equivalent to the conventional counterpart and commercial available reference varieties, with the exception of the herbicide tolerance conferred by the CP4 EPSPS protein. The field evaluations support a conclusion of no phenotypic changes indicative of increased plant weed/pest potential of MON 88302 compared to conventional oilseed rape. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that in-crop applications of glyphosate herbicide do not alter the phenotypic and agronomic characteristics of MON 88302 compared to conventional oilseed rape. Evaluations of environmental interactions between genetically modified oilseed rape MON 88302 and the biotic and abiotic environment, and studies of seed dormancy, seed germination, pollen morphology and viability indicates no unintended effects of the introduced trait on these characteristics in MON 88302 oilseed rape. Environmental risk: Considering the scope of the application EFSA/GMO/BE/2011/101, excluding cultivation purposes, the environmental risk assessment is limited to exposure through accidental spillage of viable seeds of MON 88302 into the environment during transportation, storage, handling, processing and use of derived products. Oilseed rape is mainly a self-pollinating species, but has entomophilous flowers capable of both self- and cross-pollinating. Normally the level of outcrossing is about 30 %, but outcrossing frequencies up to 55 % are reported. Several plant species related to oilseed rape that are either cultivated, occurs as weeds of cultivated and disturbed lands, or grow outside cultivation areas to which gene introgression from oilseed rape could be of concern. These are found both in the Brassica species complex and in related genera. A series of controlled crosses between oilseed rape and related taxa have been reported in the scientific literature. Because of a mismatch in the chromosome numbers most hybrids have a severely reduced fertility. Exceptions are hybrids obtained from crosses between oilseed rape and wild turnip (B. rapa ssp. campestris) and to a lesser extent, mustard greens (B.juncea), where spontaneously hybridising and transgene introgression under field conditions have been confirmed. Wild turnip is native to Norway and a common weed in arable lowlands. There is no evidence that the herbicide tolerant trait results in enhanced fitness, persistence or invasiveness of oilseed rape MON 88302, or hybridizing wild relatives, compared to conventional oilseed rape varieties, unless the plants are exposed to glyphosate-containing herbicides. However, accidental spillage and loss of viable seeds of MON 88302 during transport, storage, handling in the environment and processing into derived products is likely to take place over time, and the establishment of small populations of oilseed rape MON 88302 on locations where glyphosate is frequently applied to control weeds e.g. on railway tracks, cannot be excluded. Feral oilseed rape MON 88302 arising from spilled seed could theoretically pollinate conventional crop plants if the escaped populations are immediately adjacent to field crops, and shed seeds from cross-pollinated crop plants could emerge as GM volunteers in subsequent crops. However, both the occurrence of feral oilseed rape resulting from seed import spills and the introgression of genetic material from feral oilseed rape populations to wild populations are likely to be low in an import scenario. Apart from the glyphosate tolerance trait, the resulting progeny will not possess a higher fitness and will not be different from progeny arising from cross-fertilisation with conventional oilseed rape varieties. The VKM GMO Panel concludes that this route of gene flow would not introduce significant numbers of transgenic plants into agricultural areas or result in any environmental consequences in Norway. The environmental risk assessment will be completed and finalized by the VKM Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms when requested additional information from the applicant is available.

Environmental Risk Assessment of Glufosinate-Tolerant Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape T45 for Food and Feed Uses, Import and Processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (Application EFSA/GMO/UK/2005/25)

In preparation for a legal implementation of EU-regulation 1829/2003, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has been requested by the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management to conduct final environmental risk assessments for all genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products containing or consisting of GMOs that are authorized in the European Union under Directive 2001/18/EC or Regulation 1829/2003/EC. The assignment includes a scientific environmental risk assessment of oilseed rape T45 (Reference EFSA/GMO/UK/2005/25) from Bayer CropScience for food and feed uses, import and processing. Oilseed rape T45 has previously been risk assessed by the VKM Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), commissioned by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority related to the EFSAs public hearing in 2007 (VKM 2007a). Food additives produced from T45 oilseed rape were notified in the EU as existing food additives within the meaning of Article 8 (1)(b) of Regulation 1829/2003, authorized under Directive 89/10/EEC (Community Register 2005). Feed materials produced from T45 were also notified as existing feed products containing, consisting of or produced from T45 according to Articles 8 and 20 of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 in 2003. A notification for placing on the market of T45 according to the Directive 2001/18/EC was submitted in March 2004 (C/GB/04/M5/4), covering import and processing of T45 into food and feed. The application was further transferred into Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 in November 2005 (EFSA/GMO/UK/2005/25). An application for renewal of authorisation for continued marketing of food additives and feed materials produced from T45 oilseed rape was submitted under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 in 2007 (EFSA/GMO/RX/T45). The EFSA GMO Panel performed one single comprehensive risk assessment for all intended uses of genetically modified oilseed rape T45, and issued a comprehensive scientific opinion for both applications submitted under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. The scientific opinion was published in January 30 2008 (EFSA 2008), and food and feed products containing or produced from oilseed rape T45 was approved by Commission Decision 26 March 2009 (Commission Decision 2009/184/EC). The oilseed rape T45 is however currently being phased out (EU-COM 2009). The commercialisation of T45 oilseed rape seeds in third countries was stopped after the 2005 planting season and stocks of all oilseed rape T45 lines have been recalled from distribution and destroyed. The applicant commits not to commercialize the event in the future and the import will therefore be restricted to adventitious levels in oilseed rape commodity. Thus the incidence of oilseed rape T45 in the EU is expected to be limited. The environmental risk assessment of the oilseed rape T45 is based on information provided by the notifier in the application EFSA/GMO/UK/2005/25 and EFSA/GMO/RX/T45, and scientific comments from EFSA and other member states made available on the EFSA website GMO Extranet. The risk assessment also considered other peer-reviewed scientific literature as relevant. The VKM GMO Panel has evaluated T45 with reference to its intended uses in the European Economic Area (EEA), and according to the principles described in the Norwegian Food Act, the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act, Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms, and Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety has also decided to take account of the appropriate principles described in the EFSA guidelines for the risk assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed (EFSA 2006, 2011a), the environmental risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA 2010), the selection of comparators for the risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA 2011b), and for the post-market environmental monitoring of GM plants (EFSA 2006, 2011c). The scientific risk assessment of oilseed rape T45 include molecular characterisation of the inserted DNA and expression of target proteins, comparative assessment of agronomic and phenotypic characteristics, unintended effects on plant fitness, potential for horizontal and vertical gene transfer, and evaluations of the post-market environmental plan. In line with its mandate, VKM emphasised that assessments of sustainable development, societal utility and ethical considerations, according to the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and Regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act, shall not be carried out by the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms. The glufosinate ammonium-tolerant oilseed rape transformation event T45 (Unique Identfier ACSBNØØ8-2) was developed by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of protoplast from the conventional oilseed rape cultivar “AC Excel”. T45 contains a synthetic version of the native pat gene isolated from the bacteria Streptomyces viridochromogenes, strain Tü 494. The inserted gene encodes the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), which confers tolerance to the herbical active substance glufosinate ammonium. The PAT enzyme detoxifies glufosinate-ammonium by acetylation of the L-isomer into N-acetyl-L-glufosinate ammonium (NAG) which does not inhibit glutamine synthetase and therefore confers tolerance to the herbicide. Glufosinate ammonium-tolerant oilseed rape transformation event T45 has been conventionally bred into an array of spring-type oilseed rape varieties. Molecular characterization: The molecular characterisation data established that only one copy of the gene cassette is integrated in the oilseed rape genomic DNA. Appropriate analysis of the integration site including sequence determination of the inserted DNA and flanking regions and bioinformatics analysis have been performed. Bioinformatics analyses of junction regions demonstrated the absence of any potential new ORFs coding for known toxins or allergens. The genetic stability of transformation event T45 was demonstrated at the genomic level over multiple generations by Southern analysis. Segregation analysis shows that event T45 is inherited as dominant, single locus trait. Phenotypic stability has been confirmed by stable tolerance to the herbicide for T45 lines and varieties derived from the event grown in Canada since 1993. Oilseed rape transformation event T45 and the physical, chemical and functional characteristics of the proteins have previously been evaluated by The VKM Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms, and considered satisfactory (VKM 2007a). Comparative assessment: Based on results from comparative analyses of data from field trials located at representative sites and environments in Canada in 1995-1997, it is concluded that oilseed rape T45 is agronomically and phenotypically equivalent to the conventional counterpart and commercial available reference varieties, with the exception of maturity and the herbicide tolerance conferred by the PAT protein. The field evaluations support a conclusion of no phenotypic changes indicative of increased plant weed/pest potential of event T45 compared to conventional oilseed rape. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that in-crop applications of glufosinate herbicide do not alter the phenotypic and agronomic characteristics of event T45 compared to conventional oilseed rape. Environmental risk: According to the applicant, the event T45 has been phased out, and stocks of all oilseed rape T45 lines have been recalled from distribution and destroyed since 2005. However, since future cultivation and import of oilseed rape T45 into the EU/EEA area cannot be entirely ruled out, the environmental risk assessment consider exposure of viable seeds of T45 through accidental spillage into the environment during transportation, storage, handling, processing and use of derived products. Oilseed rape is mainly a self-pollinating species, but has entomophilous flowers capable of both self- and cross-pollinating. Normally the level of outcrossing is about 30%, but outcrossing frequencies up to 55% are reported. Several plant species related to oilseed rape that are either cultivated, occurs as weeds of cultivated and disturbed lands, or grow outside cultivation areas to which gene introgression from oilseed rape could be of concern. These are found both in the Brassica species complex and in related genera. A series of controlled crosses between oilseed rape and related taxa have been reported in the scientific literature. Because of a mismatch in the chromosome numbers most hybrids have a severely reduced fertility. Exceptions are hybrids obtained from crosses between oilseed rape and wild turnip (B. rapa ssp. campestris) and to a lesser extent, mustard greens (B. juncea), where spontaneously hybridising and transgene introgression under field conditions have been confirmed. Wild turnip is native to Norway and a common weed in arable lowlands. There is no evidence that the herbicide tolerant trait results in enhanced fitness, persistence or invasiveness of oilseed rape T45, or hybridizing wild relatives, compared to conventional oilseed rape varieties, unless the plants are exposed to herbicides with the active substance glufosinate ammonium. Glufosinate ammonium-containing herbicides have been withdrawn from the Norwegian market since 2008, and the substance will be phased out in the EU in 2017 for reasons of reproductive toxicity. Accidental spillage and loss of viable seeds of T45 during transport, storage, handling in the environment and processing into derived products is, however, likely to take place over time, and the establishment of small populations of oilseed rape T45 cannot be excluded. Feral oilseed rape T45 arising from spilled seed could theoretically pollinate conventional crop plants if the escaped populations are immediately adja

Transcriptional and translational responses of rapeseed leaves to red and blue lights at the rosette stage / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Under different red (R):blue (B) photon flux ratios, the growth performance of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is significantly different. Rapeseed under high R ratios shows shade response, while under high B ratios it shows sun-type morphology. Rapeseed under monochromatic red or blue light is seriously stressed. Transcriptomic and proteomic methods were used to analyze the metabolic pathway change of rapeseed (cv. "Zhongshuang 11") leaves under different R:B photon flux ratios (including 100R:0B%, 75R:25B%, 25R:75B%, and 0R:100B%), based on digital gene expression (DGE) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). For DGE analysis, 2054 differentially expressed transcripts (|log2(fold change)|≥1, q<0.005) were detected among the treatments. High R ratios (100R:0B% and 75R:25B%) enhanced the expression of cellular structural components, mainly the cell wall and cell membrane. These components participated in plant epidermis development and anatomical structure morphogenesis. This might be related to the shade response induced by red light. High B ratios (25R:75B% and 0R:100B%) promoted the expression of chloroplast-related components, which might be involved in the formation of sun-type chloroplast induced by blue light. For 2-DE analysis, 37 protein spots showed more than a 2-fold difference in expression among the treatments. Monochromatic light (ML; 100R:0B% and 0R:100B%) stimulated accumulation of proteins associated with antioxidation, photosystem II (PSII), DNA and ribosome repairs, while compound light (CL; 75R:25B% and 25R:75B%) accelerated accumulation of proteins associated with carbohydrate, nucleic acid, amino acid, vitamin, and xanthophyll metabolisms. These findings can be useful in understanding the response mechanisms of rapeseed leaves to different R:B photon flux ratios.

Canola yield under different irrigation frequencies and nitrogen levels in the Brazilian Cerrado / Produtividade de canola sob diferentes frequências de irrigação e doses de nitrogênio na região do Cerrado Brasileiro

ABSTRACT In the Brazilian Cerrado, canola is grown in the off-season. During this period, rainfall is insufficient to ensure the maximum crop yield, and irrigation is needed. Canola has a high demand for nitrogen; thus, the application of this nutrient is essential for obtaining a good crop yield. Therefore, a study was conducted at the Federal University of Grande Dourados in 2012 and 2013 using a randomized block split-plot design with four repetition treatments in the plot that consisted of three irrigation frequencies (no irrigation, weekly irrigation and irrigation three times per week). Subplots received different doses of nitrogen: 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha- 1 in 2012 and 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1 in 2013. In both periods, the irrigation frequencies significantly affected plant height, dry weight, grain yield, thousand grain weight and oil content. The nitrogen levels significantly affected dry weight, thousand grain weight and oil content in 2012, as well as plant height, number of pods, dry weight, grain yield and oil yield in 2013. The highest yields were obtained when irrigation was performed three times per week, corresponding to 3,001.84 kg ha-1 in 2012 and 2,516.7 kg ha-1 in 2013.

RESUMO No Cerrado brasileiro, a canola está sendo cultivada na estação seca, sendo que durante este período a precipitação não é suficiente para garantir o máximo rendimento da cultura, por isso há necessidade de irrigação. A canola tem uma alta demanda de nitrogênio, portanto, a aplicação deste nutriente é essencial para a obtenção de um bom rendimento. Assim, foi realizado um estudo na Universidade Federal de Grande Dourados, em 2012 e 2013, utilizando-se um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, os tratamentos na parcela composta por três frequências de irrigação (sem irrigação, irrigação semanal e irrigação três vezes por semana). As subparcelas receberam diferentes doses de nitrogênio: 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 em 2012; E 0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1 em 2013. Em ambos os períodos, as frequências de irrigação afetaram significativamente a altura da planta, o peso seco, o rendimento de grãos, o peso de mil grãos e o teor de óleo. Os níveis de nitrogênio afetaram significativamente o peso seco, o peso de mil grãos e o teor de óleo em 2012, assim como a altura da planta, o número de vagens, o peso seco, o rendimento de grãos e o rendimento de óleo em 2013. Os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos quando a irrigação foi realizada três vezes por semana, correspondendo a 3.001,84 kg ha-1 em 2012 e 2.516,7 kg ha-1 em 2013.

Energy balance of biodiesel production from canola / Balanço energético da cultura de canola visando à produção de biodiesel

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to estimate the energy balance (output/input ratio) of the canola crop for biodiesel production, under Brazilian conditions. Fossil energy expended in the production of 600kg of oil per hectare was 7,146,537kcal. The estimated energy yield per hectare was 9,930,000kcal from the production of 1,500kg ha-1 of seeds (40% oil and 60% oil cake), which resulted in an energy balance of 1.39. Results indicated the viability of biofuel production from canola, but also showed the need to improve the technology used to increase the energy and economic balance ratios.

RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o balanço energético (razão output/input) da cultura da canola, nas condições brasileiras, para a produção de biodiesel. A energia fóssil dispendida na produção de 600kg de óleo por hectare foi de 7.146.537kcal. O rendimento energético estimado por hectare foi de 9.930.000kcal, a partir da produtividade de 1.500kg ha-1 de grãos (40% de óleo e 60% de torta), resultando no valor do balanço energético de 1,39. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade da produção do biocombustível com base na respectiva cultura, mas demonstram também a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento das tecnologias empregadas para que se aumentem os índices dos balanços energético e econômico.

Interception of solar radiation by the productive structures of spring canola hybrids / Interceptação de radiação solar pelas estruturas reprodutivas de híbridos de canola de primavera

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to adjust parameters related to the interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by reproductive structures of spring canola, with different nitrogen levels and hybrids. Two field experiments were conducted, being one with different sowing dates and hybrids (Hyola 61 and Hyola 432) and another with doses of 10, 20, 40, 80, 160kg ha-1 of N, applied in top dressing. They were conducted in Passo Fundo and Coxilha, RS, Brazil, in 2011 and 2014, respectively.The evaluated variables were: area index of reproductive structures, interception efficiency and extinction coefficient of these structures for PAR. PAR interception increased by increasing the reproductive structures volume. Interception efficiency of PAR by reproductive structures ranged from 45 to 80%. It was higher in the Hyola 61 hybrid and at the highest dose of N. The extinction coefficient of reproductive structures for PAR was 0.44 in non-limiting doses of N.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi parametrizar a interceptação de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) pelas estruturas reprodutivas de canola de primavera, em função de doses de nitrogênio e híbridos. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos, sendo um com diferentes híbridos (Hyola 61 e Hyola 432) e outro com doses de N de 10, 20, 40, 80, 160kg ha-1, aplicadas em cobertura. Eles foram conduzidos em Passo Fundo e Coxilha, RS, Brasil, em 2011 e 2014, respectivamente. As variáveis avaliadas foram: índice de área de estruturas reprodutivas, eficiência de interceptação de RFA e coeficiente de extinção dessas estruturas. A interceptação de RFA aumentou com a elevação do volume das estruturas reprodutivas. A eficiência de interceptação de RFA pelas estruturas reprodutivas variou de 45 a 80%, sendo maior no híbrido Hyola 61 e na maior dose de N aplicado. O coeficiente de extinção de estruturas reprodutivas foi de 0,44 em doses não limitantes de N.

Baixas temperaturas sobre a fluorescência da clorofila a em plantas de diferentes híbridos de canola / Low temperatures on chlorophyll a fluorescence in plants of different canola hybrids

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de baixas temperaturas sobre o aparato fotossintético de híbridos de canola. Plantas de canola foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação e, 50 dias após a semeadura, acondicionadas em câmara de crescimento com ausência de luz, onde foram submetidas a temperaturas de 0 ou 4oC pelo período de 1 ou 4 horas. Avaliou-se a cinética de emissão da fluorescência da clorofila a. Os híbridos apresentaram o mesmo comportamento em relação à fluorescência da clorofila em resposta ao estresse. Os parâmetros da fluorescência foram amplamente afetados em todos os tratamentos e a análise da cinética revelou efeitos da temperatura, principalmente no passo J, que representa o acúmulo de plastoquinona reduzida e na fase I-P, que reflete a redução dos aceptores de elétrons finais do lado aceptor do fotossistema I. Conclui-se que os parâmetros mais responsivos às condições impostas pelo frio são os que descrevem o grau de reoxidação do aceptor final de elétrons do fotossistema II e a atividade do fotossistema I.

The objective of this research was to study the effects of low temperatures on the photosynthetic apparatus of canola hybrids. Oilseed rape plants were grown in a greenhouse and, 50 days after sowing, placed in a growth chamber with absence of light which were subjected to different periods of low temperatures: 0 or 4oC during 1 or 4 hours. The kinetics of emission of chlorophyll fluorescence was evaluated. The hybrids showed the same behavior in relation to chlorophyll fluorescence in response to stress. The parameters of fluorescence related to the activity of the photosystem were largely affected in all treatments. The analysis of the kinetics showed temperature effects, mainly at the J step which reflects the accumulation of reduced plastoquinone and the I-P phase reflecting the reduction of end electron acceptors at the photosystem I acceptor side. It was concluded that the parameters more responsive to conditions imposed by cold are describing the degree of reoxidation of the final electron acceptor of photosystem II and activity of photosystem I.

Comparative study of the floral biology and of the response of productivity to insect visitation in two rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus L.) in Rio Grande do Sul / Estudo comparativo da biologia floral e da resposta da produtividade à visita por insetos em duas cultivares de canola (Brassica napus L.) no Rio Grande do Sul

Planning the artificial pollination of agricultural crops requires knowledge of the floral biology and reproductive system of the crop in question. Many studies have shown that rapeseed (Brassica napus Linnaeus) is self-compatible and self-pollinated, but its productivity may be increased by insect visitation. In the present study, the floral biology and the response of productivity to insect visitation of two rapeseed cultivars (Hyola 420 and Hyola 61) were analyzed and compared in three regions of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The rapeseed flowers presented three stages during anthesis, with the time periods varying between the cultivars. Both cultivars are self-compatible, but free visitation of insects increased productivity by 17% in the Hyola 420 cultivar and by approximately 30% in the Hyola 61 cultivar. Therefore, it is concluded that the cultivar Hyola 61 is more dependent on insect pollination than Hyola 420.

O planejamento de polinização dirigida nas culturas agrícolas requer o conhecimento da biologia floral e do sistema reprodutivo da cultura em questão. Muitos estudos mostram que a canola (Brassica napus Linnaeus) é auto compatível e auto polinizada, no entanto, sua produtividade pode ser aumentada pela visita por insetos. Nesse estudo, a biologia floral e a resposta da produtividade à visita por insetos de duas cultivares de canola (Hyola 420 e Hyola 61) foram analisadas e comparadas em três regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As flores de canola apresentaram três fases durante a antese, havendo variação no período de tempo de acordo com a cultivar. Ambas as cultivares são auto compatíveis, mas a livre visita por insetos aumentou a produtividade em 17% na cultivar Hyola 420 e cerca de 30% na cultivar Hyola 61. Dessa maneira, concluímos que a cultivar Hyola 61 é mais dependente da polinização entomófila que a Hyola 420.

Relações de variáveis ambientais e subperíodos na produtividade e teor de óleo em canola / Relations of environments variables and subperiods in yield and content oil in canola

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as relações existentes entre a produtividade de grãos, teor de óleo e subperíodos da canola com a soma térmica (ST, ºC dias) e a insolação real acumulada (IAC, horas) durante a fase de enchimento de grãos, além de classificar a importância dessas variáveis sobre as diferenças morfológicas observadas. Foram realizados três experimentos, com espaçamentos entre linhas de 0.20, 0.40 e 0.60m. Durante dois anos de cultivo (2008 e 2009), os genótipos 'Hyola 432' (precoce) e 'Hyola 61' (médio) foram avaliados em três densidades de plantio (20, 40 e 60 plantas m-2), em cada experimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x2x3 (anos x genótipos x densidades), com quatro repetições. A soma térmica no subperíodo da floração à maturação fisiológica não está diretamente associada ao rendimento e teor de óleo nos grãos, frente ao arranjo de plantas. Os dias da emergência ao início da floração, da emergência à floração final e o tempo de duração da floração em canola são as variáveis que mais contribuem para a variação morfológica total.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship among grain yield, oil content and subperiods of canola with thermal time and accumulated sunshine hours during of grain-filling phase and classify the importance of this variables about morphological differences observed. Three experiments were carried out with row spacing of 0.20, 0.40 and 0.60m. During two crop years (2008 and 2009), the genotypes 'Hyola 432' and 'Hyola 61' were evaluated in three plant densities (20, 40 e 60 plants m-2) in each experiment. The experimental design was to randomized blocks in factorial arrangement 2x2x3 (years x genotypes x densities), with four replicates. The thermal time in subperiod of flowering to physiological maturation is not associated directly to the yield and oil content in grains by plant arrangement. The days of emergence to the beginning of flowering, of emergence to late flowering and duration time of flowering in canola are variables more contribute to morphological variation total.

Molecular cloning and mRNA expression profile of Sucrose Transporter Gene BnSUT1C from Brassica napus L.

The genomic and cDNA sequences of BnSUT1C were isolated from B. napus. Combination of cDNA and genomic DNA sequences revealed that the BnSUT1C gene contained three exons and two introns. The cDNA encodes a protein of 513 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 54.7 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.12. It exhibits typical features of sucrose transporter with 12 trans-membranes spanning domains. BnSUT1C showed highly homologous with AtSUC1 and AtSUC5. A histidine residue, which is conserved across all functional sucrose transporter proteins in higher plants, is located at position 66 of the BnSUT1C. Two putative pollen-specific cis-elements, AGAAA and GTGA motifs, are located in 5′-upstream of BnSUT1C. The spatial and temporal expression patterns carried out by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Real-Time PCR, which indicated that BnSUT1C predominantly expressed in later developmental stages of anther, as tapetal cells began to shrink and collapse. BnSUT1C could mediate the uptake of sucrose in the pollen and retrieval of tapetal degenerated products during pollen maturation.

Role of nitric oxide in cadmium-induced stress on growth, photosynthetic components and yield of Brassica napus L.

Experiments were carried out to study the effect of cadmium (Cd) and exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on growth, photosynthetic attributes, yield components and structural features of Brassica napus L. (cv. GSL 1). Cadmium in the growth medium at different levels (1, 2 and 4 Mm) retarded plant growth viz. shoot (27%) and root (51%) length as compared to control. The accumulation of total dry matter and its partitioning to different plant parts was also reduced by 31% due to Cd toxicity. Photosynthetic parameters viz., leaf area plant-1 (51%), total Chl (27%), Chl a / Chl b ratio (22%) and Hill reaction activity of chloroplasts (42%) were greatly reduced in Cd-treated plants. Cd treatments adversely affected various yield parameters viz., number of branches (23) and siliquae plant -1 (246), seed number siliqua -1 (10.3), 1000-seed weight (2.30g) and seed yield plant-1 (7.09g). Different Cd treatments also suppressed the differentiation of various tissues like vessels in the root with a maximum inhibition caused by 4mM Cd. Exogenous application of nitric oxide (NO) improved the various morpho-physiological and photosynthetic parameters in control as well as Cd- treated plants.

Temperatura base inferior e ciclo de híbridos de canola / Baseline temperature and cycle of canola hibrids

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a temperatura base inferior (Tb) de dois híbridos de canola durante os subperíodos emergência-início da floração (EM-IF), início da floração-final da floração (IF-FF) e final da floração-maturação fisiológica (FF-MF), além da duração em dias de cada subperíodo. Para tanto foi realizado um experimento com nove épocas de semeadura com os híbridos Hyola 61 e Hyola 433 em Santa Maria-RS, sendo utilizados os métodos da menor variabilidade e do desenvolvimento relativo para a determinação da Tb. Observou-se uma relação linear negativa entre temperatura do ar e duração do ciclo em dias. Os valores de Tb dos genótipos de canola variaram de -0,6 a 9,1°C para o método do desenvolvimento relativo e de -1 a 11°C pelo método da menor variabilidade. As durações dos subperíodos EM-IF, IF-FF e FF-MF foram, respectivamente, 65, 47 e 24 dias para o híbrido Hyola 61 e 63, 48 e 23 para o híbrido Hyola 433. A duração do ciclo dos dois híbridos diminuiu com o atraso da semeadura, o qual reduziu de 162 para 100 dias no Hyola 433 e de 162 para 100 dias no Hyola 61.

The aim of this study was to determine the lower base temperature (Tb) of two canola hybrids during the subperiods emergency-beginning of flowering (EM-IF), early-flowering-late flowering (FI-FF) and late-flowering physiological maturity (FF-MF), and the number of days in each subperiod. The experiment was carried out with nine seeding times with the hybrids Hyola 61 and Hyola 433 in Santa Maria, being utilized two methods to estimate: least deviation and relative development. There was a negative linear relationship between air temperature and cycle length in days. The Tb values of canola genotypes ranged from -0.6 to 9.1°C for relative development method, and -1 to 11°C for the least deviation method. The average duration for the subperiods EM-IF, IF-FF and FF-MF were respectively 65, 47 and 24 days for hybrid Hyola 61 and, 68, 48 and 23 days for hybrid Hyola 433. The cycle duration of two hybrids decreased with delayed sowing, which reduced from 162 to 100 days in Hyola 433 and 162 to 104 days in Hyola 61.

Development of quantitative competitive PCR for determination of copy number and expression level of the synthetic glyphosate oxidoreductase gene in transgenic canola plants

Background: For successful in vitro plant regeneration, plant cell lines with multiple transgene integration and low transgene expression levels need to be ruled out. Although real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a rapid way to accomplish this, it is also expensive and typically limits the size of the target sequence. Quantitative competitive PCR (QC-PCR) is proven to be a safe and accurate method for determination of both copy number and quantification of transcript levels of synthetic transgenes in transformed plants. Results: The glyphosate oxidoreductase genewas chemically synthesized and used to transform Brassica napus L. via Agrobactrium-mediated transformation. A construct containing the mutated form of a synthetic glyphosate oxidoreductase (gox) gene (internal standard) was prepared. Gene copy number was estimated in nine independent transgenic lines using QC-PCR as well as the standard method of Southern blot analysis. By quantitative RT-PCR, transcript levels were also determined in these lines. High (> 3), medium to high (2.2-3), medium to low (1-2.2), and low (< 1) levels of transcript were detected. Conclusions: No direct relationship was found between copy number and transgene expression levels. QC-PCR method could be implemented to screen putative transgenic plants and quickly select single T-DNA inserts. QC-PCR methods and the prepared competitor construct may be useful for future quantification of commercial transgenic food and feed.