Skipping breakfast is associated with being overweight among Brazilian adolescents

Objective: To evaluate the association between skipping breakfast and overweight among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: A total of 16,556 Brazilian students (aged 11-19 years) who participated in the National School Health Survey in 2015 were evaluated. The omission of breakfast (consumption frequency <5 days/week) was determined using the question, "Do you usually have breakfast"? The participants' weight and height were measured, and excess weight was classified according to the body mass index for sex and age. The covariates analyzed were sociodemographic and economic characteristics (sex, age group, socioeconomic status, skin color, maternal schooling, paid work, and living with parents); variables related to school (administrative dependence, study shift, and presence of a canteen); lifestyle (physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, sedentary behavior, consumption of industrialized foods, meals with parents, and school meals); and self-perception of body image. The association between skipping breakfast and being overweight was analyzed using a Poisson regression model with adjustment for covariates. Results: The prevalence of skipping breakfast and being overweight were 33.8% and 25.2%, respectively. After adjustment, skipping breakfast was associated with being overweight (OR:1.02; 95% CI:1.01; 1.04). Conclusion: Skipping breakfast is associated with being overweight among Brazilian adolescents. Thus, encouraging regular consumption of meals should be part of health promotion and healthy eating actions aimed at preventing diseases and chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la omisión del desayuno y el sobrepeso entre adolescentes brasileños. Métodos: Fueron evaluados 16.556 estudiantes brasileños (de 11 a 19 años) que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar en 2015. La omisión del desayuno (frecuencia de consumo < 5 días/semana) se determinó mediante la pregunta "¿Desayuna habitualmente"? Se midió el peso y la talla de los participantes, y se clasificó el exceso de peso según el índice de masa corporal para el sexo y la edad. Las covariables analizadas fueron características sociodemográficas y económicas (sexo, grupo de edad, nivel socioeconómico, color de piel, escolaridad materna, trabajo remunerado y convivencia con los padres); variables relacionadas con la escuela (dependencia administrativa, turno de estudio y presencia de comedor); estilo de vida (actividad física, consumo de alcohol, tabaquismo, sedentarismo, consumo de alimentos procesados, comidas con los padres y alimentación escolar); y autopercepción de la imagen corporal. La asociación entre saltarse el desayuno y tener sobrepeso se analizó mediante un modelo de regresión de Poisson con ajuste por covariables. Resultados: La prevalencia de saltarse el desayuno y tener sobrepeso fue de 33,8% y 25,2%, respectivamente. Después del ajuste, saltarse el desayuno se asoció con sobrepeso (OR: 1,02; IC 95 %: 1,01; 1,04). Conclusión: Saltarse el desayuno está asociado con el sobrepeso entre los adolescentes brasileños. Por lo tanto, fomentar el consumo regular de comidas debe ser parte de las acciones de promoción de la salud y alimentación saludable dirigidas a la prevención de enfermedades y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

Assessment of skipping breakfast at home among adolescent school students in Badia Region, Jordan

@#Introduction: Healthy meals play an essential role in the healthy physical and mental development of adolescents. Breakfast at home is associated with improved nutritional choices, and skipping breakfast is detrimental. This study assessed prevalence of skipping breakfast at home among adolescent students in the Badia Region of Jordan, identifying the reasons and characteristics associated with such behavioural choice. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among adolescent students (aged 13-16 years, in 8th-9th grades) from six public schools in Badia Region, Mafraq Governorate, Jordan, was conducted through self-administered questionnaire from February to March 2022. Results: Results showed that 68.1% of 552 student participants regularly skipped breakfast at home (72.4% boys vs. 61.3% girls; p=0.007). Among those who regularly skipped breakfast, three main rationales for this choice were not feeling hungry (5.3%), lack of time (2.7%), and lack of appetite (3.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of skipping breakfast at home among adolescents in Badia Region was high for various reasons, including lack of time, not feeling hungry, seeking to manage weight, and insufficient knowledge on the importance of healthy breakfast. Therefore, understanding the reasons and factors that contribute towards breakfast skipping may help in solving the problem, underscoring that positive beliefs should be reinforced in schools, with parents encouraging adolescents to eat healthy breakfast.

Omissão do café da manhã entre adolescentes brasileiros: resultados da PeNSE 2012 e 2015 / Skipping breakfast among Brazilian adolescents: results from PeNSE 2012 and 2015

Resumo Introdução: São restritos os estudos que apresentam estimativas com representatividade nacional sobre omissão do café da manhã entre adolescentes brasileiros. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da omissão do café da manhã entre estudantes adolescentes brasileiros, segundo características sociodemográficas, nos anos de 2012 e 2015. Método: Análise realizada com os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, com escolares do 9º, ano nos anos de 2012 e 2015. Foi estimada a prevalência de omissão do café da manhã (consumo por menos de cinco dias por semana), segundo sexo, faixa etária, dependência administrativa da escola e região do país, considerando o desenho complexo da amostra. Resultados: A prevalência de omissão do café da manhã verificada foi de 38,1% em 2012 e 35,6% em 2015, sendo mais elevada entre meninas e estudantes de escolas privadas. A omissão dessa refeição foi mais elevada entre os escolares das regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. As capitais brasileiras pertencentes às regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste apresentaram as maiores prevalências de omissão do café da manhã. Conclusões: Não houve alteração significativa da prevalência de omissão de café da manhã entre os dois inquéritos realizados, sendo maior a sua omissão entre as meninas, estudantes de escolas públicas e de regiões mais desenvolvidas.

Abstract Background: There is limited research presenting nationally representative estimates regarding breakfast omission among Brazilian adolescents. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of breakfast omission among Brazilian adolescent students, considering sociodemographic characteristics, in the years 2012 and 2015. Method: An analysis was conducted using data from the National School Health Survey, including 9th grade students in the years 2012 and 2015. The prevalence of breakfast omission (defined as consumption on fewer than 5 days per week) was estimated based on gender, age group, school administrative dependence, and region of the country, considering the complex sample design. Results: The prevalence of breakfast omission observed was 38.1% in 2012 and 35.6% in 2015, with higher rates among girls and students from private schools. Omission of this meal was more common among students in the South, Southeast, and Central West regions. Brazilian capitals located in the South and Central West regions exhibited the highest prevalence of breakfast omission. Conclusions: There was no significant change in the prevalence of breakfast omission between the two surveys, and its omission was higher among girls, students from public schools, and in more developed regions.

Avaliação da frequência alimentar, perfil nutricional e antropométrico de adolescentes / Evaluation of food frequency, nutritional and anthropometric profile in adolescents

Avaliar a frequência alimentar e verificar a associação com o perfil nutricional e antropométrico em adolescentes. Realizou-se a coleta de dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e registro alimentar de três dias, afim de identificar a frequência alimentar, a realização ou não do desjejum e a média de consumo de lácteos e ultraprocessados. Participaram 63 adolescentes com idade entre 14 e 16 anos, a maioria do sexo feminino (61,9%). Em nenhuma das associações foi possível identificar diferenças significativas, porém observou-se: consumo ≥4 refeições diárias presente em 60,3% dos adolescentes, estando ligado ao excesso de peso; baixo consumo de lácteos em ambos os sexos e consumo alto de ultraprocessados entre os mais jovens. A variável desjejum não estabeleceu associação com relação ao estado nutricional da amostra. Não foi encontrada relação entre a frequência alimentar e o perfil nutricional e antropométrico dos adolescentes. Todavia novos estudos precisam ser incentivados.

To evaluate food frequency and verify the association with nutritional and anthropometric profile in adolescents. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected, as well as a three-day food record to identify food frequency, whether or not breakfast was served and the average consumption of dairy products and ultra-processed foods. Sixty-three adolescents aged 14 to 16 years, mostly females (61.9%), participated in the study. In none of the associations it was possible to identify significant differences, however it was observed: consumption of ≥4 meals a day present in 60.3% of the adolescents, being linked to overweight; low consumption of dairy products in both genders and high consumption of ultra-processed foods among younger people. The breakfast variable did not establish an association with the nutritional status of the sample. There was no relation found between food frequency and the nutritional and anthropometric profile in adolescents. However, further studies should be encouraged.

Skipping breakfast associated with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors in Brazilian adolescents / Omitir o café da manhã está associado a fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida entre adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract The aim is to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the association of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors with skipping breakfast among Brazilian adolescent students. A cross-sectional study carried out with adolescent ninth-graders from Brazilian public and private schools participating in the 2015 National School Health Survey. The prevalence of skipping breakfast (less than five days/week) and its respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated and stratified by gender according to demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, self-perceived body image, and attitudes towards weight. A three-block hierarchical Poisson regression, considering the complex sample design. The prevalence of skipping breakfast was 35.6%, higher among girls than boys. In both genders, skipping breakfast was positively associated with the highest socioeconomic level, morning school shift, paid work, regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, living only with the mother, the father or neither, the irregular consumption of school food and meals with parents, considering oneself too fat/fat and trying to lose weight. In general, skipping breakfast was associated with socioeconomic factors and lifestyle behaviors harmful to health among adolescent students.

Resumo O objetivo é estimar a prevalência e avaliar a associação dos fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida com a omissão do café da manhã entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes do 9º ano de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. A prevalência de omissão do café da manhã (menos de cinco dias/semana) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estimados e estratificados por sexo de acordo com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, estilo de vida, autopercepção da imagem corporal e atitudes em relação ao peso. Uma regressão de Poisson hierárquica de três blocos, considerando o desenho amostral complexo. A prevalência de pular o café da manhã foi de 35,6%, maior entre as meninas do que entre os meninos. Em ambos os sexos, omitir o café da manhã associou-se positivamente com maior nível socioeconômico, turno escolar matutino, trabalho remunerado, consumo regular de bebidas alcoólicas, morar apenas com a mãe, pai ou nenhum dos dois, consumo irregular de alimentação escolar e refeições com os pais, considerar-se muito gordo/gordo e tentar perder peso. Em geral, a omissão do café da manhã foi associada a fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentos de estilo de vida prejudiciais à saúde entre estudantes adolescentes.

Factors associated with non-frequent breakfast consumption in adolescents (EVA-JF Study) / Fatores associados ao consumo não frequente de café da manhã em adolescentes (Estudo EVA-JF)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the association of infrequent breakfast consumption with socioeconomic, behavioral, and individual factors in a sample of Brazilian adolescents from public schools. Methods Cross-sectional study with adolescents aged from 14 to 19 from public schools in Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais. The frequency of consumption of breakfast, snacks, soft drinks, industrialized drinks, the usual food consumption, body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference were evaluated. Other socioeconomic, behavioral, and individual data were obtained through questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis and hierarchical selection of variables were used to verify the associated factors. Results The sample consisted of 805 adolescents; 53.4% reported infrequent breakfast consumption. Through hierarchical logistic regression analysis, it was evidenced that the house occupancy status (OR: 0.618; 95%CI: 0.4410.865; p=0.005) was the distal factor associated with infrequent breakfast consumption; the intermediate factors were the consumption of industrialized beverages (OR: 0.658; 95%CI: 0.486-0.890; p=0.007) and percentage of energy from processed foods (OR: 0.935; 95%CI: 0.907-0.964; p<0.001); and the proximal factors were the male gender (OR: 0.696; 95%CI: 0.520-0.932; p=0.0015) and being nonwhite (OR: 1.529; 95%CI: 1.131-2.069; p=0.006). Conclusion Male adolescents who lived in owned houses, with occasional consumption of industrialized beverages and a higher percentage of energy derived from processed foods, had lower chances of infrequent breakfast consumption, while non-white adolescents had higher chances.

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar as associações do consumo não frequente de café da manhã com fatores socioeconômicos, comportamentais e individuais em uma amostra de adolescentes de escolas públicas. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos matriculados em escolas públicas de Juiz de Fora (MG). Foram avaliadas a frequência de consumo de café da manhã, lanches, refrigerantes e bebidas industrializadas, consumo alimentar usual, IMC, percentual de gordura corporal e perímetro da cintura. Demais dados socioeconômicos, comportamentais e individuais foram obtidos através de questionários. A análise de regressão logística e seleção hierárquica das variáveis foram usadas para verificar fatores associados. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 805 adolescentes e 53,4% deles relataram consumo não frequente de café da manhã. Através da análise de regressão logística hierarquizada, evidenciou-se que a ocupação em domicílio próprio (OR: 0,618; IC95%: 0,441-0,865; p=0,005) foi o fator distal associado ao consumo não frequente de café da manhã, além dos fatores intermediários "consumo não frequente de bebidas industrializadas" (OR: 0,658; IC95%: 0,486-0,890; p=0,007) e "percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos processados" (OR: 0,935; IC95%: 0,907-0,964; p<0,001) e dos fatores proximais "sexo masculino" (OR: 0,696; IC95%: 0,520-0,932; p=0,0015) e "cor da pele não branca" (OR: 1,529; IC95%: 1,131-2,069; p=0,006). Conclusão Adolescentes que residiam em domicílios próprios, com consumo não frequente de bebidas industrializadas, com maior percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos processados e do sexo masculino apresentaram menores chances de consumo não frequente de café da manhã, enquanto, adolescentes com cor da pele não branca apresentaram maiores chances.

Una aproximación a las prácticas y contextos alimentarios de estudiantes de escuelas secundarias de General Roca: reflexiones en torno al desayuno / An approach to the food practices and contexts of students of secondary schools in general roca: reflections on breakfast

Entendiendo a la alimentación humana como un hecho complejo, que une lo biológico y nutricional con lo social y cultural de manera indisoluble, este estudio tiene por objetivo describir prácticas y contextos alimentarios de adolescentes de la ciudad de General Roca, Río Negro, mostrando la potencialidad del paisaje alimentario como instrumento para caracterizar los desayunos. Participaron 31 estudiantes pertenecientes al ciclo básico de tres escuelas secundarias de la ciudad, dos del sector público y una de gestión privada, quienes registraron con imágenes todos los episodios alimentarios de un día de semana y un día de fin de semana. Las socializaron utilizando la red social Instagram, acompañadas cada una de un posteo aclaratorio. Se constituyó un banco de imágenes que luego permitió la aproximación de un paisaje alimentario y al análisis de prácticas alimentarias. El encuadre se hizo desde un punto de vista micro: a nivel doméstico, sobre la comida, los platos y la mesa, incluyendo episodios dentro de la escuela. Se analizaron aspectos implicados en las dimensiones biológica/nutricional y sociocultural. De manera preliminar, se conformó un paisaje de los desayunos. Se infirió un desayuno caracterizado por la escasa variedad de alimentos y nutrientes, a base de alimentos ultraprocesados, de baja densidad nutricional, pobre en proteína, fibra y micronutrientes. Los contextos en que se realizó el desayuno muestran que en general fue en el hogar, preparado por ellos mismos y sin compañía. Concluimos que a través de las imágenes de los perfiles fue posible describir el desayuno desde la dimensión biológica/nutricional y sociocultural. La idea de paisaje alimentario permite incorporar para su estudio otros aspectos vinculados a la alimentación, ampliando las posibilidades de intervención en el desarrollo de educación alimentaria, situando a los estudiantes en un lugar más activo para pensar su propia alimentación, que luego pueda traducirse en elecciones alimentarias más beneficiosas.

Understanding human nutrition as a complex fact, joining the biological/nutritional with the social/cultural aspects in an indissoluble way, this study aims at describing practices and food contexts of students of secondary schools in General Roca city showing the potential of foodscape as an instrument to characterize breakfasts. Thirty-one students belonging to the basic cycle of three secondary schools in the city participated, two state ones and one private, that registered with images all the eating episodes of one day of the week and one of the weekend. They were socialized using Instagram, each accompanied by an explanatory post. An image bank was created that later allowed the approximation to a foodscape and the analysis of food practices. The framing was done from a micro point of view: at a domestic level, about food, dishes and the table, including episodes inside the school. Aspects involved in biological/nutritional and sociocultural dimensions were analyzed. In a preliminary way, a foodscape of breakfasts was formed. What was inferred was a breakfast characterized by a limited variety of foods and nutrients, processed foods of low nutritional density, poor in protein, fiber and micronutrients. The contexts were generally their own homes, and breakfasts were prepared by themselves and without company. We concluded that through the images of the profiles it was possible to describe breakfast from biological/nutritional and socialcultural dimensions. The idea of a foodscape allows the incorporation of other aspects related to food for study, expanding the possibilities of intervention in the development of food education, putting students in a more active place to think about their own food, which can then be translated into more beneficial food choices.

Patrones de desayuno en estudiantes universitarios de España, Túnez y Estados Unidos. Factores antropométricos, sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida / Breakfast patterns in university students of Spain, Tunisia, and The United States of America. Anthropometric, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors

La mayoría de los estudios apoyan la tesis de que el desayuno es la comida más importante del día. Un desayuno adecuado contribuye a lograr un patrón dietético global saludable y a mejorar la calidad de la dieta. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los principales patrones de desayuno en tres poblaciones universitarias de España, Túnez y Estados Unidos, analizar sus semejanzas y diferencias y estudiar la influencia de factores antropométricos, sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida en la adherencia a cada patrón. Se realizó un estudio transversal con datos de 730 estudiantes matriculados en las Universidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Cartago e Internacional de Florida en 2013. El consumo de alimentos se obtuvo mediante dos recordatorios de 24 horas, no consecutivos, uno de ellos en fin de semana. Los patrones se identificaron mediante análisis factorial exploratorio. La adherencia de los estudiantes a cada patrón se evaluó usando las puntuaciones factoriales. Se obtuvieron cuatro patrones para cada país. El principal patrón de los universitarios españoles incluyó pan, tomate, sal y aceite de oliva (varianza explicada: 20,85%); el principal de los tunecinos contenía pan, mermelada, nata y mantequilla (varianza explicada: 12,73%) y el principal de los americanos incluyó huevos, leche entera y azúcares (varianza explicada: 10,77%). Género, peso, IMC o comer fuera de casa fueron factores que influyeron en la adherencia a diferentes patrones. El estudio mostró la coexistencia de patrones tradicionales con otros occidentalizados y modelos transicionales intermedios. No se determinó un patrón generalizable asociado a mejores resultados del IMC(AU)

Most studies support the conclusion that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. An adequate breakfast contributes to achieving a healthy global dietary pattern and improving quality of diet. The objective of this study was to determine the main breakfast patterns of three university populations from Spain, Tunisia, and The United States of America, analyze their similarities and differences, and study the impact of anthropometric, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors on the adherence to each pattern. A cross-sectional study was developed with data from 730 students enrolled at the University of Castilla-La Mancha, University of Carthage, and Florida International University, during 2013. Food consumption data were obtained by means of two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls including one weekend day. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify breakfast patterns. Factor scores were used to assess students' adherence to each pattern. Four breakfast patterns were obtained for each country. The main pattern of the Spanish students included bread, tomato, salt, and olive oil (explained variance: 20.85%); the main model of the Tunisians included bread, jam, cream and butter (explained variance: 12.73%); and the first pattern of the Americans was characterized by eggs, whole milk and sugars (explained variance: 10.77%). Gender, weight, BMI or eating out of home were factors that influenced the adherence to different patterns. Breakfast patterns obtained in this work showed the coexistence of traditional models with westernized and transitional ones. It was not determined a generalizable pattern associated with better BMI results(AU)

Associação do consumo regular de café da manhã e comportamentos relacionados à saúde em adolescentes / Association of regular consumption of breakfast and health-related behavior among adolescents

Resumo Objetivou-se estimar a frequência do consumo regular de café da manhã (cinco ou mais vezes na semana) entre adolescentes e investigar sua associação com variáveis demográficas, turno escolar e trabalho, comportamentos relacionados à saúde, práticas alimentares e consumo de alimentos. Realizou-se estudo transversal em 30 escolas estaduais de Curitiba, Paraná, entre março de 2016 e maio de 2017, com participação de 1.232 adolescentes. A prevalência de consumo regular de café da manhã foi de 58,6% (IC95% 53,9; 63,2). Após análise ajustada observou-se maior consumo regular de café da manhã entre adolescentes que: frequentavam os turnos vespertino e intermediário/integral; realizavam atividade física supervisionada; relatavam dormir mais que oito horas/noite; relatavam almoçar e jantar com a família todos os dias e; realizavam quatro refeições ou mais por dia. A frequência semanal do café da manhã foi associada ao maior consumo de leite e derivados, e ao menor consumo de macarrão instantâneo e refrigerantes. Destaca-se que o hábito de realizar o desjejum esteve associado com práticas alimentares e hábitos saudáveis, reforçando seu valor enquanto marcador de outros comportamentos relacionados à saúde. Sua realização deve ser incentivada entre os adolescentes.

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of regular breakfast consumption (five or more times a week) among adolescents, and to investigate the association with demographic variables, school and job shift, health-related behaviors, eating habits and food consumption. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 state schools in Curitiba, State of Paraná, with the participation of 1,232 adolescents. The prevalence of regular breakfast consumption was 58,6% (95% CI 53,9, 63.2). After adjusted analysis, higher regular breakfast consumption was observed among adolescents who: attended the evening and intermediate/full shifts; performed supervised physical activity; reported sleeping more than eight hours/night; reported having lunch and dinner with the family every day; and took 4 or more meals per day. The weekly frequency of breakfast was associated with higher consumption of milk and dairy products and the lower consumption of instant noodles and soft drinks. It is noteworthy that the habit of eating breakfast was associated with healthy eating practices and habits, reinforcing its values as a marker of other health-related behaviors. Partaking of breakfast should be encouraged among adolescents.

Evaluación de la calidad y frecuencia de consumo del desayuno en estudiantes secundarios de las ciudades de Arequito y Gálvez (Santa Fe) / Assessment of breakfast quality and frequency of consumption in high school students from Arequito and Gálvez (Santa Fe)

Resumen Introducción: se considera al desayuno como la comida más importante del día a través de la cual se vehiculizan nutrientes sustanciales. Es difícil conseguir una alimentación diaria correcta si éste se omite. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la frecuencia y calidad del desayuno de los adolescentes de entre 16 y 18 años que asisten a una escuela en el turno mañana, en relación a aquellos que asisten a una escuela en el turno tarde. Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia y la calidad del desayuno de adolescentes escolarizados en una escuela secundaria pública de Arequito y en una escuela privada de Gálvez (provincia de Santa Fe). Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se encuestaron un total de 177 estudiantes de ambos sexos (16-18 años) utilizando un cuestionario auto-administrado elaborado por las autoras para conocer los alimentos ingeridos en el desayuno y evaluar su calidad. Se consideró un desayuno de buena calidad aquel que incluía al menos un alimento del grupo de los lácteos, cereales y frutas. Los resultados se presentan en forma tabular con frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales. Resultados: 60,9% (n=28) del total de encuestados en el turno mañana realizaban el desayuno siempre de lunes a viernes, un 32,6% (n=15) lo hacía entre 2 y 4 veces por semana y un 6,9% (n=3) lo hacía menos de 2 veces. En relación al turno tarde, un 41,3% (n=45) desayunó todos los días, el 50,5% (n=55) entre 2 y 4 veces y 8,2% (n=9) lo hacía menos de 2 veces. Un 74% (n=34) de los alumnos del turno mañana que desayunó al menos una vez en la semana, consumió un desayuno de calidad buena o mejorable, mientras que en el 26% (n=12) fue de calidad insuficiente o mala. La mayoría de los adolescentes del turno tarde (83,5%, n= 91) consumió un desayuno de calidad buena o mejorable y sólo el 16,5% (n=18) evidenció una calidad de desayuno insuficiente o mala. Conclusión: no se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la frecuencia de realización del desayuno según turno. Tanto para el turno mañana como para el turno tarde, lo más usual fue que los alumnos desayunaran siempre.

Abstract Introduction: breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day, through which substantial nutrients are conveyed. It is difficult to get a correct daily diet if it is omitted. The objective of this research was to evaluate the frequency and quality of breakfast in adolescents between 16 and 18 years old who attend school in the morning shift, in relation to those who attend school in the afternoon shift. Objective: to evaluate the frequency and quality of breakfast for adolescents enrolled in a state secondary school in Arequito and in a private school in Gálvez (Santa Fe). Materials and Method: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 177 students of both sexes (16-18 years) were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire prepared by the authors to know the food eaten at breakfast and assess its quality. A good quality breakfast was considered one that included at least one food from the group of dairy, cereal and fruit group. The results are presented in tabular form with absolute and percentage frequencies. Results: 60.9% (n=28) of the total number of respondents in the morning shift always had breakfast from Monday to Friday, 32,6% (n=15) did it between 2 and 4 times a week and 6,9% (n=3) did so less than 2 times. In relation to the afternoon shift, 41,3% (n=45) ate breakfast every day, 50,5% (n=55) between 2 and 4 times and 8,2% (n=9) had it less than 2 times. 74% (n=34) of the students on the morning shift who ate breakfast at least once a week, consumed a breakfast of good or improvable quality, while in 26% (n=12) it was of insufficient or bad quality. The majority of the adolescents on the afternoon shift (83,5%, n=91) consumed a breakfast of good or improvable quality, and only 16.5% (n=18) showed insufficient or poor quality of breakfast. Conclusion: no statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of breakfast according to shift. For both the morning shift and the afternoon shift, the most common thing was that the students always had breakfast.

Breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Systematic review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To systematically review the results of the association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. METHODS The articles were searched in May 2020 from PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Scopus, Web of Science and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The review included observational studies conducted with adolescents (10-19 years old), which estimated the association of breakfast skipping with at least one outcome (markers of body adiposity, blood pressure, serum lipid and glucose levels). Regarding the risk of bias, the articles were evaluated using the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) Item Bank on bias risk and accuracy of observational studies. The quality of the evidence was assessed by the Grade rating. RESULTS A total of 43 articles involving 192,262 participants met the inclusion criteria and were considered in this review. The prevalence of breakfast skipping ranged from 0.7% to 94% and 60.5% of studies were classified with low risk of bias. The significant association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors was found in twenty-nine cross-sectional articles (n = 106,031) and four longitudinal articles (n = 5,162) for excess adiposity, in three articles (n = 8,511) for high total cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, and in three studies (n = 6,303) for high blood pressure levels. However, there was no significant association between breakfast skipping and glycemic profile. According to the Grade rating, all the associations had low quality of evidence. CONCLUSION The results of this review suggest that breakfast skipping is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. However, considering the low quality of the evidence, the present results should be interpreted carefully. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of standardizing the definition of breakfast skipping and that more prospective studies are needed to determine how skipping breakfast can affect cardiometabolic risk factors in the long time.

Association between breakfast omission and abdominal adiposity in low-income adolescents / Associação entre a omissão do desjejum e a adiposidade abdominal em adolescentes de baixa renda

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the association between breakfast omission, overweight/obesity, abdominal adiposity, and unhealthy lifestyle of low-income adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional population study involving 571 public school students aged between 15 and 19 years old. The habit of having breakfast was assessed using a form, checking the weekly frequency of a given meal and considered as breakfast omission when these adolescents did not have breakfast for at least 5 days in the past week. Sociodemographic and lifestyle variables (sedentarism, physical activity level, and sleep duration) were also assessed. Overweight/obesity was defined as a body mass index above a Z-score of +1, and the presence of abdominal adiposity was determined by a waist circumference/height ratio greater than 0.5. The association between breakfast omission and lifestyle variables was assessed using the chi-square test and a multivariate logistic regression of the anthropometric indicators. Results The omission of breakfast was found in 31% of the adolescents and was associated with physical inactivity (p<0.001). Regarding anthropometric indicators, breakfast omission was an independent factor for determining abdominal adiposity, with a 1.8 times greater chance of having this condition among those who omitted breakfast (p=0.037). Conclusions Omitting breakfast was frequent among the students assessed, and was associated with abdominal adiposity, a cardiometabolic risk factor. Investigation and early intervention are fundamental to change this behavior.

RESUMO Objetivo O estudo objetivou avaliar a associação entre omissão do desjejum, sobrepeso/obesidade, adiposidade abdominal e estilo de vida não saudável em adolescentes de baixa renda. Methods Este foi um estudo populacional com delineamento transversal, envolvendo 571 adolescentes de escolas públicas, entre 15 e 19 anos. O hábito do desjejum foi avaliado através de formulário que verificou a frequência semanal da realização dessa refeição, sendo considerado omissão do desjejum quando os adolescentes não o realizaram por pelo menos cinco dias na última semana. Variáveis sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida (sedentarismo, nível de atividade física e horas de sono) também foram analisadas. A classificação em sobrepeso/obesidade contemplou o índice de massa corporal acima do +1 escore-z, e definiu-se adiposidade abdominal quando a relação circunferência abdominal/estatura foi maior que 0,5. A associação entre a omissão do desjejum e as variáveis de estilo de vida foi avaliada através do teste do qui-quadrado e com os indicadores antropométricos por regressão logística multivariada Results O hábito de omitir o desjejum esteve presente em 31% dos adolescentes e apresentou associação com a inatividade física (p<0,001). Em relação aos indicadores antropométricos, a omissão do desjejum foi um fator independente para determinação da adiposidade abdominal, verificando-se uma chance 1,8 vezes maior de presença dessa condição entre os que omitiam o desjejum (p=0,037). Conclusions A omissão do desjejum foi frequente entre os estudantes avaliados e esteve associada à adiposidade abdominal, um fator de risco cardiometabólico, sendo fundamental a investigação e a intervenção precoce para a mudança desse comportamento.

Hábito y calidad del desayuno; su efecto en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de técnico de nivel superior en enfermería / Habit and quality of breakfast: its effect on academic performance of senior technician students in nursing / Effet de l'habitude et la qualité du petit déjeuner sur les résultats scolaires des étudiants Techniciens Supérieurs en Soins Infirmiers

Resumen Objetivo: Estudiar la relación existente entre el desayuno y el rendimiento académico en los estudiantes de Técnico de Nivel Superior en Enfermería (TNSE) de la Universidad Adventista de Chile (UnACh). Material y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, en un universo de 39 estudiantes que cursaron las asignaturas troncales durante los años 2016-2017 y a los que se aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo y hábitos alimenticios. Asimismo, se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y calificaciones académicas de dichos estudiantes. El rendimiento académico para este trabajo se definió como el promedio, por estudiante, de calificaciones en las asignaturas de Anatomía y Fisiología, Enfermería en Urgencias y Principios de Farmacología. Resultados: Un 73.5% de los encuestados consume cereales al menos 4 días/semana y 54.5% consume frutas al desayuno 3 días o menos por semana. El consumo de leche y sus derivados más de 3 días/semana se eleva a 61.7%. Se destaca el consumo de pan (66.7%), plátano (46.2%) y leche (30.4%), lo cual coincide con las preferencias de consumo de una familia chilena. Sumado a esto, el 53.8 % de los estudiantes encuestados no toman desayuno en casa, manifestando como principal causa la falta de tiempo (57.1%). En cuanto al rendimiento académico se encontró que el rango de la media de calificaciones varía de 53.9 a 61.0 (escala 1-100 puntos), con altas tasas de reprobación de 1 o más veces en las asignaturas cursadas. Conclusión: No se encontró una relación significativa entre calidad del desayuno y la media de calificaciones en las diferentes asignaturas, sin embargo, no es posible descartar totalmente que la calidad del desayuno o su omisión no altere el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes, que impactan en el desarrollo de los procesos cognitivos.

Abstract Objective: Study the relationship between breakfast and academic performance in Senior Technician Students in Nursing, from the Adventist University of Chile (UnACh). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative research was carried out in a universe of 39 students who took the core subjects during the years 2016 and 2017, and to whom a consumption frequency questionnaire and eating habits was applied. Likewise, sociodemographic data and academic qualifications of these students were collected. The academic performance for this work was defined as the grade average per student in the subjects of Anatomy, Physiology, Emergency Department Nursing and Pharmacology. Results: 73.5% of respondents consume cereals at least 4 days a week and 54.5% eat fruits for breakfast 3 days or less a week. The consumption of milk and dairy products more than 3 days a week rises to 61.7%. The consumption of bread (66.7%), banana (46.2%) and milk (30.4%) stands out, which coincides with the consumption preferences of a Chilean family. In addition, 53.8% of the surveyed students do not eat breakfast at home, stating lack of time as the main cause (57.1%). Regarding academic performance, it was found that the range of the average grades differs from 53.9 to 61.0 (scale 1-100 points) with high failure rates of one or more times in the subjects taken. Conclusion: No significant relationship was found between the quality of breakfast and the mean of grades in the different subjects. However, it is not possible to rule out that the quality of breakfast or its omission does not affect the academic performance of the students, which has an impact on the development of cognitive processes.

Resumo Objetivo: Estudar a relação entre o desjejum e o desempenho acadêmico em estudantes Técnicos de Enfermagem de Nível Superior (TNSE) da Universidade Adventista do Chile (UnACh). Material e Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, em um universo de 39 alunos que cursaram as disciplinas centrais durante os anos de 2016 a 2017 e aos quais foi aplicado um questionário de frequência de consumo e hábitos alimentares. Da mesma forma, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e habilitações literárias dos referidos alunos. O desempenho acadêmico para este trabalho foi definido como a média, por aluno, das notas nas disciplinas de Anatomia e Fisiologia, Enfermagem de Emergência e Princípios de Farmacologia. Resultados: 73,5% dos pesquisados consomem cereais pelo menos 4 dias / semana e 54,5% consomem frutas no café da manhã 3 dias ou menos na semana. O consumo de leite e seus derivados mais de 3 dias / semana sobe para 61,7%. Destaca-se o consumo de pão (66,7%), banana (46,2%) e leite (30,4%), que coincide com as preferências de consumo de uma família chilena. Somado a isso, 53,8% dos alunos pesquisados não tomam café da manhã em casa, citando a falta de tempo como principal causa (57,1%). Em relação ao desempenho escolar, constatou-se que a faixa de notas médias varia de 53,9 a 61,0 (escala de 1 a 100 pontos), com altas taxas de reprovação de 1 ou mais vezes nas disciplinas cursadas. Conclusão: Não foi encontrada relação significativa entre a qualidade do café da manhã e as notas médias nas diferentes disciplinas, porém, não é possível descartar totalmente que a qualidade do café da manhã ou sua omissão não altera o desempenho escolar dos alunos, o que impacta o desenvolvimento de processos cognitivos.

Résumé Objectif: Étudier la relation entre le petit déjeuner et les résultats scolaires des étudiants du programme de Technicien Supérieur en Soins Infirmiers (TNSE)de l'Université adventiste du Chili (UnACh). Matériel et méthodes: Étude quantitative, descriptive et transversale, auprès d'un univers de 39 étudiants qui ont suivi les matières de bases au cours des années 2016-2017 et ont répondu à un questionnaire sur leurs fréquences de consommation et leurs habitudes alimentaires. Des données sociodémographiques et les notes de ces étudiants ont aussi été recueillies. Pour ce travail, les résultats académiques des étudiants ont été définis par la moyenne des notes obtenues dans les matières Anatomie et physiologie, Soins infirmiers d'urgence et Principes de pharmacologie. Résultats: Au petit déjeuner, 73,5 % des personnes interrogées ont consommé des céréales au moins 4 jours par semaine et 54,5 % ont consommé des fruits 3 jours ou moins par semaine. La consommation de lait et de ses dérivés plus de 3 jours par semaine s'élève à 61,7 %. La consommation de pain (66,7%), de bananes (46,2%) et de lait (30,4%) est prédominante, ce qui correspond aux préférences de consommation des familles chiliennes. 53,8 % des étudiants interrogés ne prennent pas leur petit déjeuner à la maison ; ils indiquent que cela est principalement par manque de temps (57,1 %). En ce qui concerne les résultats scolaires, il a été constaté que la fourchette des moyennes varie de 53,9 à 61,0 (échelle de 1 à 100 points), avec un fort pourcentage d'échec une ou plusieurs fois dans les matières. Conclusion: Aucune relation significative n'a été trouvée entre la qualité du petit déjeuner et la moyenne des notes dans les différentes matières ; cependant, il n'est pas possible d'exclure totalement que la qualité du petit déjeuner, ou son omission, puisse altérer les résultats scolaires des étudiants, du fait de l'impact sur le développement des processus cognitifs.

Efecto de un desayuno alto en ácidos grasos saturados vs insaturados, sobre las cifras postprandiales de glucosa y lípidos en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Effect of a breakfast high in saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids on postprandial glucose and lipid values in type 2 diabetic patients

Introducción: la diabetes tipo 2 es una enfermedad cuya prevalencia se incrementa rápidamente en los países de ingresos medianos y bajos. Siendo los carbohidratos el principal determinante de la glucemia posprandial, se ha evidenciado que existe también influencia de los ácidos grasos sobre las cifras postprandiales de glucosa y lípidos. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar si los niveles postprandiales de glucosa y lípidos difieren entre un desayuno con ácidos grasos saturados vs ácidos grasos insaturados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Métodos: Es un estudio de tipo cuasi experimental con diseño cruzado, en el cual se realizó eva-luación antropométrica (peso, talla, IMC, circunferencia de cintura, porcentaje de grasa y músculo) y evaluación bioquímica preprandial y postprandial (glucosa, colesterol total, colesterol HLD, colesterol LDL, triglicéridos) en 30 pacientes adultos con diabetes tipo 2, a los cuales se les administró dos tipos de desayunos isocalóricos, el uno con aporte de ácidos grasos saturados 99,3 Kcal y el otro de ácidos grasos insaturados 113,4 Kcal. Resultados: la ingesta de ácidos grasos saturados produce una mayor elevación de las cifras postpran-diales de glucosa (p=0,01) y no de los lípidos postprandiales. Los ácidos grasos insaturados, permitieron llegar al objetivo de glucosa postprandial recomendada (<140mg/dL), en un mayor porcentaje de pacientes (p=0,02). Conclusiones: el consumo de un desayuno alto en ácidos grasos insaturados permitió un mejor control de las cifras postprandiales de glucosa en comparación con el consumo de un desayuno alto en ácidos grasos saturados. No existió diferencia en las cifras de lípidos posprandiales en los dos tipos de desayuno

Background and objective: type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease that has been increasing rapidly in low- and middle-income countries, affecting a large population group. Being the carbohydrates, the main determinant of the postprandial glucose elevation, it has been evidenced that there is also an influence of the fatty acids on the postprandial values of glucose and lipids. The aim of the present study is to compare the postprandial levels of glucose and lipids between a breakfast high in saturated fatty acids vs unsaturated fatty acids in patients with T2DM. Materials and methods: it is an cuasi experimental crossover study. We did an anthropometric evaluation (weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, percentage of fat and muscle) and preprandial and postprandial biochemical evaluation (glucose, total cholesterol, HLD cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Triglycerides) in 30 adults patients with type 2 diabetes, to determine the influence of fatty acids in two different breakfasts with the same caloric load, but each with a different contribution of saturated 99.3 Kcal or unsaturated fatty acids 113.4 Kcal. Results: the intake of a breakfast high in saturated fatty acids produced a higher increase in postprandial glucose values (p = 0.01) and not in postprandial lipids. Unsaturated fatty acids permit attain the goal of postprandial glucose (<140mg /dL) (p = 0.02) in most patients. Conclusions: The intake of high unsaturated fatty acids breakfast allowed a better postprandial glucose control, in comparison to the consumption of a breakfast high in saturated fatty acids. We did not find any difference in postprandial lipids with both types of breakfast.

‘MAPAGI’ video game upgraded breakfast attitude among urban elementary school children in West Jakarta, Indonesia

@#Introduction: Skipping breakfast may contribute to poor academic and nutritional status among school children. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the ‘MAPAGI’ (Makan Pagi Bergizi) interactive video game on elementary student’s breakfast knowledge and attitude. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental equivalent group study with a pre-post test control group design. In total, 228 students aged 9-11 years were drawn by proportional stratified random sampling from two urban schools and were distributed equally into intervention (IG) and control groups (CG). Both groups were administered with similar printed media for 10-15 minutes. Video game was delivered only to IG for two consecutive days, 30 minutes each day. Pre-test (PT0) was performed a day before leaflet administration, while post-test was performed twice – after leaflet administration (post-test 1/ PT1) and a week after the last video game (post-test 2/PT2). Paired, independent t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were employed to answer the research questions. Results: The mean changes (PT1-PT0 and PT2-PT0) in knowledge score for IG (4.82±2.53 and 3.25±2.47) significantly differed compared to CG (1.75±2.66 and 1.25±2.69). The mean changes in attitude score for IG (7.16±7.17 and 7.34±7.11) also significantly differed compared to CG (2.83±6.58 and 2.64±6.90). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, there was still a significantly greater score in children’s knowledge and attitude after a week’s administration of MAPAGI video game in IG. Conclusion: ‘MAPAGI’ improved school children’s knowledge and attitude, which may lead to the good behaviour of having breakfast.

Association between breakfast dietary patterns and physical activity in Japanese fifth- and sixth-grade elementary school children / 体力科学

This study aimed to explore the association of breakfast (BF) dietary patterns with physical activity (PA) and fitness in elementary school children. This study enrolled 242 school children of 5th and 6th grade. BF dietary patterns were evaluated by questionnaires on whether the child consumes the following food categories: staple, main dish, side dish, soup, milk or dairy products, and fruit. Individual PA levels were categorized into high and low PA groups using a PA scale for children. The measured 8 assessments of physical fitness scores were converted to Z-scores normalized for sex, age and height as previously reported. High PA group had significantly higher scores in running and muscle strength as well as in the total score of physical fitness. The frequency of eating BF (with or without BF omission) and the level of PA were not significantly related in both sexes. However, in girl children, BF, including staple, main dish, side dish, and soup, was significantly more prevalent in high PA group than low PA group (55.9% vs. 32.1%; χ2 = 5.638, p = 0.018). A similar tendency was observed in girls who had BF, including staple, main dish, and side dish (49.0% vs. 31.1%; χ2 = 3.720, p = 0.054). No associations between dietary patterns and PA were observed in boys. The results suggested that the frequency of eating BF was not associated with PA levels, which was significantly related to physical fitness in Japanese 5th and 6th grade elementary school children. In contrast, the results indicated that a high-quality BF dietary pattern, such as a meal including staple, main dish, side dish, and soup, might be associated with a physically active girl child.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Breakfast Eating Behavior of Children in Indonesia: An Application of the Health Belief Model / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the current state of consuming breakfast among elementary school students residing in Malang, East Java, Indonesia, and to identify factors that influence breakfast behavior.METHODS: The research model was set up as per the health belief model, and slightly modified by adding the subjective normative factors of the theory of planned behavior. The survey was conducted from July 17 to August 15, 2017 using a questionnaire, after receiving the permission PNU IRB (2017_60_HR).RESULTS: The subjects were 77 boys (49.4%) and 79 girls (50.6%) suffering from malnutrition with anemia (21.2%) and stunting ratio of Height for Age Z Score (HAZ) (11.5%). Furthermore, moderate weakness (14.8%) and overweight and obesity (12.3%) by Body Mass Index for Age Z Score (BMIZ) were coexistent. According to the results obtained for breakfast, 21.8% did not eat breakfast before school, with 18.8% of the reasons for skipping breakfast being attributed to lack of food. Even for subjects partaking breakfast, only about 10% had a good balanced diet. The average score of behavioral intention on eating breakfast was 2.60 ± 0.58. The perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy of the health belief model correlated with breakfast behavior. Of these, self-efficacy (β=0.447, R²=0.200) and perceived sensitivity (β=0.373, R²=0.139) had the greatest effect on breakfast behavior. Mother was the largest impact person among children.CONCLUSIONS: In order to increase the level of breakfast behavior intention among children surveyed in Indonesia, we determined the effectiveness by focus on education which helps the children recognize to be more likely to get sick when they don't have breakfast, and increase their confidence in ability to have breakfast on their own. We believe there is a necessity to seek ways to provide indirect intervention through mothers, as well as impart direct nutrition education to children.

Skipping breakfast and physical fitness among school-aged adolescents

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the relationship between skipping breakfast and physical fitness in a group of school-aged adolescents in China. METHODS: This cross-sectional study from the Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) survey in Ningbo, China, used a standardized questionnaire to assess the frequency of breakfast consumption. Physical fitness was measured through standing long jump, 50-m sprint, 1,000 (or 800)-m run, and vital capacity tests. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the frequency of breakfast consumption and physical fitness. RESULTS: Our study included a total of 1,849 school-aged adolescents (aged 15.53±1.80 years). Among boys, non-breakfast-skippers had good scores for 50-m sprints, 1,000-m run, and vital capacity tests when compared with breakfast skippers (all p<0.05). Among girls, non-breakfast-skippers had a good scores for the standing long jump test compared with breakfast skippers (p=0.003). The multiple linear regression model showed that not skipping breakfast was positively associated with vital capacity (β=-173.78, p=0.004) and inversely associated with 50-m sprint (β=-0.12, p=0.018) and 1,000-m run times (β=-8.08, p=0.001) in boys. CONCLUSION: The results of this cross-sectional study revealed that skipping breakfast might be associated with lower physical fitness in Chinese adolescents aged 13-18 years, especially boys. Breakfast consumption should be promoted among Chinese school-aged boys.

Association of dietary habits with obesity among school adolescents in Central India

Background: The growing prevalence of obesity among school adolescents is a major public health concern. It can be seen mostly as a result of modifiable risk factors like lack of required physical activity and rapid change in dietary habits among them.Methods: The present cross sectional descriptive study was done among adolescents studying in schools (government and private) of Bhopal city. School adolescents were classified as obese and non-obese as per the WHO criteria used for obesity in South East Asia Region (SEAR). Pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data which comprised of socio demographic information and various dietary habits like frequent consumption of fast & fried food, bakery products and little dietary behavior.Results: Out of total 6.6% obese school adolescents, majority of them consume fast foods (82%), fried foods (89%) and bakery products (79.5%) and all of these were positively associated with increased risk of obesity. Few eating behaviours like skipping breakfast, frequent snacking and eating outside were also found positively associated.Conclusions: There is definitely a major role of dietary habits for increased risk of obesity among school adolescents. So, it is the need of hour to create awareness among school adolescents regarding their dietary habits.

Relación entre tiempos de alimentación, composición nutricional del desayuno y estado nutricional en estudiantes universitarios de Valparaíso, Chile / Relationship between feeding schedule, nutritional composition of breakfast and nutritional status among university students in Valparaíso, Chile

RESUMEN Se han descrito estilos de vida poco saludables en estudiantes universitarios, como omisión del desayuno, alto consumo de comida rápida y horarios dispersos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relacionar distintas características de la ingesta alimentaria con el estado nutricional en este grupo. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, donde participaron 130 jóvenes sedentarios. Se evaluó el estado nutricional y la ingesta alimentaria. Un 25% de la muestra presentó malnutrición por exceso (IMC), mientras que el 50% presentó exceso de grasa corporal. Los hombres con exceso de grasa corporal mostraron un porcentaje de adecuación significativamente menor en el aporte energético al desayuno (p= 0.021) y los sujetos (ambos sexos) con exceso de grasa corporal presentaron un porcentaje de adecuación también menor en la ingesta calórica al almuerzo en comparación con los sujetos con bajas reservas energéticas (p=0.004), y su vez, todos los sujetos consumían un exceso de energía en la merienda, independiente de su estado nutricional. Se observó también una relación dependiente entre horarios de alimentación y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (p= 0.044). Una baja ingesta energética al desayuno junto con una alta ingesta durante la merienda con intervalos de ayuno mayores a 4 horas al menos una vez al día, podrían estar asociados a un exceso de grasa corporal en estudiantes universitarios sedentarios.

ABSTRACT Unhealthy lifestyles, such as omission of breakfast, high intake of fast food, and lack of mealtime schedules, have been described among university students. The aim of this study was to relate different characteristics of food intake with the nutritional status of university students. An analytical observational study was conducted among 130 sedentary young people. Nutritional status (weight, height and body fat percentage) and food intake (24h food recall and eating habits survey) were assessed. One quarter of the sample had overweight or obesity (BMI), while 50% had excess body fat. Men with excess body fat had a lower energy intake at breakfast (p= 0.021) and the subjects (both sexes) with excess body fat had a lower calorie intake at lunch compared to subjects with low energy reserves (p= 0.004). Moreover, all subjects consumed excess energy at teatime, independent of body composition. A dependent relationship between feeding schedules and body fat percentage was observed (p= 0.044). Low energy intake at breakfast along with a high intake during teatime, with fasting intervals of more than 4 hours between meals at least once a day, could be associated with excess body fat in sedentary university students.