Mathematical models to describe the growth curves of Vietnamese Ri chicken

Abstract Ri chicken is the most popular backyard chicken breed in Vietnam, but little is known about the growth curve of this breed. This study compared the performances of models with three parameters (Gompertz, Brody, and Logistic) and models containing four parameters (Richards, Bridges, and Janoschek) for describing the growth of Ri chicken. The bodyweight of Ri chicken was recorded weekly from week 1 to week 19. Growth models were fitted using minpack.lm package in R software and Akaikes information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used for model comparison. Based on these criteria, the models having four parameters showed better performance than the ones with three parameters, and the Richards model was the best one for males and females. The lowest and highest value of asymmetric weights () were obtained by Bridges and Brody models for each of sexes, respectively. Age and weight estimated by the Richard model were 8.46 and 7.51 weeks and 696.88 and 487.58 g for males and for females, respectively. Differences in the growth curves were observed between males and female chicken. Overall, the results suggested using the Richards model for describing the growth curve of Ri chickens. Further studies on the genetics and genomics of the obtained growth parameters are required before using them for the genetic improvement of Ri chickens.

Resumo O frango Ri é a raça de frango de quintal mais popular do Vietnã, mas pouco se sabe sobre a curva de crescimento dessa raça. Este estudo comparou o desempenho de modelos com três parâmetros (Gompertz, Brody e Logistic) e modelos contendo quatro parâmetros (Richards, Bridges e Janoschek) para descrever o crescimento do frango Ri. O peso corporal do frango Ri foi registrado semanalmente da semana 1 à semana 19. Os modelos de crescimento foram ajustados usando o pacote minpack.lm no software R e o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC); critério de informação bayesiano (BIC) e erro quadrático médio (RMSE) foram usados para comparação de modelos. Com base nesses critérios, os modelos com quatro parâmetros apresentaram melhor desempenho do que os com três parâmetros, sendo o modelo de Richards o melhor para homens e mulheres. O menor e o maior valor dos pesos assimétricos () foram obtidos pelos modelos Bridges e Brody para cada um dos sexos, respectivamente. A idade e o peso estimados pelo modelo de Richard foram de 8,46 e 7,51 semanas e 696,88 e 487,58 g para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Diferenças nas curvas de crescimento foram observadas entre frangos machos e fêmeas. No geral, os resultados sugeriram o uso do modelo de Richards para descrever a curva de crescimento de frangos Ri. Mais estudos sobre a genética e genômica dos parâmetros de crescimento obtidos são necessários antes de usá-los para o melhoramento genético de frangos Ri.

Mathematical models to describe the growth curves of Vietnamese Ri chicken / Modelos matemáticos para descrever as curvas de crescimento do frango Ri vietnamita

Abstract Ri chicken is the most popular backyard chicken breed in Vietnam, but little is known about the growth curve of this breed. This study compared the performances of models with three parameters (Gompertz, Brody, and Logistic) and models containing four parameters (Richards, Bridges, and Janoschek) for describing the growth of Ri chicken. The bodyweight of Ri chicken was recorded weekly from week 1 to week 19. Growth models were fitted using minpack.lm package in R software and Akaike's information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used for model comparison. Based on these criteria, the models having four parameters showed better performance than the ones with three parameters, and the Richards model was the best one for males and females. The lowest and highest value of asymmetric weights (α) were obtained by Bridges and Brody models for each of sexes, respectively. Age and weight estimated by the Richard model were 8.46 and 7.51 weeks and 696.88 and 487.58 g for males and for females, respectively. Differences in the growth curves were observed between males and female chicken. Overall, the results suggested using the Richards model for describing the growth curve of Ri chickens. Further studies on the genetics and genomics of the obtained growth parameters are required before using them for the genetic improvement of Ri chickens.

Resumo O frango Ri é a raça de frango de quintal mais popular do Vietnã, mas pouco se sabe sobre a curva de crescimento dessa raça. Este estudo comparou o desempenho de modelos com três parâmetros (Gompertz, Brody e Logistic) e modelos contendo quatro parâmetros (Richards, Bridges e Janoschek) para descrever o crescimento do frango Ri. O peso corporal do frango Ri foi registrado semanalmente da semana 1 à semana 19. Os modelos de crescimento foram ajustados usando o pacote minpack.lm no software R e o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC); critério de informação bayesiano (BIC) e erro quadrático médio (RMSE) foram usados ​​para comparação de modelos. Com base nesses critérios, os modelos com quatro parâmetros apresentaram melhor desempenho do que os com três parâmetros, sendo o modelo de Richards o melhor para homens e mulheres. O menor e o maior valor dos pesos assimétricos (α) foram obtidos pelos modelos Bridges e Brody para cada um dos sexos, respectivamente. A idade e o peso estimados pelo modelo de Richard foram de 8,46 e 7,51 semanas e 696,88 e 487,58 g para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Diferenças nas curvas de crescimento foram observadas entre frangos machos e fêmeas. No geral, os resultados sugeriram o uso do modelo de Richards para descrever a curva de crescimento de frangos Ri. Mais estudos sobre a genética e genômica dos parâmetros de crescimento obtidos são necessários antes de usá-los para o melhoramento genético de frangos Ri.

Mathematical models to describe the growth curves of Vietnamese Ri chicken / Modelos matemáticos para descrever as curvas de crescimento do frango Ri vietnamita

Ri chicken is the most popular backyard chicken breed in Vietnam, but little is known about the growth curve of this breed. This study compared the performances of models with three parameters (Gompertz, Brody, and Logistic) and models containing four parameters (Richards, Bridges, and Janoschek) for describing the growth of Ri chicken. The bodyweight of Ri chicken was recorded weekly from week 1 to week 19. Growth models were fitted using minpack.lm package in R software and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used for model comparison. Based on these criteria, the models having four parameters showed better performance than the ones with three parameters, and the Richards model was the best one for males and females. The lowest and highest value of asymmetric weights (α) were obtained by Bridges and Brody models for each of sexes, respectively. Age and weight estimated by the Richard model were 8.46 and 7.51 weeks and 696.88 and 487.58 g for males and for females, respectively. Differences in the growth curves were observed between males and female chicken. Overall, the results suggested using the Richards model for describing the growth curve of Ri chickens. Further studies on the genetics and genomics of the obtained growth parameters are required before using them for the genetic improvement of Ri chickens.

O frango Ri é a raça de frango de quintal mais popular do Vietnã, mas pouco se sabe sobre a curva de crescimento dessa raça. Este estudo comparou o desempenho de modelos com três parâmetros (Gompertz, Brody e Logistic) e modelos contendo quatro parâmetros (Richards, Bridges e Janoschek) para descrever o crescimento do frango Ri. O peso corporal do frango Ri foi registrado semanalmente da semana 1 à semana 19. Os modelos de crescimento foram ajustados usando o pacote minpack.lm no software R e o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC); critério de informação bayesiano (BIC) e erro quadrático médio (RMSE) foram usados para comparação de modelos. Com base nesses critérios, os modelos com quatro parâmetros apresentaram melhor desempenho do que os com três parâmetros, sendo o modelo de Richards o melhor para homens e mulheres. O menor e o maior valor dos pesos assimétricos (α) foram obtidos pelos modelos Bridges e Brody para cada um dos sexos, respectivamente. A idade e o peso estimados pelo modelo de Richard foram de 8,46 e 7,51 semanas e 696,88 e 487,58 g para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Diferenças nas curvas de crescimento foram observadas entre frangos machos e fêmeas. No geral, os resultados sugeriram o uso do modelo de Richards para descrever a curva de crescimento de frangos Ri. Mais estudos sobre a genética e genômica dos parâmetros de crescimento obtidos são necessários antes de usá-los para o melhoramento genético de frangos Ri.

Reproductive and fertility parameters of ewes from the Colombian tropical highlands / Parámetros reproductivos y de fertilidad de ovejas en el trópico alto de Colombia

ABSTRACT Two studies were conducted on sheep in the high tropics of Colombia to study reproductive and fertility parameters associated with animal growth in this ecological zone. In the first trial, 1,389 records were used to analyze, through descriptive statistics, the fertility parameters, the birth rate, and the yield per multiple births of three genetic groups of sheep: the native Criolla and Manchada Paramuna breeds, and they were compared with the imported race Blackface. In the second study, the duration of the estrous cycle was determined and serum progesterone values were determined during the estrous cycle in 19 Criolla x Romney Marsh crossbred ewes, in this experiment, five moments of the cycle were analyzed. The fertility rates found in the Criolla and Manchada Paramuna breeds were 73.1 and 72 %, respectively, and were higher than those of the Blackface sheep (65 %). Blackface ewes showed the highest incidence of multiple births (29 %) and Manchada Paramuna ewes had the highest birth rates (93.7 %). Criolla x Romney Marsh crossbred ewes recorded a mean duration of the estrous cycle of 17.8 d. The highest progesterone secretion (11.5 nmol/L) occurred on day 9 of the estrous cycle, while in the estrus phases, its value was 0.32 nmol/L. This study contributes to the knowledge of the reproductive aspects of Colombian native sheep.

RESUMEN Se realizaron dos estudios en ovejas en el trópico alto de Colombia, para estudiar los parámetros reproductivos y de fertilidad asociados con el crecimiento animal, en esta zona ecológica. En el primer ensayo, se utilizaron 1.389 registros para analizar, a través de estadísticas descriptivas, los parámetros de fertilidad, la tasa de natalidad y el rendimiento por parto múltiple, de tres grupos genéticos de ovejas: las razas nativas Criolla y Manchada Paramuna y se compararon con la raza importada Blackface. En el segundo estudio, se determinó la duración del ciclo estral y se determinaron valores de progesterona sérica durante el ciclo estral, en 19 ovejas cruzadas Criolla x Romney Marsh; en este experimento, se analizaron cinco momentos del ciclo. Las tasas de fertilidad encontradas en las razas Criolla y Manchada Paramuna fue de 73,1 y 72 %, respectivamente, superior a la de las ovejas Blackface (65 %). Las ovejas Blackface mostraron la mayor incidencia de partos múltiples (29 %) y las ovejas Manchada Paramuna tuvieron las tasas de parto más altas (93,7 %). Las ovejas cruzadas Criolla x Romney Marsh registraron una duración media del ciclo estral de 17,8 d. La mayor secreción de progesterona (11,5 nmol/L) ocurrió el día 9 del ciclo estral, mientras que en las fases del estro, su valor fue de 0,32 nmol/L. Este estudio contribuye con el conocimiento de los aspectos reproductivos de las ovejas nativas colombianas.

Meat quality of the Berrichon du Cher lambs and its cross-breeds with a native breed / Qualidade da carne dos cordeiros Berrichon du Cher e seus cruzamentos com raça nativa

This study evaluated the meat of lambs from crossbreeding of Polish lowland sheep, heather and rams of the Berrichone du Cher breed (B). The lambs were kept in a medium-intensive feeding system. During fattening, they received haylage and grass hay with the addition of clover, and a mixture of cereal grains with the addition of minerals and vitamins. During the fattening period, all feeds were given at will. The slaughter and cutting of the carcasses were performed in accordance with the technology applicable in the meat industry. In the longissimus lumborum muscle, the content of dry matter, total protein, total fat and ash was determined. In addition, the pH value of 45 minutes and 24 hours after slaughter, as well as the parameters of colour and tenderness of the meat were measured. The content of collagen protein, cholesterol and selected fatty acids was also determined. As a result of the conducted analyzes, the influence of the Berrichone du Cher breed on the improvement of quantitative parameters related to the slaughter value and some parameters related to the physicochemical composition of the hybrid meat was reported.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como o cruzamento da raça Berrichon du Cher com raças nativas de ovelhas polonesas de baixa altitude e ovelhas de charneca polonesa afeta os parâmetros qualitativos da carne .O maior teor de proteína (19,86 ± 0,36%, P <0,05) em cordeiros foi encontrado no grupo Berrichon du Cher e no grupo de cordeiros ovinos (19,23 ± 0,67%, P <0,05). Por outro lado, o maior teor de colágeno total (1,10 ± 0,21%) e a maior sensibilidade do tecido muscular (10,69 ± 0,74 N cm-2), que também apresentaram o menor diâmetro das fibras musculares (24,01 ± 4,62 µm, P < 0,01) foi encontrado nos cordeiros mestiços Berrichon du Cher e Polish Heath Sheep. Tanto a raça quanto o gênero afetaram significativamente o teor de colesterol na carne de cordeiro e o maior teor de colesterol foi encontrado na carne dos cordeiros Berrichon du Cher. Seu menor teor foi demonstrado na carne de Ovinos da Baixada Polonesa com a diferença de 9,1 mg 100g-1 de tecido muscular. Um dos níveis mais baixos do isômero CLA (C 18: 2 cis-9 trans-11) também foi encontrado no grupo dos cordeiros Berrichon du Cher. Este isômero evita a formação de colesterol. Dependência semelhante em relação ao gênero também foi observada. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as raças nativas são utilizadas em cruzamentos com a raça Berrichon du Cher destinada à engorda, principalmente para melhorar parâmetros quantitativos relacionados ao valor de abate e parâmetros selecionados de propriedades físicas e químicas da carne ovina.

Evaluation of trochlear dysplasia in dogs with medial patellar luxation: comparative studies

Medial patellar luxation (MPL) is one of the commonest orthopaedic diseases in small dog breeds. Although the bone deformities associated with canine medial patellar luxation are described in numerous studies, the pathogenesis of the condition is still disputable. What is more, there is no categorical evidence that luxation of the patella is associated to a shallow trochlear groove as no objective method for determination of trochlear depth and shape has been proposed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the depth and shape of femoral trochlear groove on radiographs obtained from healthy dogs and dogs affected with grade II and grade III MPL. A total of 45 dogs (33 with MPL and 12 healthy) from 4 small breeds (Mini-Pinscher, Pomeranian, Chihuahua and Yorkshire terrier) were included in the study. After deep sedation, stifle radiographs were obtained in tangential projection (skyline view). The dogs were positioned in ventral recumbency, the examined stifle bent as much as possible, and the central beam focused on the patella between femoral condyles. Six morphometric parameters associated with the onset of trochlear dysplasia similar to those used in human medicine were measured: trochlear sulcus angle (SA), lateral and medial trochlear inclination angles (LTI; MTI), trochlear groove depth (TD), patellar thickness (PaT) and the ratio between trochlear depth and patellar thickness (PaT/TD). The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for evaluation of differences between healthy joints and those affected with grade II and III MPL. The association between measured variables was evaluated via the Spearman's rank-order correlation. TD was greater in healthy joints as compared to those affected with MPL grade II and III (P < 0.001). In healthy stifles, PaT value exceeded significantly (P < 0.01) that in joints with grade III MPL. The TD/PaT ratio was significantly greater in healthy joints vs both those with grade II (P < 0.01) and grade III MPL (P < 0.001). In healthy joints, there was a significant negative relationship (rho­0.508; P = 0.0113) between SA and TD: smaller sulcus angles corresponded to deeper trochleas. This correlation was even stronger in joints with patellar luxation (rho ­0.723; P < 0.0001). The LTI and MTI showed a very strong positive correlation in healthy joints (rho 0.854; P < 0.0001) and at the same time, lack of significant association in joints affected with MPL (rho -0.163; P = 0.327 for grade II MPL and rho 0.175; P = 0.448 for grade III MPL) was demonstrated. The altered trochlear shape and depth were more pronounced in joints with grade III MPL. As MPL grade increased, the SA became statistically significantly greater. In grade III MPL it was accompanied with considerably reduced trochlear depth, medial trochlear inclination angle and trochlear depth/patellar thickness ratio. Five of the measured morphometric parameters for radiographic detection of trochlear dysplasia in dogs were found to be important in the evaluation of trochlear morphology in dogs. The obtained results indicated the presence of trochlear dysplasia in dogs with MPL. A 3-stage classification system for assessment of abnormal trochlear development in small dog breeds: mild; moderate and severe trochlear dysplasia, was proposed. The occurrence of shallow trochlear groove and medial femoral condyle's hypoplasia could be accepted as signs of mild and moderate trochlear dysplasia. The pre-operative measurements of these parameters could improve surgical planning and decisions-making.

Canal y carne de corderos Santa Inés y cruces con Dorper o Texel: Un meta-análisis / Carcass and meat of Santa Inês lambs and crosses with Dorper or Texel: A meta-analysis

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar las características cuantitativas de la canal y composición química de la carne de corderos puros Santa Inés (SI) y cruces con Dorper (DO-SI) o Texel (TX-SI), terminados en confinamiento o semiconfinamiento, mediante un meta-análisis. Materiales y métodos. Bases de datos virtuales como Google Scholar, Science Direct y Scielo fueron utilizados para seleccionar los artículos científicos publicados desde el año 2000 a 2019. Palabras clave como genotipo, corderos, características de la canal y calidad de la carne, tanto en idioma español, portugués e inglés fueron utilizadas como criterios de inclusión de los artículos. De cada grupo genético, fueron evaluados: desempeño animal, características cuantitativas de la canal, cortes de la canal y composición química de la carne. Todos fueron incluidos en el análisis proveniente de 37 artículos científicos. Resultados. Peso corporal final, peso de la canal caliente, rendimiento de la canal fría y porcentaje de músculo no difieren entre los diferentes genotipos evaluados. Corderos DO-SI presentaron mayor consumo de materia seca, ganancia diaria de peso, área de ojo de lomo y porcentaje de lomo. Composición química no fue influenciada por los genotipos. Conclusiones. En ambiente tropical y subtropical, corderos puros SI terminados en confinamiento o semiconfinamiento presentan características cuantitativas de la canal y composición química similar a los corderos de cruces DO-SI y TX-SI.

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the quantitative characteristics of the carcass and chemical composition of the meat of purebred Santa Inês (SI) lambs and crosses with Dorper (DO-SI) or Texel (TX-SI), finished in feedlot or semi-feedlot, through a meta-analysis. Materials and methods. Virtual databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scielo were used to select scientific articles published from 2000 to 2019. Keywords such as genotype, lambs, carcass characteristics and meat quality, both in Spanish, Portuguese and English were used as criteria for the inclusion of articles. From each genetic group were evaluated: animal performance, quantitative characteristics of the carcass, carcass cuts and chemical composition of the meat. These variables were included in the analysis from 37 scientific articles. Results. Final body weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass yield and muscle percentage do not differ between the different genetic groups evaluated. DO-SI lambs showed higher dry matter intake, daily weight gain, loin eye area and loin percentage. Chemical composition was not influenced by the genetic groups. Conclusions. In a tropical and subtropical environment, purebred lambs SI finished in feedlot or semi-feedlot have quantitative characteristics of the carcass and chemical composition similar to DO-SI and TX-SI lambs.

Conservation Priorities for Indian Goat Breeds Based on Microsatellite and Analytical Data

The demographic and microsatellite data on 25 markers along with non genetic information such as distribution, adaptation and utility pertaining to 24 Indian goat breeds were used to assess their conservation priorities. The effective population size (Ne) of Gohilwadi, Jharkhand Black and Sangamneri was greater than 200 and that of Black Bengal, Kutchi, Mehsana, Sirohi, Malabari and Zalawadi ranged from 100 to 200 but it was below 100 for rest (60%) of the breeds with Ganjam having the least value of 17.5 based on microsatellite data. All goat breeds whose effective population size is greater than 100 based on markers did have population size between 0.1 and 0.2 million except in few cases. The Ne based on microsatellite and demographic data revealed almost same order of ranking of goat populations. It was also revealed that Attappady and Kutchi were at highest risk of extinction probability (0.63) and more than half of the Indian goat breeds were having less than 50% extinction probability. Therefore, Attappady and Kutchi should be given top priority for conservation

Radiographic evaluation of tracheal collapse in dogs by compressive technique / Avaliação radiográfica do colapso de traqueia em cães pela técnica compressiva

The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of the compressive radiographic technique (pressures of 5, 10, 15 and 20mmHg) in the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in small breed dogs, in lateral cervicothoracic radiography. Out of the 50 dogs evaluated, 25 presented tracheal collapse (TG group), 23 did not present tracheal collapse (CG) and two were excluded because they did not tolerate a pressure of 20 mmHg. The TG group presented a smaller internal diameter of the trachea in the region of the fourth cervical vertebra (D4) and at the entrance of the thorax (TDE) compared to the CG group, in all the radiographic projections performed, as well as within the TG group where the compressive technique differed from conventional. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the clinical sign of coughing during cervical collar use and the presence of radiographic tracheal collapse at a pressure of 20 mmHg. It was concluded that the compressive radiographic technique was feasible and efficient in confirming the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in dogs, especially in the pressure of 20 mmHg, where it was associated with clinical signs, and can be used in isolation or complementary to the conventional technique.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade da técnica radiográfica compressiva no diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães de raças pequenas, por meio da comparação do diâmetro da traqueia durante a radiografia cervicotorácica lateral convencional e sobre influência da compressão externa com pressões de 5, 10, 15 e 20mmHg (técnica compressiva). Dos 50 cães avaliados, 25 apresentaram colapso de traqueia (grupo TG), 23 não apresentaram o colabamento traqueal (grupo controle - CG) e dois foram excluídos por não tolerarem a pressão de 20mmHg. Os diâmetros internos da traqueia na região da quarta vértebra cervical (D4) e na entrada do tórax (DET) foram menores no grupo TG em relação ao CG, em todas as projeções radiográficas realizadas, bem como dentro do grupo TG, no qual a técnica compressiva diferiu da convencional. Houve correlação entre o sinal clínico de tosse durante o uso de coleira cervical e a presença do colapso de traqueia radiográfico, na pressão de 20mmHg. Concluiu-se que a técnica radiográfica compressiva foi exequível e eficiente na confirmação do diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães, especialmente na pressão de 20mmHg, em que houve associação com sinais clínicos, podendo ser utilizada de forma isolada ou complementar à técnica convencional.(AU)

Metabolic dynamics of native lambs fed with Tifton 85 hay or Maniçoba hay associated with the spineless cactus / Dinâmica metabólica de cordeiros nativos alimentados com feno de capim-tifton 85 ou feno de maniçoba associados à palma forrageira

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic response of native lambs fed Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon dactylon) or Maniçoba hay (Manihot pseudoglaziovii) associated with spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). Sixteen Morada Nova lambs were used, with a mean initial weight of 19.36±1.48kg, distributed in a randomized block design, with two treatments and eight replications. Dry matter intake was higher for lambs fed Maniçoba hay compared to Tifton hay, while the body weight at slaughter was not influenced by diets. Regarding the blood metabolites, only the serum concentration of urea was influenced, with higher value observed in the lambs that fed the diet containing Tifton hay. When analyzing blood biomarkers, in the different biweekly collections, a linear increase in the blood concentration of urea, glucose, fructosamine, alkaline phosphatase and sodium was observed, as well as a quadratic effect for serum potassium. The other blood metabolites were not influenced in function of the collection days. The replacement of Tifton 85 hay for Maniçoba hay does not cause negative changes in the dynamics of different biomarkers and presents itself as a promising forage resource.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta metabólica de cordeiros nativos alimentados com feno de capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) ou feno de maniçoba (Manihot pseudoglaziovii) associados à palma forrageira (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). Foram utilizados 16 cordeiros Morada Nova, com peso inicial médio de 19,36±1,48kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos e oito repetições. O consumo de matéria seca foi maior nos cordeiros alimentados com feno de maniçoba em comparação ao feno de tifton, enquanto o peso corporal ao abate não foi influenciado pelas dietas. Em relação aos metabólitos sanguíneos, apenas a concentração sérica de ureia foi influenciada, com maior valor observado nos cordeiros que ingeriram a dieta contendo feno de capim-tifton. Quando foi realizada a análise dos biomarcadores sanguíneos nas diferentes coletas quinzenais, foi observado aumento linear nas concentrações sanguíneas de ureia, glicose, frutosamina, fosfatase alcalina e sódio, e efeito quadrático para o potássio sérico. Os demais metabólitos sanguíneos não foram influenciados em função dos dias de coleta. A substituição do feno de tifton 85 por feno de maniçoba influencia positivamente o metabolismo de cordeiros sem causar alterações na dinâmica dos diferentes biomarcadores e se apresenta como um promissor recurso forrageiro.(AU)

Caracterização de pelagens em equinos da raça Campolina / Characterization of coat colors horses from the Campolina breed

Desde tempos remotos, a pelagem é valorizada no agronegócio equestre. Em animais Campolina, objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de pelagens e a distribuição entre sexos nos estados do Brasil, assim como verificar a frequência desse fenótipo nos acasalamentos e associá-lo com medidas lineares e qualidade da marcha. Foram selecionados 44.437 registros definitivos e utilizaram-se testes de qui-quadrado para avaliar a distribuição de pelagens entre sexos, estados e décadas. Por análise descritiva, foi obtida frequência de acasalamento dos fenótipos e proporções resultantes nos filhos. Foram contabilizados os indivíduos acasalados e os mais usados por décadas de nascimento e de registro. Pelagens baia, alazã e castanha predominaram, com 20.422; 11.941 e 5.256 animais, respectivamente. O fenótipo baio representou 45,21% em Minas Gerais; 46,98% no Rio de Janeiro e 48,98% em São Paulo. Para machos e fêmeas constatou-se maior frequência de pelagens baia, alazã e castanha. Os acasalamentos mais frequentes foram alazã x baia, baia x baia e baia x castanha. Este é o primeiro artigo a avaliar a ocorrência das pelagens em equinos da raça Campolina, sendo baia a mais prevalente em ambos os sexos. A qualidade da marcha ao registro não está associada à pelagem. Esse fenótipo deve ser usado com cautela na seleção.(AU)

Since ancient times, coat colors are valued in the equestrian business. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of coat colors and distribution among sexes in Brazil and also verify the frequency of this phenotype in reproduction to associate it with linear measurements and functionality. 44,437 definitive records were selected, and chi-square tests were used to evaluate coat colors and distribution between sexes, states and decades. By descriptive analysis the phenotypes breeding frequency and proportions in the offspring were obtained. Breeding and most used individuals were accounted by decade of birth and registration. Dun, chestnut and bay coat colors predominated, with 20,422; 11,941 and 5,256 animals, respectively. Dun represented 45.21% in Minas Gerais; 46.98% in Rio de Janeiro and 48.98% in São Paulo. For males and females there was a higher frequency of dun, chestnut and bay. The most frequent breeding colors were chestnut x dun, dun x dun and dun x bay. This is the first article to evaluate the coat colors in the Campolina population, dun being the most prevalent coat color in both sexes. The gait quality at the register is not associated with the coat color. This phenotype should be used with caution in selection.(AU)

M-mode Echocardiographic Studies in Indigenous Dog Breeds of Tamil Nadu

M-mode echocardiography is a non- invasive tool for the quantitative study of heart. Rajapalayam is a guard dog and Chippiparai is a sight hound breed which both originated from the southern districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Diagnosis of cardiac diseases in our indigenous breeds has been challenging due to less or no work done regarding cardiac anatomy and physiology in native breeds. Hence, this study was undertaken to establish basic reference data in these indigenous dog breeds which will help in diagnosing cardiac diseases. Various normal cardiac parameters were documented between young and adult age groups. The results indicated that a high significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in LVDd and LVDs and only a significant difference (P<0.05) in AO and RVD values between the age groups in Rajapalayam dogs,whereas, in Chippparai dogs, a significant difference was observed in CO (P<0.05) and in LVPWs, IVSd, IVSd (P<0.0) between the young and adult age groups

Effects of genetic group, pregnancy and age on carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid profile in female sheep / Efectos de grupo genético, preñez y edad sobre la canal, calidad de carne y perfil de ácidos grasos en ovejas / Efeitos do grupo genético, da prenhes e da idade sobre as características da carcaça, qualidade da carne e perfil dos ácidos graxos em ovelhas

Abstract Background: Little information is available on carcass quality in nulliparous and primiparous ewes of different breeds and genetic groups. Objective: To evaluate the effect of genetic group, pregnancy, age and their interactions on carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid profile in sheep. Methods: Eighty-five Santa Ines ewes and their crosses with Texel, Dorper and Ile de France, aged 12 month were bred with White Dorper rams to assess the influence of pregnancy on carcass composition and meat quality. After weaning, all ewes (nulliparous and primiparous) were fattened for slaughter at 21 months of age. A further 24 six to twenty one-month-old female lambs from the same genetic groups were included in the analysis to determine the fatty acid profile. Results: Genetic group affected muscle and fat weight as well as the eye muscle length. Fat weight, muscle and fat ratios, subcutaneous fat thickness and cooking loss were affected by pregnancy with nulliparous females being fatter. Meat purpose breeds such as Dorper, Texel and Ile de France showed better meat quality compared to the Santa Ines hair breed. Of the 19 identified fatty acids, saturated were present in greater quantities, especially stearic and palmitic. Omega-6 content was influenced by age and pregnancy. Conclusions: Younger and nulliparous females have better carcass quality in terms of fatty acid composition.

Resumen Antecedentes: Existe poca información sobre la calidad de la canal en ovejas jóvenes nulíparas y primíparas de diferentes razas y grupos genéticos. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del grupo genético, de la preñez, de la edad y sus interacciones sobre la composición de la canal, calidad de la carne y perfil de ácidos grasos en la carne de ovejas. Métodos: Ochenta y cinco ovejas de 12 meses de edad de raza Santa Inés y sus cruces con Texel, Dorper y Ile de France fueron cruzadas con carneros White Dorper para evaluar la influencia de la gestación sobre la composición de la canal y la calidad de la carne. Después del destete, todas las ovejas (nulíparas y primíparas) fueron engordadas y sacrificadas a los 21 meses de edad. Otras 24 ovejas de seis a veintiún meses de edad del mismo grupo genético fueron incluidas en el análisis para determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos. Resultado s: El grupo genético afectó el peso del músculo y de la grasa, como también la longitud del ojo del músculo. El peso de la grasa, porcentajes de músculo y grasa, el grosor de la grasa subcutánea y las perdidas por cocción fueron afectadas por la preñez, siendo más gordas las hembras nulíparas. Los grupos genéticos especializados en producir carne como Dorper, Texel e Ile de France mostraron mejor calidad de carne comparado con la raza Santa Inés. De los 19 ácidos grasos identificados, los saturados estaban presentes en mayores cantidades, especialmente esteárico y palmítico. Los contenidos de Omega-6 fueron influenciados por la edad y la preñez. Conclusiones: Las ovejas más jóvenes y nulíparas tienen mejor calidad de carcasa en términos de composición de ácidos grasos.

Resumo Antecedentes: Existe pouca informação sobre a qualidade da carcaça em ovelhas jovens nulíparas e primíparas de diferentes raças e grupos genéticos. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do grupo genético, da prenhes, da idade e suas interações sobre as características da carcaça, qualidade da carne e perfil de ácidos graxos na carne de ovelhas. Métodos: Oitenta e cinco ovelhas Santa Inês e suas cruzas com Texel, Dorper e Ile de France com 12 meses de idade foram cruzadas com carneiros White Dorper para avaliar a influência da prenhes sobre a composição da carcaça e a qualidade da carne. Após o desmame, todas as ovelhas (nulíparas e primíparas) foram engordadas para serem abatidas aos 21 meses de idade. Mais 24 ovelhas com idade variando entre seis a vinte e um meses do mesmo grupo genético foram incluídas na análise para determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos. Resultados: O grupo genético influenciou os pesos do musculo e da gordura bem como o comprimento da área de olho de lombo. O peso da gordura, a relação músculo e gordura, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e as perdas por cocção foram influenciadas pela prenhes, sendo as fêmeas nulíparas as mais gordas. Os grupos genéticos especializados em produção de carne como o Dorper, o Texel e o Ile de France apresentaram melhor qualidade de carne comparado a raça Santa Inês. Dos 19 ácidos graxos identificados, os presentes em maiores quantidades foram os saturados, principalmente o esteárico e o palmítico. O Conteúdo de ômega 6 foi influenciado pela idade e pela prenhes. Conclusões: As fêmeas jovens e nulíparas apresentam melhor qualidade de carcaça em termos de composição de ácidos graxos.

Conservation of Indigenous Cattle Breed

India, one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries in the world, is home to large diversified cattle genetic resources, having 190.9 M cattle and so far 43 registered native cattle breeds. These cattle breeds are specially adapted to different agro-climatic conditions of India and their genetic diversity is due to the process of domestication over the centuries. There is decrease of 4.10% in cattle population and 3.14% in cattle genetic resources of India as compared to the quinquennial livestock census. The exotic / crossbred population has been increased by 20.18% during the period of last census while population of indigenous cattle has been decreased by 8.94% during the same duration. The reasons for depletion of native breeds includes crossbreeding with exotic breeds, economically less viable, loosing utility, reduction in herd size and the large scale mechanization of agricultural operation. The native breeds need to be conserved for genetic insurance in future, scientific study, as a part of our ecosystem, cultural and ethical requirements and for energy sources in future. The indigenous breeds of cattle posses various unique characteristics such as the presence of unique genetic variation in HSP70 gene family, carry a ‘thermometer gene’ and presence of A2 allelic variant in cow milk, which makes them well adapted to the tropical climate. The conservation includes the preservation along with up-gradation (improvement) of the genetic potential and management of a breed for use in future. The effective management of indigenous cattle resources includes identification, characterization, evaluation, documentation and conservation. The future strategy should be to combine genetic improvement and conservation. Establishment of regional gene banks and people’s participation by involving breeders, communities, gaushalas, NGOs and other relevant stakeholders in conservation programs. For more effective conservation measures, proper coordination and integration among various agencies (ICAR, SAHD, SAUs, SVUs and Research Institutes) is highly needed. “National Consortium of Partners’ comprising different stakeholders should be formulated for conservation of indigenous breed resources with a holistic approach.

D-loop haplotype diversity in Brazilian horse breeds

Abstract The first horses were brought to Brazil by the colonizers after 1534. Over the centuries, these animals evolved and adapted to local environmental conditions usually unsuitable for exotic breeds, thereby originating locally adapted Brazilian breeds. The present work represents the first description of maternal genetic diversity in these horse breeds based on D-loop sequences. A D-Loop HSV-I fragment of 252 bp, from 141 horses belonging to ten Brazilian breeds / genetic groups (locally adapted and specialized breeds) were analysed. Thirty-five different haplotypes belonging to 18 haplogroups were identified with 33 polymorphic sites. Haplotype diversity (varying from 0.20 to 0.96) and nucleotide diversity (varying from 0.0039 to 0.0239) was lower for locally adapted than for specialized breeds, with the same pattern observed for FST values. Haplogroups identified in Brazilian breeds are in agreement with previous findings in South American samples. The low variability observed mainly in locally adapted breeds, indicates that, to ensure conservation of these breeds, careful reproductive management is needed. Additional genetic characterization studies are required to support accurate decision-making.

Sazonalidade e qualidade do sêmen fresco e criopreservado de touros Pantaneiro e Nelore / Seasonality and quality of fresh and cryopreserved semen of Pantaneiro and Nellore bulls

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da estação do ano sobre a qualidade do sêmen fresco e criopreservado de reprodutores Pantaneiros (Bos taurus) criados em condições tropicais. Foram utilizados 7 touros Pantaneiros e 3 Nelores (controle), dos quais foi aferido circunferência escrotal, consistência testicular e após a coleta e congelamento do sêmen realizada análise de motilidade, vigor, defeitos menores, maiores e totais, concentração, integridade de membrana plasmática e acrossomal para sêmen fresco e além destas, estresse oxidativo para sêmen criopreservado. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e arranjo fatorial 2x2 (2 raças e 2 estações do ano). A raça, estação do ano ou a interação entre eles, não alteraram significativamente as médias de circunferência escrotal, consistência testicular, motilidade, vigor, concentração, integridade de membrana acrossomal e porcentagem de defeitos menores. A integridade da membrana plasmática no sêmen fresco sofreu efeito da estação do ano e foi menor no inverno em ambas raças (95,76 ± 1,77% vs. 87,07 ± 4,78% P=0,03). A estação do inverno aumentou a porcentagem de defeitos maiores (29,15% vs. 16,44%, P<0,01) e totais (17,49% vs. 30,45%, P<0,01). Os parâmetros do sêmen congelado não foram influenciados pela raça, estação do ano ou interação entre elas. Portanto, nas condições edafoclimáticas estudadas, os reprodutores Pantaneiros apresentaram redução na sua qualidade seminal na estação do inverno.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of seasonality on the quality of fresh and cryopreserved semen of Pantaneiro breed (Bos taurus) bulls raised under tropical conditions. Scrotal circumference and testicular consistency were performed in seven Pantaneiro and three Nellore (control) bulls. Sperm motility, vigor, minor, major and total defects, concentration, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity were assessed in fresh and post-thawed semen. Additionally, oxidative stress was determined in post-thawed semen samples. The experiment was done in a complete randomized design, with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (2 breeds and 2 seasons). Breed, season of the year or the interaction of both did not alter scrotal circumference, testicular consistency, motility, vigor, concentration, acrosomal membrane integrity and percentage of minor defects (P<0.05). Plasma membrane integrity of fresh semen was affected by the season and was smaller in winter in both breeds (95.76 ± 1.77% vs 87.07 ± 4.78%, P=0.03). Nevertheless, also in the winter there was an increase in the percentage of major (29.15% vs 16.44%, P<0.01) and total defects (17.49% vs. 30.45%, P<0.01) in fresh semen samples. Breed, season or interaction of both did not influence the sperm parameters of cryopreserved semen. Thus, in the studied climatic conditions, the Pantaneiro breed bulls present decrease in semen quality mainly in the winter season

Craniometric characteristics and cranial indices of Polish heath sheep rams ­ extended data / Características craneométricas e índices craneales de ovejas heath polacas - datos ampliados

The study was conducted on the mouflon-derived horned sheep of the preserved Polish Heath Sheep breed. In this study, basic skull measurements of 24 skulls of the rams of different age: 1 day, 90 days, 210 days, 270 days, 3 and 6 years, were analyzed. The weight of each skull was determined, as well as 43 craniometric characteristics were measured, and cranial cavity volume and viscerocranial and neurocranial indices were calculated. From birth to the age of 6 years, the greatest length of the skull, the condylobasal length and the length of the cheek-tooth row increased two-fold. To day 210 of age, the bony housing for eyeball and its organs grew intensively. To day 270 of age, the largest increase was characteristic of the elements of the angular length of the neurocranium and its breadth. The structural elements characterizing both the breadth and the length of the viscerocranium developed to the age of 6 years. A significant (P0.05), decreasing with age, value of the cephalic index was observed, being mostly affected by development of the squamous part of the frontal bone with its orbital part and the orbital margin.

El estudio se realizó en la raza preservada de ovejas Heath, derivadas del Muflón. En este estudio se analizaron las mediciones craneales básicas de 24 cráneos de carneros de diferentes edades: 1 día, 90 días, 210 días, 270 días, 3 y 6 años. Se determinó el peso de cada cráneo, se midieron 43 características craneométricas y se calculó el volumen de la cavidad craneal y los índices viscerocraneales y neurocraneales. Desde el nacimiento hasta la edad de 6 años, la longitud más grande del cráneo, la longitud del cóndilo y la longitud de la hilera del diente de la mejilla aumentó dos veces. A los 210 días de edad, la cubierta ósea para el bulbo ocular y sus órganos creció intensivamente. Al día 270 de edad, el mayor incremento fue la longitud angular del neurocráneo y su amplitud. Los elementos estructurales que caracterizan tanto el ancho como la longitud del viscerocráneo se desarrollaron a la edad de 6 años. Se observó un valor significativo (P0,05), decreciente con la edad, del índice cefálico, siendo afectado principalmente por el desarrollo de la parte escamosa del hueso frontal con su parte orbitaria y el margen orbital.

Historical evolution and change of differentiation on dried ginger, fresh ginger and baked ginger / 中国中药杂志

Ginger is commonly used as dietetic Chinese herbs, medicinal ginger mainly divided into dried ginger, fresh ginger and baked ginger. In this article, by sorting and studying literature of Chinese materia medica, textual criticism the historical evolution and change of differentiation on dried ginger, fresh ginger and baked ginger. Results indicate that, as the changes of the dynasty, dried ginger, fresh ginger and baked ginger gradually differentiation in producing area and processing method. Dried ginger beginning in Shennong Bencao Jing（Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica）, Mingyi Bielu（Records of Famous Physicians） respectively included fresh ginger and dried ginger for the first time. Dried ginger and fresh ginger differentiation in producing area. Between the period of Shennong Bencao Jing（Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica）and Bencao Gangmu（Compendium of Materia Medica）, dried ginger was made from fresh ginger by water, peeled and sunlight; After Bencao Gangmu（Compendium of Materia Medica）, most herbalists support the view of Li Shizhen, thought that dried ginger was made by mother ginger. Baked ginger appeared in Han Dynasty. Depei Bencao（De Pei Materia Medica） in Qing Dynasty listed the baked ginger separately as a herb medicine ingredient, thought that baked ginger was made by dried ginger. As the changes of the dynasty, genuine producing areas of ginger were changed, but mainly concentrated in Yangtze river basin. Sichuan Qianwei is the main authentic region of modern medicinal ginger, in accordance with all previous dynasties materia medica. Since the Ming Dynasty, a lot of herbalists thought that good quality of dried ginger is meat thick full, color white and texture solid.

Caracterización de Sitios de Alimentación de Vacunos a Pastoreo en Comunidades Heterogéneas en el Estado Cojedes, Venezuela / Characterization of Feeding Sites of Grazing Cattle on Heterogeneous Community at Cojedes State, Venezuela

Se realizó el estudio para caracterizar los sitios de alimentación de vacunos a pastoreo en comunidades de sabanas y bosques en el estado Cojedes. Para tal fin, cada animal fue observado una sola vez/día, mientras duró su consumo y marcado su recorrido (transecta animal, TAn), el entorno más cercano (transecta control, TC) así como el paisaje en general (transecta aleatoria, TA). Las evaluaciones se hicieron durante 3 días consecutivos cada 3 semanas por 2 años. Sobre TAn y en cada sitio de alimentación se evaluó: número de especies totales, número de especies seleccionadas, altura de la pastura, cobertura, altura de consumo y partes consumidas, identificación taxonómica y funcional de plantas y sobre TC y TA, sólo número de especies totales. Se aplicó un ANAVAR, con año, comunidad y periodo, como fuentes de variación. Hubo diferencias significativas (P<0,05) para todas las variables evaluadas, excepto para las especies seleccionadas en TAn. Tanto los sitios de alimentación, como el entorno y el paisaje en general, fueron más diversos durante el primer año, lo que parece ser decisivo en las distancias recorridas. La heterogeneidad del paisaje tuvo efecto sobre los patrones de selección y de distribución de los animales. Los animales consumieron 38 especies, de las cuales el 66%, pertenecían a los (TFP) Caespiticulmi (21%), Nothopluviiarbore (18%), Tropoarbore (16%) y Teroculmi (11%); mientras que el resto (34%) estuvo distribuido en 10 TFP diferentes, con predominio de tipos herbáceos (Fasciculmi, Teroherbae, Herbae, Herbolianae aestivae y H. perennae). También, se observó consumo de especies arbóreas. Se concluye que la caracterización detallada del sitio de alimentación del animal y de su entorno, permite obtener información para definir estrategias de manejo sustentable y de planificación del pastoreo en áreas altamente heterogéneas. Los resultados evidencian variaciones espaciales y temporales en la selectividad de especies.

A study was conducted to characterize the feeding sites of grazing cattle on savannas and forests communities of Cojedes state. Each animal was observed once a day, while its consumption lasted and its route (Animal transect, TAn), the nearest surroundings (Control transect, TC), and the landscape in general (Random transect, TA) were marked for characterization. Evaluations were made for 3 consecutive days every 3 weeks for 2 years. It was evaluated on each TAn and feeding site: number of total species, number of selected species, height of pasture, coverage, consumption height and consumed parts, taxonomical and functional identification of plants; and on both TC and TA, only the number of total species, the number of total species only. Variables were analyzed through an ANOVA with year, period, and community as sources of variation. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) on TAn for all assessed variables, except for the selected species. The feeding sites, the surroundings, and the landscape in general, were more diverse during the first year, which seems to be decisive in the distances walked by animals. Landscape heterogeneity had an effect on patterns of selection distribution of animals. Animals consumed 38 species, of which 66% belonged to the functional types of plants (FTP) Caespiticulmi (21%), Nothopluviiarbore (18%), Tropoarbore (16%), and Teroculmi (11%), while the rest (34%) was distributed in 10 different FTP, with a predominance of herbaceous types (Fasciculmi, Teroherbae, Herbae, Herbolianae aestivae, and H. perennae). Consumption of trees species was observed. It is concluded that the detailed characterization of animal´s feeding sites and their surroundings, allows information for defining strategies for sustainable management and planning of grazing on highly heterogeneous areas. Results show spatial and temporal variations in species selectivity.

Conducta Sexual Diurna de la Vaca Lechera Tropical Carora (Bos taurus taurus) / Diurnal Sexual Behavior of Carora (Bos taurus taurus) Tropical Dairy Cow

A pesar de la importancia de la conducta sexual (CS) para el manejo de programas reproductivos bajo inseminación artificial (PRBIA), los estudios en ganado Carora son escasos. En ese sentido, se estudió la CS en vacas ordeñadas dos veces al día, sin apoyo del becerro e inseminación artificial (IA) siguiendo la regla am-pm, semiestabuladas, alimentadas con forrajes locales y suplementación alimenticia, sales, agua y melaza ad libitum. Se realizó la observación visual diurna durante una hora, a intervalos de tres horas, considerándose en celo aquella hembra que aceptó quieta la monta (AQM) por una de sus compañeras. Se detectaron 134 AQM y otros signos conductuales secundarios (SCS) relacionados. Se determinó la frecuencia, proporción, horario y relación cronológica de SCS con la AQM (período periAQM). La proporción de los SCS fue: cuello uterino tónico 60,45%; presencia de moco cervical o limo 59,70%; seguida por otras vacas 52,99%; olfateada y/o lamida en zona perineal por otra vaca 52,24%; topeteos cabeza con cabeza 42,54%; grupos sexuales activos 40,30%; aceptación quieta de mentón en la grupa 36,57%; rechazo de monta 31,34%; depilaciones-excoriaciones en parte trasera 29,85%; caminar en círculos con husmeos mutuos 23,88%; entrecruzamiento de cuellos (21,64%); aceptación quieta de la monta desorientada (20,15%); apoyar mentón en grupa de otra vaca (19,40%); apoyar o aceptar apoyo del mentón en otras partes del cuerpo (16,42%); caminar nerviosa (12,69%); signo de Flehmen (8,96%); orejas erectas (8,21%); cola en bandera (6,72%); mucosa de vulva enrojecida (2,24%); bramidos (0,75%); tumefacción de vulva, micción frecuente y sangramiento visible en el metaestro no fueron detectados. El 59,70% de las AQM se detectaron en horario pm, 64,9% de los SCS se detectaron en un periodo PeriAQM de dos horas. La vaca Carora presentó una expresiva conducta sexual ventajosa para los PRBIA. Se requieren mayores estudios sobre la duración del estro y su asociación con la endocrinología reproductiva y bienestar animal.

Despite the importance of sexual behavior (SB) for managing animal breeding programs under artificial insemination (ABPAI), studies in Carora cattle are scarce. In that respect, the objective was to study the SB of cows milked twice without calf support and artificial insemination (AI) with am-pm rule, halfway stabled, fed with local forages and nutritional supplementation, salt, water and molasses ad libitum. By diurnal visual observation were observed five times/day, for one hour in intervals of three, considering in heat the quiet acceptance (standing) of the mount (QAM) by one of his herd mates, were detected 134 QAM and other secondary behavioral signs (SBS) related. It was recorded the frequency, time, proportion and chronological relationship between QAM with SBS (PeriQAM period). The SBS proportion were: tonic uterine cervix 60.45%, cervical mucus presence 59.70%) followed by other cows 52.99%, sniffing and/or licking the perineal zone by another cow 52.24%, head to head butting 42.54%, sexually active groups (40.30%), accepted chin resting on rump 36.57%, rejection to mount 31.34%, alopecia by scraping or excoriation on tail head or rump 29.85%, walking in circles with mutual sniffing of the genitalia 23.88%, crosslinking necks 21.64%, standing to disoriented mounts 20.15%, supporting chin on rump of other cows (19.40%), support or accept the chin on other body parts (16.42%), agitated or nervous walking, (restlessness) (12.69%), Flehmen sign (8.96%), erect ears (8.21%), flag tail (6.72%), reddening of vulvar mucus membrane (2.24%), bellowing (0.75%); swelling of the vulva, frequent urination and visible mataestrus bleeding were not detected. The 59.70% of the QAM were detected during PM hours, 64.9% of SBS were detected on a period of two hours PeriQAM. Carora cows showed an expressive advantageous sexual behavior for ABPAI. Further studies on the duration of estrus and its association with reproductive endocrinology and animal welfare are required.