ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The generation of wastes in poultry abattoirs has increased considerably in recent years due to the growing demand for chicken meat. This fact, combined with the current need for developing new forms of renewable energy from biomass, and the lack of disposal facilities, motivated this study. We determined the technical feasibility of the barbecue charcoal production using briquettes produced with different blends containing sludge from a poultry abattoir and Pinus spp. shavings. To that end, we have mixed both residues by gradually adding 10 to 90 % of sludge in the blends, which resulted in 9 treatments containing sludge, and 1 containing only shavings. After that, we produced four briquettes of each treatment and charred them by using a heating ramp. After charring, we submitted the charcoal to the analyzes of Moisture Content (MC), Bulk Density (BD), Compressive Resistance (CR), Gross Calorific Value (GCV), and Proximate Analysis (PA). We calculated the Gravimetric Yield (GY) and the Energy Density (ED) by using the results from the other analyzes. Results showed that the CR, the GCV, the Volatile Matter (VM), and the Fixed Carbon Content (FC) of the charcoals decreased by increasing the proportion of sludge in the blends. However, the charcoals' bulk density (BD) increased, which also increased its energy density (ED) and ash content (AC). The best blend to produce charcoal for household use was the one containing 90 % of sludge and 10 % of Pinus spp. shavings.
RESUMO: A geração de efluentes nos abatedouros de aves aumentou consideravelmente nos últimos anos devido à crescente demanda por carne de frango. Esse fato, combinado com a atual necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas formas de energia renovável a partir da biomassa e a falta de instalações de descarte para isso, motivou este estudo. O objetivo foi determinar a viabilidade técnica da produção de carvão para churrasco, usando briquetes produzidos com diferentes misturas contendo lodo de abatedouro de aves e maravalha de Pinus spp. Para determinar a viabilidade técnica, misturou-se os dois resíduos adicionando gradualmente 10-90 % de lodo nas misturas, o que resultou em nove tratamentos contendo lodo e um contendo apenas maravalha. Depois disso, quatro briquetes de cada tratamento foram produzidos e carbonizados. Após a carbonização, os carvões foram submetidos às análises de teor de umidade (MC), densidade a granel (BD), resistência à compressão (CS), poder calorífico superior (GCV) e análise imediata (PA). O Rendimento Gravimétrico (GY) e a Densidade Energética (DE) de cada tratamento foram calculados usando os resultados das outras análises. A resistência à compressão (CR), o poder calorífico superior (GCV), o teor de voláteis (VM) e o teor de carbono fixo (FC) do carvão diminuiu com o aumento da proporção de lodo nas misturas. A densidade aparente (BD), o teor de cinzas (AC) e a densidade energética (ED) aumentaram com o acréscimo de lodo na mistura. A melhor mistura para a produção de carvão de briquetes para uso doméstico foi a que teve 90 % de lodo e 10 % de partículas de Pinus.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO A casca de coco verde é considerada um resíduo de complexa degradação, podendo ser também foco de proliferação de doenças. Com base nessa premissa e com a necessidade de se estudarem novas fontes renováveis de energia, a utilização de resíduos de casca de coco verde como fonte energética apresenta aspectos benéficos, desde que seja viável econômica e tecnicamente. Assim, este artigo visa avaliar o potencial energético da casca do coco verde por meio da produção de briquetes. Foram realizadas análises das características físico-químicas dos briquetes e da biomassa in natura. Como resultados, foram encontrados poder calorífico de 13,6 MJ/kg para biomassa in natura; já para os briquetes, com aglutinantes água e amido, os valores foram de 15,6 e 11,7 MJ/kg, respectivamente. O poder calorífico da biomassa in natura não resultou valores inferiores quando comparados com a literatura de referência, porém sua umidade e teor de cinzas se apresentaram bastante elevados. Para os briquetes produzidos, esses valores se reduzem e o poder calorífico é considerado alto e eficiente para fins de geração de calor. Dessa forma, verifica-se o potencial de utilização dos resíduos da casca como alternativa energética, além das vantagens socioeconômicas e ambientais.
ABSTRACT A green coconut shell is considered a residue of complex degradation, and can also be a focus of proliferation of diseases. Based on this premise, it is necessary to study new renewable sources of energy, the use of residues of green coconut shell as an energy source has beneficial aspects, since economically and technically viable. Thus, this article aims to evaluate the energy potential of the green coconut shell through the briquettes production. Analyzes of the physic-chemical characteristics of the briquettes and of the in natura biomass were carried out. As a result, a calorific value of 13.6 MJ/kg was found for in natura biomass, for the briquettes, with binder water and starch, presented calorific value of 15.6 and 11.7 MJ/kg, respectively. The calorific value in the in natura biomass did not result in much lower values compared to the reference literature; however, its humidity and ash content were quite high. For the briquettes produced, these values are reduced and the calorific value is considered high and efficient if it is treated for purposes of heat generation. Thus, the potential for using bark residues as an alternative energy is verified, in addition to the socioeconomic and environmental advantages.
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with social history of carbon monoxide poisoning in Korea in 1960s. From the mid 1950s, Korean society began to use coal briquettes (Yeontan) for fuel for cooking and heating in the winter, especially in urban area. As the use of coal briquettes replaced fire woods which had been used as fuel in traditional Korean society for centuries, incidence and deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning increased dramatically during the 1960s. The coal briquettes were used to heat the living rooms through "Ondol" arrangement. The coal briquettes at the kitchen place make the heated air and smoke, which pass through the horizontal space under a stone floor of the room and escape through chimney at the opposite site of the kitchen. This Ondol system could make leakage of carbon monoxide easily and thereby kill people who sleep in the room. In the 1960s, carbon monoxide poisoning by briquettes gas was a serious health problem to kill more people than all of the infectious diseases. It was a unique and very serious health hazard in 1960s Korea. No other place in the world has experienced such a high mortality and incidence from the briquettes gas as in Korea. Employing newspaper articles and epidemiological papers, this paper analyzes how the Korean society experienced and perceived carbon monoxide poisoning (CO poisoning) in 1960s. It also follows how the perception changed over time and how the changes affected social responses to CO poisoning. In the early 1960s, the CO poisoning was perceived as an accident due to carelessness of the people who did not fix the leakages of the Ondol system or that of the people who built the Ondol improperly. Mostly CO poisoning was the casualty caused by carelessness and ignorance of the poor class. The prevention measure was mainly education which would enlighten the ignorant so that they care about CO poisoning and their lives. It was the victims who were to be blamed, for they caused the their poisoning with their own carelessness. Since CO poisoning was perceived as preventable with a good care, people were optimistic about the prevention of the CO poisoning. In the late 1960s, however, the perception of CO poisoning changed as the epidemiological studies demonstrated meteorological, social, economical, and cultural factors were related to the poisoning. As CO poisoning was regarded not as an accident due to carelessness but as a social disease, the Korean government began to take various measures for its control including surveillance and punishment, education and certification of those who made Ondol, and funding research for detoxification of the poisoning. In spite of the state's intervention, the number of CO poisoning cases drastically increased every year. At the end of 1960s, in contrast to the optimism of the early 1960s, the outlook of CO poisoning control was grim. It was merely a beginning of huge epidemic of CO poisoning in 1970s and 1980s in Korea.