Micropropagation and in vitroconservation of Alcantarea nahoumii (Bromeliaceae), an endemic and endangered species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Alcantarea nahoumii(Leme) J. R. Grant is a species native to theAtlantic Forest that stands out for ornamental purposes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitrogerminationof A. nahoumiiseeds and establish a micropropagation protocol for production of seedlings so as to minimize the effects of predatory extractivism and develop an in vitroconservation system. Mature seeds were disinfested, established in three culture media (MS, MS½ and MS⅓) and incubated at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35ºC)in a germination chamber. In the micropropagation experiment, stem segments were introduced in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 μM of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.0, 2.2, 4.4 and 6.6 μM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). For the in vitroconservation, plantlets were established in MS or MS½ medium supplemented with 15 g L-1or 30 g L-1of sucrose. The plants were acclimated with commercial substrate. The highest seed germination percentages were promoted by temperature conditions of 20 and 25ºC, with MS culture medium. The highest multiplication rate of shoots was obtained from the treatment without addition of the growth regulator or when combined with 2.2 μM of BAP + 0.5 μM of NAA. The acclimation of the plants occurred with high survival rate. The species can be conserved in vitrounder slow growth condition for 24 months when incubated in MS medium supplemented with 30 g L-1of sucrose.

Cosmarium bromelicola sp. nov. (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae), a new desmid species from Northeast Brazil / Cosmarium bromelicola sp. nov. (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae), uma nova espécie de desmídia do nordeste do Brazil

Abstract Cosmarium bromelicola sp. nov. is a new desmid species described from samplings carried out in bromeliad tanks (phytotelmata) from an area of rocky outcrops at Serra da Jiboia, Bahia State, Northeast Brazil. Presence of subtrapeziform cells with a deep depression at the apical region and twisted X-shaped cell in side view are the diagnostic features for the species. Relationships with the morphologically closest taxa are discussed.

Resumo Cosmarium bromelicola sp. nov. é uma nova espécie de desmídia descrita a partir de amostragens realizadas em tanques de bromélias (fitotelmata) de uma área de afloramentos rochosos na Serra da Jiboia, Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. A presença de células trapeziformes com uma depressão profunda na região apical e célula em forma de X em vista lateral são as características diagnósticas da espécie. Relações com os táxons morfologicamente próximos são discutidas.

Novel molecular evidence of population structure in Anopheles (Kerteszia) bellator from Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Anopheles bellator is a primary malaria vector in the Atlantic Forest. Partial sequences of timeless and Clock genes were used to assess the genetic differentiation of five Brazilian populations, which showed strong population structure (e.g. high F ST values and fixed differences) in all pairwise comparisons between Bahia sample and the others from Paraná, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states. Also, the resulting phylogenetic trees clearly grouped the sequences from Bahia in a different cluster with high bootstrap values. Among southern and southeastern populations low levels of genetic differentiation were found suggesting a general stability of the genetic structure.

Crude Fermented Extract Containing Gibberellic Acid Produced by Fusarium moniliforme is an Alternative to Cost Reduction in Biofactories

ABSTRACT Nidularium procerum and Nidularium innocentii (Bromeliaceae) were cultivated in vitro on media supplemented with different sources and levels of GA3 (gibberellic acid). These sources were the commercial powder (analytical degree) and fermented extract obtained by Fusarium moniliforme via solid state fermentation. The in vitro elongation and rooting of these plants were evaluated after 50 days of cultivation. The GA3 present in the fermented extract possess the same effect of purified GA3 (analytical degree) for the increase of the height of aerial part of shoots of N. innocentii, but not for the N. procerum being the GA3 fermented extract in a lesser degree. The GA3 fermented extract influences negatively the rooting in N. innocentii, while GA3 analytical degree practically does not interfere in the rooting. On the other hand, in N. procerum, both the GA3 sources reduce the root number and do not interfere in rooting percentage. GA3 crude fermented extract is an alternative to reduce costs, however, its results can vary depending on the species and parameter evaluated. The fermented extract was stored at temperature during 260 days and its shelf life presented a suitable stability, maintaining 92% of its initial GA3 amount.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Vriesea reitzii (Bromeliaceae), a species from the Southern Brazilian Highlands

Abstract The Southern Brazilian Highlands are composed by a mosaic of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) and grassland formations, an interesting landscape for the study of population structure. We analyzed the genetic diversity within and among populations of the MOF-endemic bromeliad Vriesea reitzii by genotyping seven nuclear microsatellite loci in 187 individuals from six populations. We characterized levels of genetic diversity and assessed the genetic structure among populations. Vriesea reitzii populations showed high levels of genetic variation (number of alleles 28 - 43, allelic richness 3.589 - 5.531) and moderate levels of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.123, RST = 0.096). The high levels of genetic diversity may be explained by species life-history traits, such as habit and mating system. The moderate structure may be a product of the combination of ancient and contemporary gene flow, resulting from the expansion of the forest in the Holocene, and/or due to facilitated dispersal mediated by the MOF's mosaic landscape. The genetic results indicated no imminent threat to this bromeliad. However, the species is highly associated with the MOF, putting landscape conservation at the center of conservation efforts for the species' maintenance.

Diversity and distribution of epiphytic bromeliads in a Brazilian subtropical mangrove

ABSTRACT It is not unusual to find epiphytic bromeliads in mangroves, but most studies on mangrove vegetation do not record their presence. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity and distribution of epiphytic bromeliads in a subtropical mangrove. The richness, abundance and life form (atmospheric and tank) of bromeliads were recorded and compared among host tree species and waterline proximity. The effects of diameter and height of host trees on the abundance of bromeliads were also assessed. The mangrove was composed of Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle. We recorded seven bromeliad species of the genera Tillandsia and Vriesea. The waterline proximity did not affect the abundance or diversity of bromeliads, but atmospheric forms were predominant near the waterline, whereas tank bromeliads were more frequent in the interior of the mangrove. The three mangrove species hosted bromeliads, but L. racemosa was the preferred host. The species composition showed that the distribution of bromeliads is more related to the host species than to the distance from the waterline. Bromeliad abundance increased with tree size. Bromeliads can be biological indicators of ecosystem health; therefore, inventories and host tree preferences are necessary knowledge for an adequate management of sensitive ecosystems as mangroves.

Cosmarium bromelicola sp. nov. (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae), a new desmid species from Northeast Brazil

Abstract Cosmarium bromelicola sp. nov. is a new desmid species described from samplings carried out in bromeliad tanks (phytotelmata) from an area of rocky outcrops at Serra da Jiboia, Bahia State, Northeast Brazil. Presence of subtrapeziform cells with a deep depression at the apical region and twisted X-shaped cell in side view are the diagnostic features for the species. Relationships with the morphologically closest taxa are discussed.

Resumo Cosmarium bromelicola sp. nov. é uma nova espécie de desmídia descrita a partir de amostragens realizadas em tanques de bromélias (fitotelmata) de uma área de afloramentos rochosos na Serra da Jiboia, Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. A presença de células trapeziformes com uma depressão profunda na região apical e célula em forma de X em vista lateral são as características diagnósticas da espécie. Relações com os táxons morfologicamente próximos são discutidas.

Induction of in vitro shoots of Billbergia euphemiae E. Morren (Bromeliaceae) from leaf explants / Indução in vitro de brotos de Billbergia euphemiae E. Morren (Bromeliaceae) a partir de explantes foliares

Bromeliads are an important group for the maintenance of the Atlantic Forest, with many threatened species due to exacerbated extraction and destruction of their natural habitats. Considering the need of developing protocols for the conservation of these species, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different growth regulators in the in vitro induction of shoots of Billbergia euphemiae. Leaf explants were excised from seedlings derived from in vitro germination and grown on MS medium supplemented with NAA (0, 1 or 2 µM) and BA (0, 2, 4 or 6 µ M) combinations. The evaluation of the number of shoots per explant, shoot length, number of leaves per shoot and longest leaf length average was carried out after 30 and 60 days of culture. The best in vitro responses were observed in the presence of 1 µM NAA after 60 days of culture, which induced the best production of shoots per explant (16.39), as well as the highest rates of shoot length (1.08 cm), number of leaves per shoot (5.00) and the longest leaf length (0.56 cm). This work determined the best conditions for shoot production from leaf explants of B. euphemiae, being the first report on micropropagation of this species.

As bromélias constituem um importante grupo para a manutenção da Floresta Atlântica, com várias espécies ameaçadas de extinção pelo extrativismo exacerbado e a destruição dos habitats naturais. Considerando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de protocolos para a conservação destas espécies, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes reguladores de crescimento na indução de brotos de Billbergia euphemiae. Explantes foliares foram excisados de plântulas derivadas da germinação in vitro e inoculados em meio MS suplementado com combinações de ANA (0, 1 ou 2 µM) e BA (0, 2, 4 ou 6 µM). O número de brotos por explantes, comprimento dos brotos, número médio de folhas por broto e comprimento médio da maior folha foram avaliados após 30 e 60 dias de cultura. As melhores respostas foram observadas na presença de ANA a 1 µM, após 60 dias de cultura, que induziu a maior produção de brotos por explante (16,39), assim como as maiores taxas de comprimento dos brotos (1,08 cm), número médio de folhas por broto (5,00) e comprimento da maior folha (0,56 cm). Este trabalho determinou as melhores condições para produção de brotos de B. euphemiae a partir de explantes foliares, representando o primeiro relato de micropropagação desta espécie.

Tank bromeliad water: similar or distinct environments for research of bacterial bioactives?

The Atlantic Rainforest does not have a uniform physiognomy, its relief determines different environmental conditions that define the composition of its flora and fauna. Within this ecosystem, bromeliads that form tanks with their leaves hold water reservoirs throughout the year, maintaining complex food chains, based mainly on autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria. Some works concluded that the water held by tank bromeliads concentrate the microbial diversity of their ecosystem. To investigate the bacterial diversity and the potential biotechnology of these ecosystems, tank bromeliads of the Neoregelia cruenta species from the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil were used as models for this research. Bacteria isolated from these models were tested for production of bioactive compounds. DGGE of the water held by tank bromeliads was performed in different seasons, locations and sun exposure to verify whether these environmental factors affect bacterial communities. The DGGE bands profile showed no grouping of bacterial community by the environmental factors tested. Most of the isolates demonstrated promising activities in the tests performed. Collectively, these results suggest that tank bromeliads of the N. cruenta species provide important habitats for a diverse microbial community, suggesting that each tank forms a distinct micro-habitat. These tanks can be considered excellent sources for the search for new enzymes and/or new bioactive composites of microbial origin.

Flagellate protist abundance in phytotelmata of Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae) in the upper Paraná river basin / Abundância de protozoários flagelados em fitotelmata de Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae) na bacia do alto rio Paraná

In some Bromeliaceae species the leaf sheaths form a tank or phytotelma, accumulating water and organic detritus, conditions that allow the establishment of different communities. Thus, this study evaluated the relationship between diameter and volume of water in the tank of the bromeliad Aechmea distichantha Lem. and density of flagellates found in the phytotelmata, as well as the influence of the hydrological periods and proximity of sampled strata on the phytotelma patterns of abundance distribution. Samplings were conducted in two hydrological periods in 2010. In each sampling, four plants were collected from three different strata, classified according to the distance from the river level. A one-way ANOVA identified significant differences in flagellate density between hydrological periods. The influence of the water volume in the phytotelmata on the flagellate density was evidenced by regression analyses, as well as the lack of relationship between the density and perimeter of the tank. Moreover, the distance of the strata from the river level did not influence the pattern of flagellate abundance. Thus, our results suggested that the hydrological period and the volume of water in the tanks of Aechmea distichantha are determinant on the abundance of heterotrophic flagellate in the phytotelmata.

Em algumas Bromeliaceae as bainhas foliares formam uma cisterna ou fitotelma, onde ocorre acúmulo de água e detritos orgânicos, que permitem o estabelecimento de diferentes comunidades. Assim, este estudo avaliou a relação entre o diâmetro e volume de água no tanque de Aechmea distichantha Lem. e a abundância de flagelados encontrados nestes fitotelmata, bem como a influência do período hidrológico e a proximidade dos estratos amostrados sobre os padrões de distribuição desse atributo. As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos hidrológicos no ano de 2010. Foram coletadas quatro plantas em três estratos diferentes de acordo com a distância em relação ao rio. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre a densidade dos flagelados e os períodos hidrológicos. Além disso, verificou-se a influência do volume de água presente nos fitotelmata sobre a densidade dos flagelados, bem como a ausência de relação entre a densidade desses protistas e o perímetro do tanque das bromélias. A distância dos distintos estratos em relação ao rio não influenciou a abundância dos flagelados. Assim, os resultados sugerem que o período hidrológico bem como o volume de água presente nos tanques de Aechmea distichantha atuam como um fator determinante sobre a abundância da comunidade de flagelados heterotróficos nos fitotelmata.

The choice of bromeliads as a microhabitat by Scinax argyreornatus (Anura, Hylidae) / A escolha de bromélias, como micro-habitat, por Scinax argyreornatus (Anura, Hylidae)

The association of anurans to bromeliads presents different degrees of interaction such as: eventual, obligatory and bromeligen. The frog species Scinax argyreornatus shows a regular association with these plants. The goal of this study is to characterise the degree of association between the frog S. argyreornatus to different species of bromeliads. We identified which species of bromeliad is regularly associated with S. argyreornatus and recognised which factors interfere with this association preference. We analysed the Concentration of Relative Dominance of frogs per bromeliad species. As possible criteria for frog association preference to different bromeliads species we established the analysis of leaves number, length and width, number of leaf axils, stored water in the axils, pH and relative humidity, among other organographic components. Our observations were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. We also evaluated the preference for association by the constancy of Bodenheimer. The correlation matrix indicated that the relative humidity is the factor responsible for the frog-bromeliads association, except for Aechmea sp.. However Aechmea sp. was the species with greater constancy of occupation followed by Quesnelia arvensis and Neoregelia johannis. According to our statistical results, Aechmea sp. and Q. arvensis are not different regarding organographic parameters, but differ from N. johannis. Our observations suggest that the bromeliads organographic structure and the relative humidity are key conditions which influence the preferences of S. argyreornatus to bromeliad species, while the other features showed no correlation.

A associação dos anuros às bromeliáceas pode apresentar diferentes graus de interação, como: bromelículas eventuais, bromelículas obrigatórios e bromelígenas. Scinax argyreornatus apresenta uma associação frequente a essas plantas. Propõe-se, neste estudo, qualificar esse grau de associação, buscando identificar qual espécie de bromélia é mais ocupada, reconhecendo os fatores que interferem nessa escolha de ocupação. Analisou-se a Concentração de Dominância Relativa dos anuros por espécie de bromélia, sendo considerados como prováveis critérios de escolha: número, largura e comprimento das folhas, número de axilas foliares, volume de água acumulado, pH e umidade relativa, entre outros componentes organográficos, que foram submetidos à ANOVA e, sempre que observadas diferenças significativas, ao teste de Tukey. Avaliou-se também a escolha de ocupação pela constância de Bodenheimer. A matriz de correlação apontou a UR% como o fator responsável pela ocorrência do animal nas bromélias, exceto para Aechmea sp.; entretanto, esta foi a planta com maior Constância de ocupação, seguida por Quesnelia arvensis e Neoregelia johannis. Segundo a ANOVA, Aechmea sp. e Q. arvensis não apresentam diferenças entre si do ponto de vista organográfico, mas diferem de N. johannis. Foi possível inferir que a estrutura organográfica da planta e a UR% são as condições que interferem na escolha de ocupação das bromélias por S. argyreornatus, enquanto as outras características não demonstraram nenhuma correlação.

Chironomid larvae inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata in a fragment of the Atlantic Rainforest in Rio de Janeiro State / Larvas de Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) em fitotelmata de Bromeliaceae em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

A study of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) occurring in phytotelmata of Bromeliaceae was carried out in a fragment of the Atlantic Rain Forest in an area of the city of Magé, Pau Grande, one of the metropolitan areas of Rio de Janeiro City, during a period of 13 months between September 2006 and September 2007. Eight samplings were performed at intervals of 1 ½ months and the content of the phytotelmata of the bromeliad species Neoregelia concentrica (Vellozo) L.B. Smith, 1934 and Aechmea nudicaulis (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1864, were examined. A taxonomical inventory and evaluation of the numerical abundance of Chironomidae larvae were performed in 50 specimens of the bromeliads, being 13 individuals of N. concentrica and 37 of A. nudicaulis. Three taxa of Chironomidae belonging to three distinct subfamilies were recorded: Polypedilum sp., Orthocladiinae genus A and Monopelopia sp. A total of 293 individuals of Chironomidae, were recorded, being 9 Polypedilum sp., 233 Orthocladiinae genus A, and 51 Monopelopia sp., the latter representing the first record of Monopelopia in phytotelmata in Rio de Janeiro State. Considering all samples, a mean density of 3.32 ± 2.62 chironomid larvae per phytotelmata was recorded. There was a positive relationship between the chironomid abundance and both precipitation and the volume of water in the phytotelmata. Apparently there is no preference by the chironomids regarding the colonistion of the bromeliad species.

Um estudo dos Chironomidae presentes em fitotelmata de duas espécies de bromélias com ocorrência em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica de uma área do município de Magé, Pau Grande, uma das áreas metropolitanas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, por um período de 13 meses, entre setembro de 2006 e setembro de 2007. Foram realizadas 8 coletas a intervalos de aproximadamente 1 ½ mês e analisados o conteúdo dos fitotelmata das espécies Neoregelia concentrica (Vellozo) L.B. Smith, 1934 e Aechmea nudicaulis (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1864. Realizou-se o estudo taxonômico e a avaliação da abundância das larvas de Chironomidae em 50 exemplares de bromélias, sendo 13 exemplares de N. concentrica e 37 de A. nudicaulis. Três taxons de Chironomidae pertencentes a três subfamílias distintas foram registradas: Polypedilum sp., Orthocladiinae gênero A e Monopelopia sp. No total foram coletados 293 espécimes de Chironomidae, sendo nove indivíduos de Polypedilum sp., 233 de Orthocladiinae gen. A e 51 de Monopelopia sp., este último, o primeiro registro de Monopelopia em fitotelmata para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Considerando-se todas as amostragens realizadas, obteve-se um valor médio de 3,32 ± 2,62 de larvas de Chironomidae por fitotelmata. A abundância dos Chironomidae nos fitotelmata das bromélias variou de acordo com a precipitação e volume de água encontrado nas bromélias, não havendo preferência por parte dos Chironomidae estudados quanto ao tipo de bromélia para colonização.

A new Brazilian species of Psychoda Latreille, 1796 (Diptera, Psychodidae) collected in a bromeliad / Espécie nova de Psychoda Latreille, 1796 (Diptera, Psychodidae) do Brasil coletada em bromélia

A new species of Psychoda Latreille is described from Brazil. It is the first species of the genus to be collected in a bromeliad. The number of known Psychoda species from Brazil has increased to seven with this description of Psychoda romeroi sp. nov.

Uma nova espécie brasileira de Psychoda Latreille, 1796 (Diptera, Psychodidae) coletada em bromélia. É descrita, pela primeira vez, uma nova espécie de Psychoda Latreille coletada em bromélia. O número atual de espécies brasileiras de Psychoda aumentou para sete com a descrição de Psychoda romeroi sp. nov.

Características germinativas de sementes de Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L. B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae) / Germination characteristics of seeds of Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L. B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae)

Ananas ananassoides é uma planta perene com hábito de crescimento herbáceo e que tem enorme potencial paisagístico porque apresenta flores e brácteas com coloração exuberante e folhas com margens espinescentes que estão distribuídas em roseta. O objetivo deste experimento foi o de avaliar as características germinativas e o efeito de tratamentos pré-germinativos nas sementes da espécie. Primeiro, em um delineamento inteiramentecasualizado, foram investigados seis tratamentos em quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Os tratamentos constaram da imersão em água destilada à temperatura ambiente (25 ± 1,5°C) durante 24, 48 e 72h, imersão em água quente a 90°C durante 2 min. e imersão em ácido sulfúrico p.a. durante 2 min. e com posterior lavagem em água corrente por 24h que foram comparados com um controle. Depois de quatro meses de armazenamento, sementes intactas (controle) foram comparadas com sementes imersas em água a 90°C por 2 min. Assim, a maior porcentagem de germinação (92%) foi obtida com sementes recém-colhidas e imersas em água a 90oC durante 2 min., mas o armazenamento por quatro meses melhorou a porcentagem de germinação (G ≥ 96,0%). Os tempos médios de germinação não diferiram entre as sementes recém-colhidas (de 21,0 a 26,8 dias) e as armazenadas (entre 18,4 e 19,5 dias). A germinação das sementes recém-colhidas e armazenadas foi lenta e distribuída ao longo do tempo experimental.

Ananas ananassoides is a perennial plant with ornamental potential because of flowers and bracts with exuberant colors and herbaceous development where the leaves have spiny margins that are distributed in rosettes. The objective of this experiment with six completely randomized treatments and four replicates of 25 seeds was to evaluate the effects of seed soaking into distilled water at environmental temperature (25 ± 1.5°C) for 24, 48, and 72h; seed soaking into water at 90°C for 2 minutes; seed soaking into sulfuric acid p.a. for 2 minutes followed by tap water washing for 24h, and the control. Thereafter, 4-month-old seeds were immersed into water at 90°C for 2 minutes and compared to the intact seeds (control). Initially, the highest percentage of germination (G=92%) was evaluated in newly collected seeds that were immersed in water at 90°C for 2 minutes. No increases in the percentage of seed germination were detected by seed soakinginto water or sulfuric acid in comparison to the seeds that were immersed in water at 90°C for 2 minutes. However, the percentage of germination was higher than 96% when the seeds were stored for four months. No difference in the mean time to germination was detected between newly collected (between 21.0 and 26.8 days) and stored seeds (between 18.4 and 19.5 days). The germination of newly collected and stored seeds was slow and distributed throughout the experimental time

Bromeliad-inhabiting mosquitoes in an urban botanical garden of dengue endemic Rio de Janeiro - Are bromeliads productive habitats for the invasive vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus?

Immatures of both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus have been found in water-holding bromeliad axils in Brazil. Removal of these plants or their treatment with insecticides in public and private gardens have been undertaken during dengue outbreaks in Brazil despite uncertainty as to their importance as productive habitats for dengue vectors. From March 2005-February 2006, we sampled 120 randomly selected bromeliads belonging to 10 species in a public garden less than 200 m from houses in a dengue-endemic neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro. A total of 2,816 mosquito larvae and pupae was collected, with an average of 5.87 immatures per plant per collection. Culex (Microculex) pleuristriatus and Culex spp of the Ocellatus Group were the most abundant culicid species, found in all species of bromeliads; next in relative abundance were species of the genus Wyeomyia. Only two individuals of Ae. aegypti (0.07 percent) and five of Ae. albopictus(0.18 percent) were collected from bromeliads. By contrast, immatures of Ae. aegypti were found in manmade containers in nearly 5 percent of nearby houses. These results demonstrate that bromeliads are not important producers of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus and, hence, should not be a focus for dengue control. However, the results of this study of only one year in a single area may not represent outcomes in other urban localities where bromeliads, Ae. aegypti and dengue coincide in more disturbed habitats.

In vitro propagation of nidularium fulgens / Propagaciòn in vitro de nidularium fulgens lem / Propagação in vitro de nidularium fulgens lem

Nidularium fulgens Lem. is a native bromeliad species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, used in gardens and vases. Like other bromeliad species, plants are extracted from their environment in order to be commercialized. This study tested different concentrations of growth regulators on the in vitro propagation of N. fulgens. Pre-established in vitro seedlings were inoculated in MS culture medium with BA (6-benzylaminopurine) added at the concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0mg·l-1 in combination with NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0mg·l-1 (experiment 1), and with TDZ (thidiazuron) at 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1mg·l-1 in combination with NAA at 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0mg·l-1 (experiment 2). The combination of auxins and cytokinins, especially TDZ, is important for micropro-pagation of N. fulgens. Higher numbers of shoots were obtained when 0.02mg·l-1 TDZ plus 0.5 or 0.1mg·l-1 NAA or MS medium was supplemented with 1.0mg·l-1 BA and 0.1mg·l-1 NAA. The occurrence of shoots longer than 1.0cm was optimized when MS medium was supplemented with 0.02mg·l-1 TDZ and 0.5mg·l-1 NAA. Roots were not observed when BA or TDZ were added to the MS culture medium. Plants over 2.0cm were acclimatized, resulting in a 100% survival rate. The use of the produced plants is suggested for in vitro preservation programs of endangered populations.

Nidularium fulgens Lem. es una especie de bromelia nativa del Bosque Atlántico Brasilero, utilizada en jardines y floreros. Al igual que con otras especies de bromelias, las plantas son extraídas de su hábitat para ser comercializadas. En este estudio se ensayó el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de reguladores del crecimiento en la propagación de N. fulgens. Plántulas preestablecidas in vitro fueron inoculadas en medio de cultivo MS con BA (6-benzilaminopurina) en concentraciones de 0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 y 4,0mg·l-1 en combinación con NAA (ácido naftaleneacético) 0; 0,1; 0,5 y 1,0mg·l-1 (experimento 1), o inoculadas con TDZ (thidiazuron) 0; 0,01; 0,02; 0,05 y 0,1mg·l-1 en combinación con NAA 0; 0,1; 0,5 y 1,0mg·l-1 (experimento 2). La combinación de auxinas y citoquinas, especialmente TDZ, es importante para la micropropagación de N. fulgens. Se obtuvo más vástagos cuando se empleó 0,02mg·l-1 de TDZ con 0,5 o 0,1mg·l-1 NAA, o cuando el medio MS fue suplementado con 1,0mg·l-1 BA y 0,1mg·l-1 NAA. La ocurrencia de vástagos de más de 1,0cm de largo fue optimizada cuando el medio se suplementó con 0,02mg·l-1 TDZ y 0,5mg·l-1 NAA. No se observaron raíces cuando se añadió BA o TDZ al medio de cultivo. Se aclimatizaron plantas con más de 2,0cm resultando en un 100% de supervivencia. Se sugiere el uso de las plantas producidas para programas de preservación in vitro de poblaciones en peligro de extinción.

Nidularium fulgens Lem. é uma espécie de bromélia nativa do Bosque Atlântico Brasileiro, utilizada em jardins e vasos. Igualmente que com outras espécies de bromélias, as plantas são extraídas de seu hábitat para ser comercializadas. Neste estudo se ensaiou o efeito de diferentes concentrações de reguladores do crescimento na propagação de N. fulgens. Plântulas preestablecidas in vitro foram inoculadas em meio de cultivo MS (MURASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962) com BAP (6-benzilaminopurina) em concentrações de 0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0mg·l-1 em combinação com ANA (ácido naftaleneacético) 0; 0,1; 0,5 e 1,0mg·l-1 (experimento 1), ou inoculadas com TDZ (thidiazuron) 0; 0,01; 0,02; 0,05 e 0,1mg·l-1 em combinação com ANA 0; 0,1; 0,5 e 1,0mg·l-1 (experimento 2). A combinação de auxinas e citoquinas, especialmente TDZ, é importante para a micropropagação de N. fulgens. Obteve-se maior número de germinações quando se empregou 0,02mg·l-1 de TDZ com 0,5 ou 0,1mg·l-1 ANA, ou quando o meio MS foi suplementado com 1,0mg·l-1 BAP e 0,1mg·l-1 ANA. A ocorrência de partes aéreas com mais de 1,0cm de comprimento foi optimizada quando o meio foi suplementado com 0,02mg·l-1 TDZ e 0,5mg·l-1 ANA. Não foram observadas raízes quando acrescentado BAP ou TDZ ao meio de cultivo. Aclimatizaram-se plantas com mais de 2,0cm resultando em um 100% de sobrevivência. Sugere-se o uso das plantas produzidas para programas de preservação in vitro de populações em perigo de extinção.

Culicídeos em bromélias: diversidade de fauna segundo influência antrópica, litoral de São Paulo / Culícidos en bromelias: diversidad de fauna según influencia antrópica, litoral de Brasil / Culicidae in bromeliads: diversity of species by anthropic environments, coastal area of Southeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Comparar a diversidade da fauna de culicídeos em bromélias de solo segundo ambientes urbano, periurbano e mata primitiva. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado no município de Ilhabela, litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, em tanques de bromélias de ambientes urbano, periurbano e mata. Realizaram-se coletas de imaturos quinzenalmente, de março de 1998 a julho de 1999. A presença e freqüência de espécies nos diferentes ambientes foram comparadas com base em estimativas da diversidade para medir a riqueza, dominância e análise de variância (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Coletaram-se 31.134 formas imaturas de mosquitos nas bromélias, distribuídas em sete gêneros e 37 espécies. O ambiente urbano registrou maior abundância, 14.575 indivíduos, seguido do periurbano com 10.987, e a mata, com o menor número de exemplares, 5.572. Foram coletadas 30 espécies no habitat urbano, 32 no periurbano e 33 na mata. As espécies dominantes foram Culex (Microculex) pleuristriatus nos ambientes urbano e periurbano, e Culex ocellatus na mata. De acordo com teste ANOVA a freqüência de mosquitos em bromélias não foi diferente entre os ambientes pesquisados (F=0,5564; p=0,5769). A diversidade de espécies na mata foi maior, e semelhante entre periurbano e urbano...

OBJECTIVE: To compare diversity of Culicidae species collected from ground bromeliads in an urban, and periurban area and primitive forest. METHODS: Study carried out in the city of Ilhabela, northern stretch of the coast of the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from March 1998 to July 1999. Fortnightly immature Culicidae collections were undertaken in bromeliad tanks located in urban, and periurban areas, and primitive forest. The frequencies of species collected in the different environments were compared based on the estimated diversity to assess their richness, dominance and variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: A total of 31,134 immature mosquitoes from seven different genera and 37 species were collected from ground bromeliads. The urban environment had the greatest abundance (14,575 specimens), followed by the periurban (10,987) and then the forest environment (5,572). There were collected 30 species in the urban habitat, 32 in the periurban and 33 in the forest. The most dominant species were: Culex (Microculex) pleuristriatus in the urban and periurban areas, and Culex ocellatus in the forest. There was no difference in the frequency of mosquitoes in bromeliads in the different environments studied using ANOVA (F=0.5564; p=0.5769). The diversity of immature mosquitoes was greater in the forest and similar in the urban and periurban environments...

OBJETIVO: Comparar la diversidad de la fauna de culícidos en bromelias de suelo según ambientes urbano, periurbano y selva virgen. MÉTODOS: El estudio fue realizado en el municipio de Ilhabela, litoral norte del estado de Sao Paulo (Sureste de Brasil), en tanques de bromelias de ambientes urbano, periurbano y selva virgen. Se realizaron colectas de inmaduros quincenalmente, de marzo de 1998 a julio de 1999. La presencia y frecuencia de especies en los diferentes ambientes fueron comparadas con base en estimaciones de la diversidad para medir la riqueza, dominancia y análisis de varianza (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Se colectaron 31.134 formas inmaduras de mosquitos en las bromelias, distribuidas en siete géneros y 37 especies. El ambiente urbano registró mayor abundancia, 14.575 individuos, seguido del periurbano con 10.987, y la selva virgen, con el menor número de ejemplares, 5.572. Fueron colectadas 30 especies en el habitat urbano, 32 en el periurbano y 33 en la selva. Las especies dominantes fueron Culex (Microculex) pleuristriatus en los ambientes urbano y perirurbano, y Culex ocellatus en la selva. De acuerdo con el test de ANOVA la frecuencia de mosquitos en bromelias no fue diferente entre los ambientes investigados (F=0,5564; p=0,5769). La diversidad de especies en la selva fue mayor, y semejante entre el periurbano y el urbano...

Effects of a fire on a population of treefrogs (Scinax cf. alter, Lutz) in a restinga habitat in southern Brazil / Efeitos de uma queimada em uma população de pererecas (Scinax cf. alter) em um habitat de restinga no sul do Brasil

The area of the Dunas da Joaquina, in Santa Catarina island, contains one of the most important remnants of restinga habitat in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. In December 2003, a fire occurred in a portion of this area, affecting most of the vegetation, including the bromeliad community. In this study, the density of individuals and the diet composition of the bromelicolous treefrog Scinax cf. alter were compared between the area affected by the fire and an adjacent unburned area. One-hundred-and-fifty-eight ground bromeliads (Vriesea friburguensis) were dissected and searched for the presence of treefrogs among their leaves. We found 30 frogs in 29.5 percent (23/78) of the bromeliads from the unburned site, with a mean of 1.3 frogs per rosette, and 15 frogs in 12.5 percent (10/80) of the bromeliads from the burned site, with a mean of 1.6 frogs per rosette. Eight (27 percent) of the frogs from the unburned site and eleven (73 percent) of those from the burned site had empty stomachs. Frogs from the burned site also contained less prey per stomach than those from the unburned site. The data suggest that the fire has negatively affected the local population of Scinax cf. alter, though it is possible that the population can recover.

A área das Dunas da Joaquina, na Ilha de Santa Catarina, contém um dos remanescentes mais importantes de habitat de restinga no Estado de Santa Catarina, no Sul do Brasil. Em dezembro de 2003, ocorreu uma queimada em uma porção desta área, afetando a maior parte da vegetação, incluindo a comunidade de bromélias. Neste estudo, comparamos a densidade de indivíduos e a composição da dieta da perereca bromelícola Scinax cf. alter entre a área afetada pelo fogo e a uma área adjacente que não foi afetada. Cento e cinqüenta e oito bromélias de chão (Vriesea friburguensis) foram dissecadas e examinadas quanto à presença de pererecas entre suas folhas. Foram encontradas 30 pererecas em 29,5 por cento (23/78) das bromélias da área não-queimada, com uma média de 1,3 indivíduos por roseta; e 15 pererecas em 12,5 por cento (10/80) das bromélias da área queimada, com uma média de 1,6 indivíduos por roseta. Oito (27 por cento) dos animais da área não-queimada; e onze (73 por cento) dos da área queimada estavam com o estômago vazio. As pererecas da área queimada também tiveram menos presas por estômago que as da área não-queimada. Os dados sugerem que o fogo afetou negativamente a população local de Scinax cf. alter, embora seja possível a sua recuperação.

The occurrence of amphibians in bromeliads from a Southeastern Brazilian restinga habitat, with special reference to Aparasphenodon brunoi (Anura, Hylidae)

Five species of anuran amphibians, all belonging to the family Hylidae, were collected at Praia das Neves, municipality of Presidente Kennedy, southeastern Brazil,. The species were represented by four genera: Scinax, Hyla, Aparasphenodon, and Trachycephalus. Four species (A. brunoi, Hyla albomarginata, Scinax altera, and S. cuspidatus) were found during the dry season (August 1999), and two (A. brunoi and Trachycephalus nigromaculatus) in the rainy season (February 2000). Aparasphenodon brunoi was the most abundant species in Praia das Neves. Some reproductive aspects and feeding habits of this hylid were investigated. Aparasphenodon brunoi was found mainly inside the bromeliad Aechmea lingulata, the largest plant analyzed. Fifteen specimens were collected during the dry season (August 1999) (11 males and 4 females). During the rainy season (February 2000), we collected 14 specimens (3 males, 10 females, and 1 juvenile). Sex-ratio was 1:1. Frogs ranged in snout-vent length from 31.2 to 69.3 mm. Females were larger than males. One female had 1,451 fully developed oocytes in her ovaries. The major groups of prey found in the stomachs were: Insecta, Myriapoda, and Arachnida. Blattodea, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera (only ants) were the main food types in frequency, number, and weight. Aparasphenodon brunoi is a threatened species in many habitats of southeastern Brazil. Only natural vegetation protection may guarantee its survival during the immediate future.

Cinco espécies de anfíbios anuros ocorreram em bromélias localizadas na restinga de Praia das Neves, Município de Presidente Kennedy, Sudeste do Brasil, as quais pertenceram a quatro gêneros: Aparasphenodon, Hyla, Scinax e Trachycephalus. Quatro espécies (A. brunoi, Hyla albomarginata, Scinax altera e S. cuspidatus) foram coletadas durante o período seco (agosto de 1999), mas somente duas (A. brunoi e Trachycephalus nigromaculatus) durante o período de chuva (fevereiro de 2000). Aparasphenodon brunoi foi a espécie mais representada e é um anfíbio anuro que se esconde durante o dia, principalmente dentro da bromélia-tanque Aechmea lingulata. A dieta e alguns aspectos da fecundidade desse hilídeo foram investigados. Quinze exemplares foram coletados durante o período de seca (agosto de 1999) (11 machos e 4 fêmeas) e 14 (3 machos, 10 fêmeas e 1 juvenil) durante o período de chuva (fevereiro de 2000). A razão sexual total macho/fêmea foi de 1:1. Aparasphenodon brunoi variou no comprimento rostro-anal de 31,2 a 69,3 mm. Fêmeas eram maiores do que os machos. Apenas uma fêmea tinha ovários com ovócitos completamente desenvolvidos, em um total de 1.451 ovócitos. Os principais grupos de presas encontrados nos estômagos foram: Insecta, Myriapoda e Arachnida. Blattodea, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera (só formigas) representaram as principais presas de A. brunoi, tanto na freqüência de ocorrência quanto no número relativo de presas ingeridas e no peso. Aparasphenodon brunoi é uma espécie ameaçada de extinção em diferentes habitats no Sudeste do Brasil. Somente a proteção da cobertura vegetal de seus ambientes naturais poderá garantir a existência desse hilídeo nos próximos anos.