Identification And Cytotoxic Activity From N– Hexane Fraction Of Bruguiera Gymnorhiza To Hela Cells Against

introduction: Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a vital life-saving intervention, easy skills to learn and performed when witnessing a victim of cardiopulmonary arrest. since the School teachers are the rst line of interventions in schools where students spend 7 to 8 hours per day thus any life-threatening situation could happen so, School teachers must be aware of BLS performance. this study conducted to assess the awareness and attitude of School teachers regarding BLS. Methodology An analytic cross-sectional study through self-administered modied questionnaire among 469 from school teachers in Qatif, Dammam and Khobar city, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. the questionnaire was validated by 8 experts from family medicine experts, public health and department of emergency, The questionnaire is divided into ve main parts as follows: demographic data section ,Knowledge towards BLS performance ability, Attitude towards BLS. And Barriers. Results: only 23.8 % of school teachers had previous training, about half of school teachers had poor BLS knowledge. 25.8% Knew the contact numbers for emergency ,44.4% knew what the rst step in BLS. only 14.1% are competent to do BLS if indicated. Majority of secondary school teachers are willing to enroll in BLS courses (92.9%) and Majority of them (90.7%) agree that BLS should be a part of school curriculum . in another hand only (35.3%) agreed that BLS training should be mandatory to their job's certication. conclusion:Although a majority of teachers not received previous CPR training, and had poor BLS knowledge, willingness to have BLS training was high and having BLS as a part school's curriculum was recommended by the majority of the teachers

Molecular phylogenetic relationships among four species of the mangrove tree genus Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae), as revealed by chromosome and RAPD markers

Analysis of karyotype, nuclear DNA content and RAPD markers were performed in four species of Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) of Bhitarkanika mangrove forests, Orissa, India. Detailed karyotype analysis revealing 2n=34 in B. cylindrica and 2n=36 in B. gymnorrhiza was reported for the first time and 2n=34 in B. parviflora and B. sexangula was confirmed. On the basis of the common types of chromosomes present among Bruguiera, two distinct groups were found; one consists of B. cylindrica and B. parviflora and the other of B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula. The symmetrical karyotype with same chromosome types grouped B. cylindrica and B. parviflora together and presence of Type E chromosomes placed B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula in a separate group, suggesting their closer affinity in their respective group. Analysis of chromosome length, volume, INV and 4C DNA content confirmed this division. Nuclear DNA content was two-fold higher (~17.0 pg) in the second group than in the first (~8.0 pg). The amplification products generated through RAPD revealed 1-9 amplicons with size variations from 600 bp to 2 500 bp with 49.31% genetic similarity between B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula and 47.10% in between B. cylindrica and B. parviflora. The high copy number marker band (~ 1 100 bp) yielded in OPN-15 primer in B. parviflora the characteristic DNA marker, which was cloned and used as probes for assessment of genetic diversity, and demonstrated its close genetic affinity to B. cylindrica. B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula also produced similar marker bands of ~600 bp and ~2 200 bp in the same primer. All of the cytological, 4C DNA content and RAPD data confirmed the existence of two taxonomically distinct groups of Bruguiera: one consisting of B. cylindrica and B. parviflora and the other of B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula as placed earlier (1862) in the tribe Rhizophoreae by Bentham and Hooker, on the basis of the flowering habits of Bruguiera. Genetically, the B. sexangula and B. gymnorrhiza group was found to be very closely, rather than distantly, related to B. parviflora and B. cylindrica. Our results demonstrate that molecular markers together with cytological evidence provide an effective tool to access the existing interspecific genetic polymorphism in mangrove species, to solve the taxonomic problems and to design their conservation strategy. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 437-448. Epub 2007 June, 29.

Estudiamos cuatro especies del mangle Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) en Orissa, India. Los cromosomas indican queB. cylindrica y B. parviflora son un grupo taxonómico, y que B. gymnorrhiza y B. sexangula son otro. Genéticamente, el par B. sexangula y B. gymnorrhiza está cercanamente emparentado con B. parviflora and B. cylindrica. Nuestros datos indican que el uso combinado de marcadores genéticos y evidencia citológica permiten discernir el polimorfismo genético interespecífico en los mangles, tanto para resolver problemas taxonómicos como para diseña estrategias eficaces de conservación.