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Objective: To establish the composition-activity relationship (CAR) model based on study of chemical composition and relating proliferation inhibitory rate of Corydalis soxicola and recognize the anti-hepatic fibrosis active compounds of C. soxicola. Methods: Nine orthogonal C. soxicola extract were analyzed by HPLC, and 21 characteristic peaks were profiled. Anti-hepatic fibrosis activity was investigated by MTT assays on HSC-T6, and the potential active components were identified by scores plot and variable importance in projection (VIP) values by means of orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis, and the activities of identified components were verified by MTT and flow cytometry. LDH kit was used to detect the effect of dehydrocavidine, palmatine, and berberine on LDH activity. Results: The results showed that six peaks including peaks 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, and 20 were significantly related to anti-hepatic fibrosis activity among nine orthogonal extract from C. soxicola. Peaks 18, 19, and 20 were characterized as dehydrocavidine, palmatine, and berberine, respectively. MTT assay showed that dehydrocavidine, palmatine, and berberine with various concentration significantly inhibited the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells. It was also found in flow cytometry that the apoptotic rates of dehydrocavidine, palmatine, and berberine (0.10 mg/mL) on HSC-T6 were 42.12%, 42.22%, and 36.73%, respectively, which were obviously higher than that of control (1.69%, P < 0.01). No obvious cytotoxic effect was found when the final concentration of dehydrocavidine, palmatine, and berberine were less than 0.15, 0.10, and 0.10 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, it was for the first time found that dehydrocavidine, palmatine, and berberine in C. soxicola extract can effectively inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of HSC-T6 based on composition-activity relationship, and there was no obvious cytotoxic effect of the effective concentration, which showed that they may be the active components with potential anti-hepatic fibrosis effect and have a certain security in the application in C. soxicola. At the same time, it also suggests that the research ideas based on CAR can provide an effective method for the identification of active components in natural plants.
ABSTRACT
The duration of life history state (LHS) reflects the adaptive strategy a species has evolved to cope with a changing environment. Inhabitants at different latitudes may thus have significant differences in the rates of metabolic and physiological processes underlying LHSs. Birds, in order to maximize their fitness in the environment in which they live, seasonally switch from one LHS to another during the year. The present study investigated whether an annual itinerary of a species would determine its rate of reaction to inductive long days. We compared the photoinduced cycles of changes in body mass and testes, as indices of migratory and reproductive LHSs, between two long day breeding species, the migratory redheaded bunting and non-migratory Indian weaverbird. Changes in body mass and testis size were measured in photosensitive buntings and weaverbirds (n = 7 each) on short days (LD 8:16) subjected first to 0.5 h weekly light increments until the light period was 13 h per day, and then maintained on LD 13:11 for another 32 weeks. A similar observation was recorded on a group of buntings (n = 14) and weaverbirds (n = 9) maintained on increasing natural day lengths (NDL; Lucknow, 26°55' N, 80°59' E) for 47 weeks. As predicted, the rates of induction of seasonal cycles under an identical inductive photoperiod were significantly faster in temperate buntings with five annual LHSs than in the subtropical weaverbirds with three annual LHSs. This suggests that annual itineraries of songbirds with which they may have evolved with at their breeding latitudes, determine their response to the external photoperiodic environment.
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Objective: To study the alkaloids from Corydalis saxicola and their anti-oxidative activities. Methods: The alkaloids were separated and purified by various column chromatography and identified according to their spectral analyses. The anti-oxidation activities were investigated on DPPH radical scavenging assay. Results: Sixteen compounds were obtained and identified as cavidine (1), stylopine (2), canadine (3), tetrahydropalmatine (4), cheilanthifoline (5), scoulerine (6), protopine (7), dehydrocheilanthifoline (8), dehydroisoapocavidine (9), berberine (10), dehydrodiscretamine (11), chelerythrine (12), dehydrocavidine (13), corypalline (14), isocorydine (15), and pallidine (16). The alkaloids from C. saxicla were measured by the model of scavenging the stable DPPH radical, which showed a concentration dependent scavenging effect. Conclusion: Compounds 3, 5, 8, 11, and 16 are isolated from C. saxicola for the first time. Compounds 5 and 16 show the strong anti-oxidative activities.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a method of HPLC fingerprint to determine the contents of primary alkaloids in Corydalis saxicola Bunting cells. METHODS: The determination was performed on a Dikma Diamonsil C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was acetonitrile and water (40:60) supplemented with 3.4 g·L-1 KH2PO4 and 1.7 g·L-1 SDS. The chromatogram was monitored at 345 nm. The flow rate was 1 mL·min-1, and the column temperature was kept at 25°C. RESULTS: The linear regression equations for dehydrocavidine and berberine wereY=3645.2X+47.61 (r=0.9989) and Y=4172.7X+73.52 (r=0.9992), and the average recoveries were 97.9% and 98.2%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day RSDs of these alkaloids were lower than 3%. CONCLUSION: An effective method with good precision was established for the determination of the alkaloids in cultured C. saxicolacells. The Results of resemblances evaluation of the fingerprints were satisfactory. This method can be used as the quality and quantity control of C. saxicola cells.
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Objective To study the anti-HBV constituents from Corydalis saxola. Methods The constituents were repeatedly purified by column chromatography and were identified on the basis of spectral analysis and comparison of their spectral data with those previously reported. Compounds isolated in large amounts were assayed against HBV. Results Sixteen compounds were identified to be dihydrosanguinarine (1), d-corydaline (2), cavidine (3), stylopine (4), 6-acetonyl-5, 6-dihydrosanguinarine (5), dihydrochelerythrine (6), tetrahydropalmatine (7), adlumidine (8), (-)-salutaridine (9), palmatine (10), protopine (11), berberine (12), coptisine (13), thalifaurine (14), dehydroapocavidine (15), and (+)-magnoflorine (16). Compounds 5, 6, 8-11, 13, and 16 with high amounts were chosen to detect anti-HBV activities. Compounds 5 and 8 were moderately active, compounds 11 and 16 showed weak inhibitory effects, while compound 6 exihibited the most potent activity against HBsAg and HBeAg secretions in HepG 2.2.15 cell line, followed by compound 9. Conclusion Compounds 1, 4-6, 8, 9, 13, 14, and 16 are isolated from C. saxicola for the first time. Compound 10 is the main constituent and compound 6 exihibits the most potent activity against HBV.
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This paper presents the first record of three chewing lice species of the genus Myrsidea collected from one emberizid and two thraupid hosts in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Morphological characters of M. seminuda are added for the last redescription of this species and a new key to males of 'bonariensis species group' is presented.
O presente trabalho registra pela primeira vez três espécies de malófagos do gênero Myrsidea coletadas de um emberezídeo e dois traupídeos no Mato Grosso do Sul. Caracteres morfológicos de M. seminuda são adicionados para a última redescrição da espécie e uma nova chave para identificação de machos do grupo de espécies "bonariensis" é apresentada.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Phthiraptera/physiology , Passeriformes/parasitology , Brazil , Phthiraptera/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
This paper reviews the factors and mechanisms which result in the development of the metabolic state characteristic of migration with special reference to a palaeotropic migrant the redheaded bunting, Emberiza bruniceps. Changes in climatic conditions and food supply act as proximate triggers of migratory behaviour in partial migrants. Typical migrants like buntings use daylength as a cue but the exact mechanism of how photoperiodic information is translated in terms of migratory events is still not known. Almost entirely the photoperiodic effects have been explained on the basis of the involvement of hypothalamo/hypophyseal system. We feel mechanism(s) other than those acting through neuroendocrine system may be equally important. Furthermore the role of temperature has not been adequately explored so far. Our observations indicate the possibility that redheaded buntings might integrate the information received from photoperiod with environmental temperature (and other factors?) resulting in the development of migratory state. The physiological control of avian migration is much less understood. Majority of papers have centered around the ‘gonadal hypothesis’ of Rowan supporting or contradicting it without providing conclusive evidence. Pituitary prolactin has also been shown to be implicated although the mechanism of action is only speculative. Conclusive evidence for the involvement of thyroid hormones (thyroxine, T4; triiodothyronine, T3) in the physiological timing of migration has been produced attributing independent roles to T4 and T3. It is suggested that seasonal variation in peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 could serve as an effective strategy to render available the required thyroid hormones T4 and/or T3 during different phases of the year thus accounting for the metabolic switch over from T4-dependent moult to T3-dependent migratory fat deposition and zugunruhe and also ensuring preclusion of simultaneous occurrence of these mutually incompatible events. Considering that the number of environmental and physiological factors influence this mechanism and considering that thyroid hormone molecule has been put to a wide range of usage during the course of evolution the mechanism(s) of peripheral conversion of T4-T3 may assume great flexibility and have selective value-especially in migration which is known to have evolved several times in diverse avian families. The attractiveness of this hypothesis lies in the fact that it has potential to explain the both physiological development of the metabolic state of migration and at the same time the physiological timing of migration not only with respect to the cycle of environment but also with respect to other conflicting seasonal events (moult and reproduction).