Efectividad a 3 y 6 meses de una intervención integral para caries dental. En escolares de Santiago de María, Usulután; Ilobasco, Cabañas; Lourdes Colón, Santa tecla y Tamanique, La Libertad / Effectiveness at 3 and 6 months of an integral intervention for dental caries. In schoolchildren from Santiago de María, Usulután; Ilobasco, Cabins; Lourdes Colón, Santa Key and Tamanique, La Libertad

Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad a 3 y 6 meses de una intervención para prevenir y tratar la caries en dientes permanentes, en escolares de 9-11 años, atendidos por cinco establecimientos de salud en el año 2017. Metodología: Esta investigación fue una intervención comunitaria, de tipo cuasi-experimental con grupo control pre-post, en 150 escolares. En total fueron ejecutados 1,970 tratamientos; de los cuales 165 fueron remineralizaciones de flúor barniz; 1501 sellantes y 304 obturaciones; acompañados de educación en higiene oral. Las variables analizadas fueron: reducción de placa dentobacteriana; prevención y limitación del daño de lesiones cariosas y supervivencia de los tratamientos ejecutados. La prueba estadística utilizada fue la de Wilcoxon, el Análisis de la Varianza (ANOVA), tomando en cuenta la F de Fisher y la Significancia. Resultados: El diagnóstico de placa dentobacteriana óptimo fue de 52.67% en la evaluación inicial, el cual 6 meses después de la intervención incrementó a un 78.67%. En los SFF se encontró una supervivencia a los 3 y 6 meses de 97.25% y 82.27%, y en las obturaciones de 100% y 98.03% respectivamente. En cuanto a la afectación por caries dental inicial se identificó un 18.34%, luego de la intervención se redujo a 4.72%. Conclusión: La intervención mostró a 3 y 6 meses, ser efectiva para prevenir y tratar caries dental en dientes permanentes.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness to 3 and 6 months of an intervention to prevent and treat caries in permanent teeth, in schoolchildren of 9-11 years, attended by five health establishments in the year 2017. Methodology: This research was a community intervention, of quasiexperimental type with pre-post control group, in 150 schoolchildren. In total, 1.970 treatments were executed; of which 165 were remineralization of fluoride varnish; 1501 sealants and 304 fillings; accompanied by oral hygiene education. The variables analyzed were: reduction of dental plaque; prevention and limitation of damage to carious lesions and survival of the treatments performed. The statistical test used was that of Wilcoxon, the Kaplan Meier Survival Estimator, the variance analysis (ANOVA), taking into account Fisher's F and significance. Results: The dental plaque initial diagnosis was optimum with a 52.67% on first evaluation, this increased to a 78.67% after 6 months of intervention. In sealants were found a survival of 97.25% and 85.27% after 3 and 6 months of intervention; in fillings the survival was of 100% and 98.03% respectively. In regards of caries affectation, an 18.34% was identified on initial evaluation, after intervention this was reduced to a 4-72%. Conclusión: The intervention showed within 3 and 6 months, to be effective to prevent and treat dental caries in permanent teeth.

Prevalencia de alteraciones periodontales y necesidad de tratamiento, asociada a factores sociodemográficos en población adulta atendida por dos unidades comunitarias de salud familiar en el año 2015 / Prevalence of periodontal alterations and need for treatment, associated with sociodemographic factors in the adult population attended by two community family health units in 2015

Establecer la prevalencia de las alteraciones periodontales y la necesidad de tratamiento asociada a factores sociodemográficos en población adulta de dos municipios de El Salvador. Metodología: Estudio observacional-descriptivo transversal, con asociación de variables, entre alteraciones periodontales (sangrado gingival, presencia o no de bolsas periodontales y cálculo dental) necesidad de tratamiento y factores sociodemográficos (edad, sexo, ocupación del tiempo productivo, área de residencia, nivel de escolaridad, conocimiento y práctica de higiene bucal). Durante 9 meses (junio 2015-febrero 2016), se aplicó el Índice Periodontal Comunitario en guía de observación y una cédula de entrevista a 540 usuarios de las Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar de Mizata, Teotepeque y Oratorio de Concepción. Resultados: El 50.56% de la población presenta sondaje de 3.5 mm y cálculo supra y subgingival, cuya necesidad de tratamiento es educación y motivación más raspaje y profilaxis; seguido del 22.04 % con sondaje de 4 a 5 mm quienes necesitan además de la educación y motivación raspado, alisado radicular y profilaxis; el 2.2% fueron pacientes sanos. Los hombres padecen alteraciones periodontales de mayor gravedad 1.10 veces más que las mujeres. Las personas que mantienen un trabajo informal presentan 1.11 más veces mayor alteración periodontal. Los que cursaron entre educación media y superior tienen 3.23 veces menos riesgo de presentar alteraciones periodontales de mayor gravedad y la prevalencia de alteraciones periodontales está asociada a las prácticas en salud bucal (P valor= 0.000). Conclusión: La alteración periodontal prevalente se encuentra en los códigos 2 y 3 del CPITN, Existe asociación significativa entre los factores sociodemográficos (edad, sexo, ocupación del tiempo productivo, nivel de escolaridad, conocimiento y práctica de higiene bucal) con la gravedad de alteraciones periodontales.

Objective: To establish the prevalence of periodontal alterations and the need for treatment associated with sociodemographic factors in adult population in two municipalities of El Salvador. Methodology: A cross-sectional and observational-descriptive study, with association of variables, among periodontal changes (bleeding, presence or not of periodontal pockets and calculus) need for treatment and sociodemographic factors (age, sex, occupation of productive time, area of residence, education level, and knowledge and practice of oral hygiene). During 9 months (June 2015 - February 2016), the Community Periodontal Index was applied on a observation guide and interviews were conducted with 540 users of the Family Community Health Centers of Mizata, Teotepeque and Oratorio de Concepción. Results: 50.56% of the population had a 3.5 mm of periodontal probing, and a supra and subgingival calculus, whose need for treatment is education and motivation plus scaling and prophylaxis; followed by 22.04% with probing of 4 to 5 mm who need education and motivation, scaling, root planing and prophylaxis; 2.2% were healthy patients. Men suffer from periodontal alterations of greater severity 1.10 times more than women. The people who maintain an informal work present 1.11 more times greater periodontal alteration. Those who attended secondary and higher education are 3.23 times less likely to have periodontal alterations of greater severity and the prevalence of periodontal alterations is associated with oral health practices (P value = 0.000). Conclusion: The prevalence of periodontal alteration is found in codes 2 and 3 of the CPITN. There is a significant association between sociodemographic factors (age, sex, occupancy of productive time, educational level, and knowledge and practice of oral hygiene) with the severity of periodontal alterations.

Cálculo dental una revisión de literatura y presentación de una condición inusual / Dental calculus a literature review and presentation of a condition unusual dim

El cálculo es todo depósito calcificado que se forma sobre los dientes naturales y las prótesis dentales. Se clasifica en supragingival y subgingival, según su relación con el margen gingival; está compuesto por elementos inorgánicos (70 a 90%) y orgánicos. El cálculo es la placa dental mineralizada y se considera un factor de riesgo de las enfermedades periodontales ya que va a favorecer el acumulo bacteriano por su superficie porosa y dificultar su control con las medidas de higiene habituales. El cálculo se elimina mecánicamente mediante ultrasonidos y pulido dental en la clínica dental. Sin embargo, en grandes formadores de cálculo se debe controlar químicamente su formación para así alargar el tiempo entre visitas, facilitar su eliminación y minimizar los efectos negativos de las profilaxis frecuentes. Se presenta un caso inusual de cálculo dental en un paciente de género femenino de 30 años de edad que acude a consulta por presentar inflamación y dolor de la región maxilar, se procede a su tratamiento eliminando formaciones de cálculo hasta de 4cm

Dental calculus is defined as mineralized dental plaque that is form over natural tooth and dental prosthesis, is classified into supragingival and subgingival depends in its relation with the gum. Dental calculus is composed of inorganic components (70 to 90%) and organic matrix. Dental calculus is the mineralized plaque and its consider a risk factor for periodontal disease due to help bacteria accumulate for its porous superficies and difficult control with regular dental care. Dental calculus is removed with scaling and polishing in dental office. In patients heavy calculus formers we should use chemical control to prevent its formation and prolong the time between visits, easy elimination of calculus and minimize the negative effects of frequently prophylaxis. A case report is presented in a 30 year old female patient that goes to dental office with the chief complain of swelling and pain in the maxillary region, examination showed calculus formation of more than 4 cm

Condiciones de salud publica periodontal en niños en edad escolar / Periodontal health conditions in school children

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el estado de salud periodontal en niños en edad escolar. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. La población estuvo constituida por 92 niños entre 6 y 14 años de edad, de la Escuela Básica "Fray Juan Ramos de Lora", Mérida, Venezuela. Se estudiaron las variables presencia de placa y cálculo dental y signos de periodontopatías, aplicando el Índice de Higiene Bucal Simplificado y el Índice Periodontal Comunitario, según metodología descrita por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El 90,2% de la población estudiada presentó placa dental, en contraste con un 9,8% que no presentó. El 78,2% no presentó cálculo dental, en contraste con el 17,8% que si presentó. Asimismo, el 14,1% presentó hemorragia. El mayor porcentaje de la población estudiada presenta altos índices de placa dental y un menor porcentaje presenta cálculo y signos de periodontopatías. Se concluye que la población estudiada presenta factores de riesgo para la aparición de caries dental, por lo que se recomienda la implementación de programas preventivos-educativos de higiene bucal

To evaluate the status of periodontal health in school-age children. A descriptive study cross-sectional study was performed. The population consisted of 92 children with ages ranging from 6 and 14 years old of basic school Fray Juan Ramos de Lora, Mérida, Venezuela. The variables presence of dental plaque and calculus, and signs of periodontal diseases, applying the simplified oral hygiene index, and the community periodontal index, according to methodology described by the World Health, were studied. 90.2% of the study population presented dental plaque, in contrast to a 9.8% who did not submit. The 78.2% did not presented dental calculus, in contrast to 17. 8 % if presented. Likewise, 14% had bleeding. The largest percentage of the population study provides high levels of dental plaque and a lower percentage presents calculus and signs of periodontal diseases. We conclude that the population under study presents risk factors for the occurrence of dental caries, therefore recommend the implementation of preventive - education programs of oral hygiene

A papaína no tratamento da periodontite crônica / Papain in the treatment of chronic periodontitis

A raspagem subgengival e o alisamento radicular constituem o "padrão ouro" e o tratamento de eleição para a periodontite; porém, é um procedimento difícil de ser executado, que requer um intenso treinamento e que pode expor a dentina, causando hipersensibilidade dentinária pela remoção excessiva de cemento, ou produzir defeitos, como sulcos e ranhuras, além de deixar cálculo residual e não conseguir atingir toda as superfície radicular. Recentemente, um gel a base de papaína e cloramina foi introduzido no mercado (Papacárie®), utilizado no tratamento da remoção de dentina cariada. Este gel poderia auxiliar na remoção do cálculo subgengival com menor desgaste do cemento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a eficácia e analisar a superfície radicular na utilização de um gel à base de papaína e cloramina, associado ao alisamento radicular, na região subgengival. Após receberem instruções de higiene oral, raspagem supragengival e polimento coronário, 18 pacientes com periodontite crônica, 6 mulheres e 12 homens, com idade média de 51 anos (±8) foram tratados num modelo de boca dividida. O tratamento-teste foi constituído pela aplicação do gel na área subgengival por 1 min., seguida pelo alisamento radicular; o tratamento-controle foi constituído pela raspagem subgengival e alisamento radiculares. A terapia foi executada por 3 operadoras e os exames inicial, de 28 dias e 3 meses, foram realizados por um único examinador. Quatro dentes nunca tratados de dois outros pacientes (2 incisivos centrais inferiores e 2 premolares), com indicação para extração, foram submetidos ao tratamento teste e controle e, após a exodontia, analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Ao longo dos 3 meses, os resultados demonstraram significativa melhora nos parâmetros clínicos: sangramento à sondagem, profundidade de bolsa e ganho de inserção, tanto no lado-teste, como no lado-controle, principalmente aos 28 dias; mas não foi observada significância estatística ...

Although subgingival scaling and root planing are the “gold standard” for elective treatment of periodontitis, they are difficult procedures to perform. As well as requiring intensive training, they can expose the dentin, causing dentin hypersensitivity by excessive removal of cement, or produce defects such as ridges and grooves, leaving residual calculus, whilst the whole root surface cannot be reached. A papain- and chloramine-based gel (Papacárie®) has recently been introduced to remove carious dentin. This gel may help in the removal of subgingival calculus with reduced consumption of cement. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a papain- and chloramine-based gel and analyze the root surface in the region associated with subgingival root planing. After receiving oral hygiene instructions, supragingival scaling and coronary polishing, 18 chronic periodontitis patients (6 women and 12 men with a mean age of 51 years ± 8) were treated using a split-mouth model. The test treatment was established by applying the gel to the subgingival area for 1 minute, followed by root planing; whilst the control treatment was established by subgingival scaling and root planing. The therapy was performed by 3 operators, examinations initially and after 28 days and 3 months being performed by a single examiner. Four previously untreated teeth (2 lower central incisors and 2 premolars) with indication for extraction in two other patients were treated as test and control and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) following extraction. Although over the 3 months the results showed marked improvement in clinical parameters: bleeding on probing, pocket depth and attachment gain on both test and control sides, especially after 28 days; the difference between the two forms of therapy was not found to be statistically significant. The mean plaque index remained high throughout the study. The SEM analysis showed that the test treatment left ...

A papaína no tratamento da periodontite crônica / Papain in the treatment of chronic periodontitis

A raspagem subgengival e o alisamento radicular constituem o "padrão ouro" e o tratamento de eleição para a periodontite; porém, é um procedimento difícil de ser executado, que requer um intenso treinamento e que pode expor a dentina, causando hipersensibilidade dentinária pela remoção excessiva de cemento, ou produzir defeitos, como sulcos e ranhuras, além de deixar cálculo residual e não conseguir atingir toda as superfície radicular. Recentemente, um gel a base de papaína e cloramina foi introduzido no mercado (Papacárie®), utilizado no tratamento da remoção de dentina cariada. Este gel poderia auxiliar na remoção do cálculo subgengival com menor desgaste do cemento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a eficácia e analisar a superfície radicular na utilização de um gel à base de papaína e cloramina, associado ao alisamento radicular, na região subgengival. Após receberem instruções de higiene oral, raspagem supragengival e polimento coronário, 18 pacientes com periodontite crônica, 6 mulheres e 12 homens, com idade média de 51 anos (±8) foram tratados num modelo de boca dividida. O tratamento-teste foi constituído pela aplicação do gel na área subgengival por 1 min., seguida pelo alisamento radicular; o tratamento-controle foi constituído pela raspagem subgengival e alisamento radiculares. A terapia foi executada por 3 operadoras e os exames inicial, de 28 dias e 3 meses, foram realizados por um único examinador. Quatro dentes nunca tratados de dois outros pacientes (2 incisivos centrais inferiores e 2 premolares), com indicação para extração, foram submetidos ao tratamento teste e controle e, após a exodontia, analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Ao longo dos 3 meses, os resultados demonstraram significativa melhora nos parâmetros clínicos: sangramento à sondagem, profundidade de bolsa e ganho de inserção, tanto no lado-teste, como no lado-controle, principalmente aos 28 dias; mas não foi observada significância estatística...

Although subgingival scaling and root planing are the “gold standard” for elective treatment of periodontitis, they are difficult procedures to perform. As well as requiring intensive training, they can expose the dentin, causing dentin hypersensitivity by excessive removal of cement, or produce defects such as ridges and grooves, leaving residual calculus, whilst the whole root surface cannot be reached. A papain- and chloramine-based gel (Papacárie®) has recently been introduced to remove carious dentin. This gel may help in the removal of subgingival calculus with reduced consumption of cement. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a papain- and chloramine-based gel and analyze the root surface in the region associated with subgingival root planing. After receiving oral hygiene instructions, supragingival scaling and coronary polishing, 18 chronic periodontitis patients (6 women and 12 men with a mean age of 51 years ± 8) were treated using a split-mouth model. The test treatment was established by applying the gel to the subgingival area for 1 minute, followed by root planing; whilst the control treatment was established by subgingival scaling and root planing. The therapy was performed by 3 operators, examinations initially and after 28 days and 3 months being performed by a single examiner. Four previously untreated teeth (2 lower central incisors and 2 premolars) with indication for extraction in two other patients were treated as test and control and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) following extraction. Although over the 3 months the results showed marked improvement in clinical parameters: bleeding on probing, pocket depth and attachment gain on both test and control sides, especially after 28 days; the difference between the two forms of therapy was not found to be statistically significant. The mean plaque index remained high throughout the study. The SEM analysis showed that the test treatment left...

Quantificação computadorizada dos índices de placa e cálculo dentais da imagem digital da superfície vestibular dos dentes de cães / Quantification computed indices card and calculation dealers of the digital picture of vestibular surface of teeth of dogs

A doença periodontal é causada pelo acúmulo de placa bacteriana sobre os dentes e estruturas adjacentes. Para sua mensuração têm sido formulados índices que consideram a quantidade e intensidade de placa bacteriana (PB) e de cálculo dental (CD) existentes na superfície dentária por meio de avaliação visual subjetiva. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o método de análise computadorizada para medição de área de PB e CD nos dentes de cães através da comparação com a avaliação visual. Foram utilizados 10 cães Beagles, três machos e sete fêmeas, com similares características e mantidos sob o mesmo manejo e dieta alimentar. As avaliações das superfícies vestibulares dos dentes ocorreram antes da profilaxia dentária, que foi realizada sob anestesia geral inalatória, e após sete dias para PB e após 28 dias para CD. A avaliação computadorizada da área de CD demonstrou ser estatisticamente melhor em relação à avaliação visual antes e após a profilaxia; entretanto, não demonstrou diferença significante na avaliação da PB. Concluiu-se que a avaliação computadorizada é vantajosa em relação à visual por conferir maior precisão na obtenção da proporção entre área total do dente e área acometida, mostrando-se estatistticamente superior na quantificação do CD após 28 dias.

Periodontal disease is caused by dental plaque accumulation on teeth and adjacent structures. Indices have been formulated for its measurement considering the amount and intensity of dental plaque (DP) and dental calculus (C) on the surface of teeth through subjective visual evaluation. This study aims at assessing the computerized analysis method for measurement of DP and C areas on the teeth of dogs by comparing it with the visual evaluation in the oral cavity. Ten beagle dogs with similar characteristics and kept under the same management and diet were used. Evaluations of oral cavity occurred before surgical prophylaxis (performed under general inhalation anesthesia) and after seven days for DP and 28 days for C. The computerized C area evaluation showed to be statistically better than the visual evaluation before and after prophylaxis. It was concluded that the computerized evaluation is beneficial when compared to visual evaluation, providing greater precision in the area measurement.