Pesquisa activa de los alumnos de las Ciencias Médicas en prevención de la COVID-19 / Active research of students of Medical Sciences in prevention of COVID-19

RESUMEN Fundamento: la pesquisa activa en los alumnos de las Ciencias Médicas constituye unas de las fortalezas de la Educación Médica Superior en Cuba implementadas desde la Atención Primaria de Salud para la identificación de los factores de riesgo y lograr salud en la comunidad. Objetivo: caracterizar la pesquisa activa de los alumnos de las Ciencias Médicas en prevención del COVID-19 en un área de salud. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal en el área de salud del Policlínico Docente Francisco Peña Peña del municipio de Nuevitas en la provincia Camagüey desde abril a mayo de 2020. El universo se conformó por los 142 estudiantes de Medicina, Estomatología, Enfermería y Tecnologías de la Salud a participar en la pesquisa activa. Resultados: se determinó la carrera de Medicina como la más representativa en la participación de los alumnos en la pesquisa, se identificaron por los estudiantes 115 personas con sintomatología respiratoria, de ellos existió un discreto predominio del sexo femenino y predominó el grupo de edad de 41-60 años, el mayor porcentaje de la población mostró un nivel de muy satisfecho con la labor realizada por los galenos universitarios. Conclusiones: los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina fueron los de mayor participación en las labores de pesquisa activa, el tema de vías de transmisión para el control del virus fue de los que más conocimiento tenían los galenos, identificaron síntomas respiratorios en las féminas, entre la cuarta y sexta década de vida, casi la totalidad de la población pesquisada manifestó un nivel muy satisfecho en relación al desempeño de los estudiantes durante las labores preventivas de pesquisa activa.

ABSTRACT Background: active research in students of Medical Sciences constitutes one of the strengths of Medical Higher Education in Cuba implemented from Primary Health Care to identify risk factors and achieve health in the community. Objective: to characterize the active research of students of Medical Sciences in COVID-19 prevention in a health area. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the health area of ​​the Francisco Peña Peña Teaching Polyclinic of Nuevitas in the period from April to May 2020. The universe was formed by the 142 students of medicine, dentistry, nursing and technological careers to participate in active research. Results: the most representative medical degree in the participation of Medical Sciences students in the research was determined, 115 people with respiratory symptoms were identified by the students, of them there was a discrete predominance of the female sex and the group of the age of 41-60 years, the highest percentage of the population showed a level of very satisfied with the work carried out by students of the University of Medical Science. Conclusions: the medical career was the one with the highest participation in active research tasks, the issue of transmission routes for virus control was one of which the doctors knew the most, respiratory symptoms were identified in females, among the fourth and the sixth decade of life, almost the entire population surveyed showed a very satisfied level in relation to the performance of the students during the preventive work of active research.

Spatial accessibility of fever clinics for multi-tiered prevention and control on COVID-19 in Beijing / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To simulate the different prevalence of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Beijing as the spreading and the outbreak city and analyze the response capacity of its medical resources of fever clinics, and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the spatial layout in Beijing under severe epidemics.@*METHODS@#The study obtained epidemiological indicators for COVID-19, factors about medical resources and population movement as parameters for the SEIR model and utilized the model to predict the maximum number of infections on a single day at different control levels in Beijing, simulated as an epidemic spreading city and an epidemic outbreak city respectively. The modified two-step floating catchment area method under ArcGIS 10.6 environment was used to analyze spatial accessibility to fever clinics services for the patients in Beijing.@*RESULTS@#According to the results of the SEIR model, the highest number of infections in a single day in Beijing simulated as an epidemic spreading city at low, medium and high levels of prevention and control were 8 514, 183, and 68 cases, the highest number of infections in a single day in Beijing simulated as an outbreak city was 22 803, 10 868 and 3 725 cases, respectively. The following result showed that Beijing was simulated as an epidemic spreading city: among the 585 communities in Beijing, under the low level of prevention and control, there were 17 communities (2.91%) with excellent accessibility to fever clinics, and that of 41 communities (7.01%) with fever clinics was good. Spatial accessibility of fever clinics in 56 communities (9.57%) was ranked average, and 62 communities' (10.60%) accessibility was fair and 409 communities (69.91%) had poor accessibility; at the medium level of prevention and control, only the west region of Fangshan District and Mentougou District, the north region of Yanqing District, Huairou District and Miyun District had poor accessibility; under the high level of prevention and control, 559 communities' (95.56%) had excellent accessibility. The accessibility in 24 communities (4.10%) was good and in 2 communities (0.34%) was average. In brief, the existing fever clinics could meet the common demand. Beijing was simulated as an outbreak city: under the low level of prevention and control, only 1 community (0.17%) had excellent accessibility to fever clinics, and 5 communities (0.86%) had good accessibility. The accessibility of fever clinics in 10 communities (1.71%) was average and in 12 communities (2.05%) was fair. The accessibility of fever clinics in 557 communities (95.21%), nearly all areas of Beijing, was poor; under the middle and high level of prevention and control, the accessibility of ecological conservation areas was also relatively poor.@*CONCLUSION@#The distribution of fever clinic resources in Beijing is uneven. When Beijing is simulated as an epidemic spreading city: under the high level of prevention and control, the number of fever clinics can be appropriately reduced to avoid cross-infection; at the medium level of prevention and control, the fever clinics can basically meet the needs of patients with fever in Beijing, but the accessibility of fever clinics in ecological conservation areas is insufficient, and priority should be given to the construction of fever clinics in public hospitals above the second level in the ecological conservation areas. When the level of prevention and control is low, the accessibility of fever clinics in ecological conservation areas is poor. Priority should be given to the construction of fever clinics in ecological conservation areas, and temporary fever sentinels can be established to relieve the pressure of fever clinics. When Beijing is simulated as an outbreak city and has low prevention and control, due to a large number of infections, it is necessary to upgrade the prevention and control level to reduce the flow of people to curb the development of the epidemic.

Estudio comparativo de la incidencia de diabetes mellitus en dos áreas de salud / Comparative study of the incidence of diabetes mellitus in two health areas

Fundamento: La diabetes mellitus aumenta exponencialmente su prevalencia a nivel mundial y es causa de una elevada morbilidad por sus complicaciones. Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia de diabetes mellitus bajo los conceptos actuales internacionales en dos áreas de salud. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal, cuantitativo y de campo donde se aplicaron los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el pesquizaje de diabetes mellitus en dos grupos básicos de trabajo de los policlínicos comunitarios «Ignacio Agramonte¼ y «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ desde el 1 de enero de 2003 hasta el 1 de enero del 2005. El universo estuvo constituido por toda la población del Grupo de Trabajo 2 del policlínico «Ignacio Agramonte¼ y del Grupo 1 del policlínico «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ que cumplieran con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el pesquizaje de diabetes mellitus. La fuente de información se obtuvo del estado de la situación de salud. Se utilizó la glucemia plasmática en ayunas (GPA como piedra angular del diagnóstico). Se determinó estadística descriptiva, distribución de por ciento y tasa de incidencia. Resultados: Se reportó un incremento en la tasa de incidencia de 465.5 por cien mil personas a 1687 por cien mil personas, aumentando el porcentaje de incidencia de 0.5 % a 1.7 % el cual fue 3.4 veces superior al existente en el Policlínico «Ignacio Agramonte¼. En el policlínico «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ hubo una variación de 244 a 2400 por cien mil personas y en el por ciento de incidencia de 0.3 a 2.4 Conclusiones: Por vez primera se determinaron las personas con glucemia en ayunas anómala con un total de 12 y 14 personas para el Policlínico «Ignacio Agramonte¼ y en el «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼, respectivamente.

Background: Diabetes mellitus exponentially increases its prevalence all over the world and it is cause of a high morbidity by its complications. Objective: To know the incidence of diabetes mellitus under the international current concepts in two health areas. Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out where the World Health Organization criteria for diabetes mellitus inquest was applied in two basic work groups of the community Polyclinics «Ignacio Agramonte¼ and «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ from January 1st, 2003 to January 1st, 2005. The universe was constituted by all the population of the work group 2 at «Ignacio Agramonte¼ Polyclinic and of the Group 1 at «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ Polyclinic that comply with the World Health Organization criteria for diabetes mellitus inquest. The information source was obtained from the health situation state. The fasting blood sugar was utilized (GPA as cornerstone of the diagnosis). Descriptive statistics, percent distribution and incidence rate was determined. Results: An increment in the incidence rate of 465.5 for a hundred thousand people to 1687 for a hundred thousand people was reported, increasing the incidence percentage from 0.5% to 1.7% which was 3.4 times over the existing at «Ignacio Agramonte¼ Polyclinic. At «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ Polyclinic there was a variation from 244 to 2400 for a hundred thousand people and in the incidence percent from 0.3 to 2.4 Conclusions: For the first time people with anomalous fasting blood sugar were determined with a total of 12 and 14 people for the «Ignacio Agramonte¼ Polyclinic and in the «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼, respectively.

Remodelación caddiovascular en el paciente hipertenso en un área de salud / Cardiovascular remodeling in the hypertensive patient in a health area

Se realizó un estudio transversal para conocer las modificaciones del remodelado cardiovascular de 70 pacientes hipertensos del Policlínico Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz de Camagüey en el trienio 2002-2004. Se estudiaron variables como los grupos de edades, el sexo, el estado nutricional, el tiempo de evolución y estadio de la hipertensión arterial, patrón geométrico en la primera y segunda mediciones después del tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina u otros antihipertensivos. Más del 95 % tenía más de 46 años, el 61.4 % eran mujeres, el 57.1 % tenían sobrepeso u obesidad, el 58.6 % más de diez años de evolución de la hipertensión arterial, el 72.8 % fueron clasificados en estadio II y el 45.7 % presentó hipertrofia concéntrica. Se obtuvo una regresión a la normalidad en el 58.5 % de los pacientes. La remodelación cardiovascular fue más frecuente en las mujeres al aumentar la edad, el peso corporal, el tiempo de evolución y el estadio de la hipertensión arterial. En la segunda medición más de la mitad de los pacientes revirtieron su patrón geométrico, el resto persistió con remodelado concéntrico exclusivamente. El tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina no mostró resultados superiores.

A cross-sectional study to identify the modifications of the cardiovascular remodeled of 70 hypertensive patients at "Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz" Hospital of Camagüey in the period of three years 2002-2004. Variables such as age groups, sex, nutritional state, evolution time and arterial hypertension stage, geometric pattern on the first and second measurements after treatment with inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme or other antihypertensives were studied. More than the 95% had more than 46 years, the 61.4% were women, the 57.1% were overweight or obese, the 58.6% had more than ten years of hypertension evolution, the 72.8% were classified in stage II and the 45.7% presented concentric hypertrophy. A regression to normality in the 58.5% of the patients was obtained. The cardiovascular remodelling was more frequent in women with increasing the age, body weight, evolution time and arterial hypertension stage. In the second measurement more than the half of the patients reverted their geometric pattern; the remainder persisted exclusively with concentric remodeled. The treatment with inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme showed no superior results.

A sexualidad enllos adolescentes: algunas consideraciones / Sexuality in adolescents: some considerations

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para conocer el nivel cognoscitivo de los adolescentes sobre sexualidad en el policlínico "Joaquín de Agüero y Agüero" desde diciembre de 2004 a diciembre de 2005. El universo estuvo constituido por 98 adolescentes entre 12 y 19 años de los consultorios del médico de la familia 40 y 46 pertenecientes a este policlínico, de ellos fueron escogidos al azar 42 y se les aplicó una encuesta con las siguientes variables: edad de comienzo de las relaciones sexuales, vías de conocimientos de orientación sexual y de transmisión de ITS. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados de forma automatizada, se empleó estadística descriptiva. La edad predominante en ambos sexos fue de 13-15 años (64.2 %), el 42.8 % realizó las primeras relaciones sexuales entre los 13 y14 años, fundamentalmente los varones (59 %). La mayoría de los adolescentes tuvo relaciones sexuales y reconoció la vía de transmisión de las infecciones de transmisión sexual.

A descriptive study was carried out in order to describe the cognitive level of the adolescents on sexuality at "Joaquín de Agüero y Agüero" polyclinic from December 2004 to December 2005. The universe was constituted by 98 adolescents between 12 and 19 years from the doctor's offices 40 and 46, belonging to this polyclinic, of them they were chosen at random 42 and applied them itself a survey with the following variables: age of beginning of the sexual intercourses, knowledge ways of sexual orientation, and ITS transmission. The obtained data were processed of automated form, descriptive statistics was employed. The found results were: the predominant age in both sexes was about 13-15 years (64.2%), the 42.8% carried out the first sexual intercourses among the 13 and 14 years, males (59%) fundamentally. The majority of the adolescents had sexual intercourses and they recognized the way of transmission of the sexual infections.