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ABSTRACT Background: Colorectal cancer is the most frequent gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide. The value of adjuvant treatment is controversial in Stages I and II. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct post-operative prognostic models applicable to patients with stages I-II colon carcinoma (CC). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with Stage I-II CC treated over a 25-year period. Exposure was defined as clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical factors (including CDX2 and MUC2 expression). Patients were randomly allocated to either a "modeling set" or a "validation set". Factors associated with recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were defined in the "modeling set". Their performances were tested in the "validation set". Results: From a total of 556 recruited patients, 339 (61%) were allocated to the "modeling set" and 217 (39%) to the "validation set". Three models explaining recurrence, DFS, and OS were described. Tumor location in the left colon (Hazards ratio [HR] = 1.57; 95% Confidence interval [CI] 0.99-2.48), lymphocyte (HR = 0.46; 96% CI 0.27-0.88) and monocyte (HR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.99-1) counts, neutrophil/platelet ratio (HR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.74-2.3, and HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.3-4.1; for second and third category, respectively), albumin/monocyte ratio (HR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.21-0.87), and microscopic residual disease after surgery (HR = 8.7; 95% CI 3.1-24) were independently associated with OS. T classification and expression of CDX2 and/or MUC2 were not independently associated with recurrence or prognosis. Conclusion: These models are simple and readily available, and distinguish the risk and prognosis in patients with CC stages I and II; these models require cheaper processes than the use of more sophisticated molecular biology techniques. They may guide either the need for adjuvant therapy versus post-operative surveillance only, as well as aid in the design of clinical trials.
ABSTRACT
Siendo el cáncer gástrico la 3ª causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile, y existiendo estrategias de tamizaje consistentes en pesquisa de lesiones preneoplásicas de la mucosa gástrica, es relevante conocer los aspectos genéticos y moleculares que puedan ser aplicados, en la optimización de dichas estrategias a grupos de mayor riesgo. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue revisar la evidencia actual en los aspectos señalados, y de la inmunohistoquímica de 4 marcadores (p53, CDX2, MUC2 y S100A9) en la mucosa gástrica normal y en las lesiones preneoplásicas de la misma.
SUMMARY: Since gastric cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death from cancer in Chile, and there are screening strategies consisting of screening for preneoplastic lesions of the gastric mucosa, it is important to know certain genetic and molecular aspects that can be applied in optimizing these strategies for higher risk groups. The aim of this manuscript was to review the current evidence on the aforementioned aspects, and on the immunohistochemistry of 4 markers (p53, CDX2, MUC2 and S100A9) in normal gastric mucosa and in its preneoplastic lesions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Gastric Mucosa/pathology , Precancerous Conditions/genetics , Precancerous Conditions/metabolism , Stomach Neoplasms/genetics , Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Biomarkers, Tumor , Mass Screening , Risk Factors , Genes, p53 , Mucin-2 , CDX2 Transcription Factor , Gastric Mucosa/metabolism , MetaplasiaABSTRACT
Caudal type homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is an enteric-specific nuclear transcription factor, which is mainly expressed in the small intestine and colorectum and not expressed in normal gastric mucosa. CDX2 is involved in the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of gastrointestinal tumors, and its expression state is related to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal tumors. It is expected to provide a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal tumors by further studying the mechanism of CDX2 involvement in tumor genesis and development and its relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis.
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RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação dos polimorfismos do gene do receptor de vitamina D (RVD) com sinais clínicos e níveis de vitamina D (VD) em asmáticos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 77 crianças de 7 a 14 anos de um ambulatório especializado, divididas em 3 grupos: asmáticos, em uso de corticoide inalatório (ICS) por mais de um ano; asmáticos sem necessidade de ICS; não asmáticos e não alérgicos (de acordo com o International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood - ISAAC. Foram avaliados: espirometria, testes alérgicos, presença do polimorfismo CDX2 do promotor do RVD por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e genotipagem de polimorfismos dos éxons 2 e 3 por PCR-SSCA (single-strand conformational analysis), imunoglobulina E (IgE) total e IgE específica para ácaros e gramíneas nos três grupos estudados. Níveis de 25-hidroxivitamina D foram dosados nos asmáticos. Resultados: A média de idade foi 10,8±2,2 anos, 57% masculinos, 38 asmáticos com ICS, 22 sem ICS e 17 não asmáticos. Rinite alérgica esteve presente em 90% dos asmáticos, polimorfismo CDX2 em 23% dos asmáticos e ausente nos controles (p=0,03). Menores níveis de volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1%) foram observados nos asmáticos homozigotos para CDX2 (p=0,001). Variações nas sequências dos éxons 2 e 3 não foram relacionadas com a asma ou demais testes. Deficiência ou insuficiência de VD foi diagnosticada em 98% dos asmáticos. Não houve associação entre níveis de VD e polimorfismos genéticos dos éxons 2 e 3. Conclusões: Observou-se associação positiva entre polimorfismo CDX2 em homozigoze com asma e menores valores de VEF1%. O CDX2 pode modificar a interação celular do RVD com a vitamina, bem como pode estar associado com a asma e com a dificuldade de controle da doença.
ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the relationship between polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR), clinical findings, and serum vitamin D (VD) levels in asthmatics. Methods: A cross sectional study of 77 children aged 7 to 14 years old, who were attended at a specialized clinic. The children were divided into 3 groups: asthmatics who had been using inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for more than one year; asthmatics who had not been using ICS; non-asthmatics, and children without allergies (according to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood - ISAAC). Spirometry, skin prick tests, the presence of a VDR promoter CDX2 polymorphism from an allele-specific polimerase chain reaction (PCR), exons 2 and 3 polymorphisms genotyping by PCR-SSCA (single-strand conformational analysis), total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific IgE to mites and grass were evaluated in these three groups. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were determined in asthmatics only. Results: The mean age of the children was 10.8±2.0 years old, 57% were male, 38 were asthmatic and using ICS, 22 were asthmatic and not using ICS, and 17 were non-asthmatic. Allergic rhinitis was present in 90% of asthmatics. Homozygous CDX2 was detected in 23% of the patients and absent in the control group (p=0.03). Lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) values were observed in CDX2 homozygous asthmatics (p=0.001). Variations in the exon 2 and 3 sequences were not related to asthma or the other tests. VD deficiency or insufficiency was detected in 98% of asthmatics. There was no association between VD levels and genetic polymorphisms from exons 2 and 3. Conclusions: There was a positive association between homozygous CDX2 polymorphism, asthma and lower FEV1% values. CDX2 is capable of modifying cell interaction between VDR and VD, and it could be associated with the prevalence of asthma, and the difficulty in controlling the disease.