Assess the Depression and Quality of Life among Women Suffering from Selected Gynaecological Cancers Attending Oncology Units of Selected Hospitals

Backgrounds: Gynecological cancers are significant and probable life-threatening diseases that harm patients' physical and psychological health. The leading cause of death in female抯 psychological problems like depression endure and can cause an extra burden during their treatment. Therefore, this study helps evaluate depression and well-being among gynaecological malignancies. Methods: Women's depression was evaluated by a standardized CES-D Scale and QOL by WHOQOL Bref scale, a sample of 100 women with cancers admitted at HSK and Kerudi cancer hospital, Bagalkot was selected using a purposive sampling technique, descriptive survey design was adopted. Statistical data were tested and scrutinized using descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: 100% of women had moderate depression. The mean percentage of depression score was 61.45% with mean and SD (37�9). Of the women, 71 % had moderate, 21%had poor, and 8% had good QOL. The mean percentage of QOL of women was 48.1% with mean and SD (62.5�.1). A Strong relation was found between depression scores with your family members known to you (?=4.52, p<0.05), Area of residence (?=3.88, p<0.05), and whether you have undergone previously any surgery for the treatment of cancer (?=8.93, p<0.05). No association was found between QOL scores with study variables. A Negative correlation (r=-0.27, p<.05) was found between depression and Total QOL scores. Conclusion: Most patients have moderate depression and moderate QOL. This study is effective in identifying depression and QOL

Anthelmintic usage on the Reproductive Parameters in Captive reared Agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies / Uso de anti-helmíntico nos parâmetros reprodutivos em cutias criadas em cativeiro (Dasyprocta leporina) em Trinidad e Tobago, Índias Ocidentais

The agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) is a rodent that is found in the Neo-tropical region. This animal is hunted for its meat but has recently been reared in captivity as a source of meat protein in rural communities. A 20-month experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of an anthelmintic on the reproductive performance of the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) reared in captivity. This experiment was conducted in the humid tropics of Trinidad and Tobago. Sixteen animals (15 females, 1 male) placed in each of the two treatment groups in a completely randomized study design. In treatment 1 (T1) animals were given subcutaneous injections of Endovet Ces® (Ivermectin/Praziquantel) at 0.2 mg/kg every three months. Treatment 2 (T2) was the negative control group where animals were not exposed to an anthelmintic. Reproductive data were collected at parturition which included birth weight, litter weight, litter size and gender of offspring. The results showed that there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between the treatment groups with respect to birth weight, litter weight, litter size and gender. However, agoutis that were dewormed had a higher birth weight (220.24 g vs 209.1 g) and litter weight (369.8 g vs 343 g). The same values were obtained for the litter size (1.7 vs 1.7) and animals that were dewormed had a higher female offspring to male offspring (2.41:1 vs 1.11:1). This experiment demonstrated that the use of an anthelmintic strategically in the management of captive reared agoutis had no statistical effect (p > 0.05) on the reproductive parameters. Therefore, these animals can be kept in captive conditions without being dewormed and produce efficiently with proper feeding and housing management.

A cutia (Dasyprocta leporina) é um roedor que se encontra na região neo-tropical. Esse animal é caçado por sua carne, mas recentemente foi criado em cativeiro como fonte de proteína de carne em comunidades rurais. Um experimento de 20 meses foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de um anti-helmíntico no desempenho reprodutivo de cutias (Dasyprocta leporina) criadas em cativeiro. Esse experimento foi conduzido nos trópicos úmidos de Trinidad e Tobago. Dezesseis animais (15 fêmeas, 1 macho) colocados em cada um dos dois grupos de tratamento em um desenho de estudo completamente randomizado. No tratamento 1 (T1) os animais receberam injeções subcutâneas de Endovet Ces® (Ivermectina / Praziquantel) na dose de 0,2 mg / kg a cada três meses. O tratamento 2 (T2) foi o grupo de controle negativo onde os animais não foram expostos a um anti-helmíntico. Os dados reprodutivos foram coletados no parto, incluindo peso ao nascer, peso da ninhada, tamanho da ninhada e sexo da prole. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatística (p > 0,05) entre os grupos de tratamento com relação ao peso ao nascer, peso da ninhada, tamanho da ninhada e sexo. No entanto, cutias desparasitadas tiveram maior peso ao nascer (220,24 g vs. 209,1 g) e peso da ninhada (369,8 g vs. 343 g). Os mesmos valores foram obtidos para o tamanho da ninhada (1,7 vs. 1,7) e os animais que foram desparasitados tiveram uma prole feminina maior do que a prole masculina (2,41: 1 vs. 1,11: 1). Esse experimento demonstrou que o uso de anti-helmíntico estrategicamente no manejo de cutias criadas em cativeiro não teve efeito estatístico (p > 0,05) sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos. Portanto, esses animais podem ser mantidos em cativeiro sem serem vermifugados e produzir de forma eficiente com alimentação adequada e manejo do alojamento.

Anthelmintic usage on the Reproductive Parameters in Captive reared Agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

Abstract The agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) is a rodent that is found in the Neo-tropical region. This animal is hunted for its meat but has recently been reared in captivity as a source of meat protein in rural communities. A 20-month experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of an anthelmintic on the reproductive performance of the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) reared in captivity. This experiment was conducted in the humid tropics of Trinidad and Tobago. Sixteen animals (15 females, 1 male) placed in each of the two treatment groups in a completely randomized study design. In treatment 1 (T1) animals were given subcutaneous injections of Endovet Ces® (Ivermectin/Praziquantel) at 0.2 mg/kg every three months. Treatment 2 (T2) was the negative control group where animals were not exposed to an anthelmintic. Reproductive data were collected at parturition which included birth weight, litter weight, litter size and gender of offspring. The results showed that there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between the treatment groups with respect to birth weight, litter weight, litter size and gender. However, agoutis that were dewormed had a higher birth weight (220.24 g vs 209.1 g) and litter weight (369.8 g vs 343 g). The same values were obtained for the litter size (1.7 vs 1.7) and animals that were dewormed had a higher female offspring to male offspring (2.41:1 vs 1.11:1). This experiment demonstrated that the use of an anthelmintic strategically in the management of captive reared agoutis had no statistical effect (p > 0.05) on the reproductive parameters. Therefore, these animals can be kept in captive conditions without being dewormed and produce efficiently with proper feeding and housing management.

Resumo A cutia (Dasyprocta leporina) é um roedor que se encontra na região neo-tropical. Esse animal é caçado por sua carne, mas recentemente foi criado em cativeiro como fonte de proteína de carne em comunidades rurais. Um experimento de 20 meses foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de um anti-helmíntico no desempenho reprodutivo de cutias (Dasyprocta leporina) criadas em cativeiro. Esse experimento foi conduzido nos trópicos úmidos de Trinidad e Tobago. Dezesseis animais (15 fêmeas, 1 macho) colocados em cada um dos dois grupos de tratamento em um desenho de estudo completamente randomizado. No tratamento 1 (T1) os animais receberam injeções subcutâneas de Endovet Ces® (Ivermectina / Praziquantel) na dose de 0,2 mg / kg a cada três meses. O tratamento 2 (T2) foi o grupo de controle negativo onde os animais não foram expostos a um anti-helmíntico. Os dados reprodutivos foram coletados no parto, incluindo peso ao nascer, peso da ninhada, tamanho da ninhada e sexo da prole. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatística (p > 0,05) entre os grupos de tratamento com relação ao peso ao nascer, peso da ninhada, tamanho da ninhada e sexo. No entanto, cutias desparasitadas tiveram maior peso ao nascer (220,24 g vs. 209,1 g) e peso da ninhada (369,8 g vs. 343 g). Os mesmos valores foram obtidos para o tamanho da ninhada (1,7 vs. 1,7) e os animais que foram desparasitados tiveram uma prole feminina maior do que a prole masculina (2,41: 1 vs. 1,11: 1). Esse experimento demonstrou que o uso de anti-helmíntico estrategicamente no manejo de cutias criadas em cativeiro não teve efeito estatístico (p > 0,05) sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos. Portanto, esses animais podem ser mantidos em cativeiro sem serem vermifugados e produzir de forma eficiente com alimentação adequada e manejo do alojamento.

Anthelmintic usage on the Reproductive Parameters in Captive reared Agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies / Uso de anti-helmíntico nos parâmetros reprodutivos em cutias criadas em cativeiro (Dasyprocta leporina) em Trinidad e Tobago, Índias Ocidentais

Abstract The agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) is a rodent that is found in the Neo-tropical region. This animal is hunted for its meat but has recently been reared in captivity as a source of meat protein in rural communities. A 20-month experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of an anthelmintic on the reproductive performance of the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) reared in captivity. This experiment was conducted in the humid tropics of Trinidad and Tobago. Sixteen animals (15 females, 1 male) placed in each of the two treatment groups in a completely randomized study design. In treatment 1 (T1) animals were given subcutaneous injections of Endovet Ces® (Ivermectin/Praziquantel) at 0.2 mg/kg every three months. Treatment 2 (T2) was the negative control group where animals were not exposed to an anthelmintic. Reproductive data were collected at parturition which included birth weight, litter weight, litter size and gender of offspring. The results showed that there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between the treatment groups with respect to birth weight, litter weight, litter size and gender. However, agoutis that were dewormed had a higher birth weight (220.24 g vs 209.1 g) and litter weight (369.8 g vs 343 g). The same values were obtained for the litter size (1.7 vs 1.7) and animals that were dewormed had a higher female offspring to male offspring (2.41:1 vs 1.11:1). This experiment demonstrated that the use of an anthelmintic strategically in the management of captive reared agoutis had no statistical effect (p > 0.05) on the reproductive parameters. Therefore, these animals can be kept in captive conditions without being dewormed and produce efficiently with proper feeding and housing management.

Resumo A cutia (Dasyprocta leporina) é um roedor que se encontra na região neo-tropical. Esse animal é caçado por sua carne, mas recentemente foi criado em cativeiro como fonte de proteína de carne em comunidades rurais. Um experimento de 20 meses foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de um anti-helmíntico no desempenho reprodutivo de cutias (Dasyprocta leporina) criadas em cativeiro. Esse experimento foi conduzido nos trópicos úmidos de Trinidad e Tobago. Dezesseis animais (15 fêmeas, 1 macho) colocados em cada um dos dois grupos de tratamento em um desenho de estudo completamente randomizado. No tratamento 1 (T1) os animais receberam injeções subcutâneas de Endovet Ces® (Ivermectina / Praziquantel) na dose de 0,2 mg / kg a cada três meses. O tratamento 2 (T2) foi o grupo de controle negativo onde os animais não foram expostos a um anti-helmíntico. Os dados reprodutivos foram coletados no parto, incluindo peso ao nascer, peso da ninhada, tamanho da ninhada e sexo da prole. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatística (p > 0,05) entre os grupos de tratamento com relação ao peso ao nascer, peso da ninhada, tamanho da ninhada e sexo. No entanto, cutias desparasitadas tiveram maior peso ao nascer (220,24 g vs. 209,1 g) e peso da ninhada (369,8 g vs. 343 g). Os mesmos valores foram obtidos para o tamanho da ninhada (1,7 vs. 1,7) e os animais que foram desparasitados tiveram uma prole feminina maior do que a prole masculina (2,41: 1 vs. 1,11: 1). Esse experimento demonstrou que o uso de anti-helmíntico estrategicamente no manejo de cutias criadas em cativeiro não teve efeito estatístico (p > 0,05) sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos. Portanto, esses animais podem ser mantidos em cativeiro sem serem vermifugados e produzir de forma eficiente com alimentação adequada e manejo do alojamento.

The role of CYP1A1/2 in cholesterol ester accumulation provides a new perspective for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia

Cholesterol is an important precursor of many endogenous molecules. Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis can cause many pathological changes, leading to liver and cardiovascular diseases. CYP1A is widely involved in cholesterol metabolic network, but its exact function has not been fully elucidated. Here, we aim to explore how CYP1A regulates cholesterol homeostasis. Our data showed that CYP1A1/2 knockout (KO) rats presented cholesterol deposition in blood and liver. The serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly increased in KO rats. Further studies found that the lipogenesis pathway (LXRα-SREBP1-SCD1) of KO rats was activated, and the key protein of cholesterol ester hydrolysis (CES1) was inhibited. Importantly, lansoprazole can significantly alleviate rat hepatic lipid deposition in hypercholesterolemia models by inducing CYP1A. Our findings reveal the role of CYP1A as a potential regulator of cholesterol homeostasis and provide a new perspective for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

Carboxylesterase 1 family knockout alters drug disposition and lipid metabolism

The mammalian carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1/CES1) family comprises several enzymes that hydrolyze many xenobiotic chemicals and endogenous lipids. To investigate the pharmacological and physiological roles of Ces1/CES1, we generated Ces1 cluster knockout (Ces1 -/- ) mice, and a hepatic human CES1 transgenic model in the Ces1 -/- background (TgCES1). Ces1 -/- mice displayed profoundly decreased conversion of the anticancer prodrug irinotecan to SN-38 in plasma and tissues. TgCES1 mice exhibited enhanced metabolism of irinotecan to SN-38 in liver and kidney. Ces1 and hCES1 activity increased irinotecan toxicity, likely by enhancing the formation of pharmacodynamically active SN-38. Ces1 -/- mice also showed markedly increased capecitabine plasma exposure, which was moderately decreased in TgCES1 mice. Ces1 -/- mice were overweight with increased adipose tissue, white adipose tissue inflammation (in males), a higher lipid load in brown adipose tissue, and impaired blood glucose tolerance (in males). These phenotypes were mostly reversed in TgCES1 mice. TgCES1 mice displayed increased triglyceride secretion from liver to plasma, together with higher triglyceride levels in the male liver. These results indicate that the carboxylesterase 1 family plays essential roles in drug and lipid metabolism and detoxification. Ces1 -/- and TgCES1 mice will provide excellent tools for further study of the in vivo functions of Ces1/CES1 enzymes.

Conselho Estadual de Saúde CES/RJ -- Estrutura de funcionamento enquanto controle social, e a perspectiva quanto à participação dos representantes da gestão da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro SES/RJ / Functioning structure as social control, and the perspective regarding the participation of representatives of the manegement of the State Health Department of Rio de Janeiro SES/RJ

O Conselho Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (CES/RJ) é um órgão colegiado integrante da estrutura da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde (SES/RJ), com integrantes conselheiros divididos em usuários do SUS, representantes dos profissionais da saúde, e representantes da gestão da SES/RJ. Possui como funções precípuas participar da construção de políticas públicas de saúde, assim como fiscalizar e permitir que a população, representada pelo segmento usuários SUS, tenha sua fatia de participação, através do voto de seus representantes escolhidos e integrantes do Conselho, possuidores do direito à voto. O CES/RJ ainda acompanha e contribui para o fortalecimento dos Conselhos Municipais de Saúde. Nesse contexto, apresenta-se o objetivo deste trabalho: o de examinar o desempenho do controle social no CES/RJ. Para tanto, buscamos documentar o seu funcionamento interno desde a sua criação, destacando a organização dos trabalhos internos, os processos de nomeação de conselheiros para a composição de assentos em Comissões Gestoras, e os desdobramentos para o acompanhamento e construção da política de saúde. Entendendo que a literatura encontrada sobre as movimentações realizadas pelo controle social no âmbito da saúde tem um foco maior na representação dos usuários do sistema único de saúde e dos profissionais de saúde, o objetivo deste trabalho também é analisar a qualidade da representação da gestão do corpo técnico da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro (SES/RJ) nos assentos do CES/RJ. O estudo teve como metodologia a análise das atas das reuniões plenárias do colegiado pleno do CES nos anos de 2013 e 2020, tomando como base a sistematização dos assuntos nos seguintes eixos: (i) desenvolvimento institucional; e (ii) aprendizado democrático. O produto esperado deste estudo é provocar reflexões e discussões sobre a linha de crescimento ascendente que as análises das atas demonstraram, no sentido de evidenciar um conselho que vem se desenhando através dos anos de forma mais bem organizado e mais presente dentro das questões que envolvem decisões fundamentais nas construções de políticas públicas de saúde dentro do estado do Rio de Janeiro.

The State Health Council of the State of Rio de Janeiro CES/RJ is a permanent, equal and deliberative collegiate body, with the functions of formulating strategies, controlling and supervising the execution of state health policies, including the economic and financial aspects, allowing system users to be members of the Council, with representation and voting rights. CES/RJ still monitors and contributes to the strengthening of Municipal Health Councils. The objective of this work is to examine the performance of social control in the State Health Council CES/RJ. To this end, we seek to document its internal functioning since its creation, highlighting the organization of internal work, the processes of appointing directors for the composition of seats in Management Committees, and the developments for the monitoring and construction of the health policy. Understanding that the literature found on the movements carried out by social control in the field of health has a greater focus on the representation of users of the unified health system and health professionals, the objective of this work is also to analyze the quality of the representation of management of the technical staff of SES/RJ in the seats of CES/RJ. The study's methodology was the analysis of the minutes of the plenary meetings of the CES full collegiate in the years 2013 and 2020, based on the systematization of the subjects the following axes: (i) institutional development; and (ii) democratic learning. The expected product of this study is to provoke reflections and discussions on the ascending growth line that the analysis of the minutes showed, in the sense of showing a council that has been drawing up over the years better organized and more present within the issues that involve fundamental decisions in the constructions of public health policies within the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Propiedades psicométricas de instrumentos de evaluación de aspectos psicosociales en adolescentes de México / Psychometric Properties of Instruments for Assessing Psychosocial Aspects in Adolescents from México

Resumen El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de Ideación Suicida de Roberts, de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos [CES-D] de Radloff, de Autoestima de Rosenberg, y de Impulsividad, Relación con Papá y Relación con Mamá, las tres de Climent, Aragón y Plutchick. Se realizó un estudio no experimental, de tipo transversal ex-post facto con 4,759 adolescentes de ambos sexos del estado de Chiapas, México. La confiabilidad evaluada a través del coeficiente alpha de Cronbach reportó índices superiores a .700 para todos los instrumentos, excepto para la Escala de Impulsividad. Los análisis factoriales exploratorios realizados mostraron arreglos de ítems semejantes, más no iguales, a los reportados en otros estudios en los que se han aplicado estos instrumentos, confirmando la validez de los constructos teóricos en los que se basó su diseño. Las Escalas analizadas son válidas para su uso en adolescentes de México, considerando los puntos de corte establecidos para cada una de ellas.

Abstract The study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of Roberts' Suicidal Ideation Scale, Radloff´ Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D], Radloff, Rosenberg Self-Esteem, and Impulsiveness, Dad Relationship and Mom Relationship, the three of Climent, Aragón & Plutchick. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, ex post facto study was performed with 4,759 adolescents of both sexes in Chiapas, Mexico. Reliability through Cronbach's alpha coefficient reported higher rates to .700 for all instruments, except for Impulsiveness Scale. The exploratory factor analyzes showed items such arrangements, but not identical, to those reported in other studies where these instruments have been administered, confirming the validity of the theoretical constructs on which its design was based. The scales are valid for use in adolescents from México, considering the cut-off points established for each of these tools.

Rapid bioluminescence assay for monitoring rat CES1 activity and its alteration by traditional Chinese medicines / 药物分析学报

In traditional Chinese medicine herbs (TCM), including Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Danshen), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (Gegen), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (Danggui), and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong) are widely used for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and also often co-administered with Western drugs as a part of integrative medicine practice. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) plays a pivotal role in the metabolisms of pro-drugs. Since (S)-2-(2-(6-dimethylamino)-benzothiazole)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylate (NLMe) has recently been identified by us as a selective CES1 bioluminescent sensor, we developed a rapid method using this substrate for the direct measurement of CES1 activity in rats. This bioluminescence assay was applied to determine CES1 activity in rat tissues after a two-week oral administration of each of the four herbs noted above. The results demonstrated the presence of CES1 enzyme in rat blood and all tested tissues with much higher enzyme activity in the blood, liver, kidney and heart than that in the small intestine, spleen, lung, pancreas, brain and stomach. In addition, the four herbs showed tissue-specific effects on rat CES1 expression. Based on the CES1 biodistribution and its changes after treatment in rats, the possibility that Danshen, Gegen and Danggui might alter CES1 ac-tivities in human blood and kidney should be considered. In summary, a selective and sensitive biolu-minescence assay was developed to rapidly evaluate CES1 activity and the effects of orally administered TCMs in rats.

Depressive disorder and psychosocial indicators in high school and college students from Mexico City: data from two censuses / Trastorno depresivo e indicadores psicosociales en estudiantes de bachillerato y de licenciatura de la Ciudad de México: datos de dos censos

Abstract Introduction Almost 5% of the Mexican general population (18-65 years old) has suffered depression once in their lives, and 2% of them more than once without receiving treatment. Objetive To measure the prevalence of depressive disorder and to calculate its relationship with psychosocial indicators. Method Data were collected through two censuses with high school and college students from a university in Mexico City (n = 116 214). Participants completed the CES-D and other scales. Multivariate logistic regression models were used. Results The prevalence of depressive disorder was 16%. Predictors of depressive disorder were: having suffered psychological or sexual violence, having a family member who had been injured during an assault, history of depression in the family, poor quality in family and social relationships, among others. Discussion and conclusion The prevalence of depressive disorder increases with age. As prevention and treatment at an early age are essential, intervention and monitoring strategies must be created and systematized taking gender and other elements into account, such as the relationship with the parents, violence, and a history of depression in the family.

Resumen Introducción Casi el 5% de la población general de México (18-65 años) ha sufrido depresión una vez en su vida y 2% la ha sufrido más de una vez sin haber recibido tratamiento. Objetivo Medir la prevalencia del trastorno depresivo y calcular su relación con algunos indicadores psicosociales. Método Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de dos censos con estudiantes de bachillerato y de licenciatura en la Ciudad de México (n = 116 214). Los participantes completaron el CES-D y otras escalas. Se usaron modelos de regresión logística multivariable. Resultados La prevalencia del trastorno depresivo fue del 16%. Los predictores del trastorno depresivo fueron: haber sufrido violencia psicológica o sexual, tener un miembro de la familia que hubíera sido herido durante un asalto, antecedentes de depresión en la familia, mala calidad en las relaciones familiares y sociales, entre otros. Discusión y conclusión La prevalencia del trastorno depresivo aumenta con la edad. Como la prevención y el tratamiento a una edad temprana son esenciales, se deben crear y sistematizar estrategias de intervención y monitoreo que tomen en cuenta el género y otros elementos, como la relación con los padres, violencia e historia de depresión en la familia.

Prevalencia del riesgo de depresión y factores asociados en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada en Quito / Prevalence of the risk of depression and associated factors in medical students of a private university in Quito

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia del riesgo de depresión e identificar factores asociados en estudiantes de medicina. Metodología: se entregó la encuesta del CES-D a 312 estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada en Quito. La prevalencia del riesgo de depresión fue calculada mediante estadística descriptiva; se realizaron modelos de regresión logística binaria y multinominal para encontrar factores de riesgo. Los datos se procesaron con el programa IBM-SPSS Statistics Versión 20. Resultados: la prevalencia de estudiantes con riesgo de depresión fue de 55,8% (IC 95% 50%-61%), la prevalencia en mujeres fue 58.9% y en hombres, 51.2% (Valor P 0.18). Los factores de riesgo asociados a un aumento de la probabilidad de depresión fueron: edad menor a 20 años (ORa 2.42; IC 1.48-3.96), promedio de calificaciones menor a 2.99 (ORa 7.24, IC 1.49-35.3), promedio de calificaciones entre 3.00 y 3.19 (ORa 2.04; IC 1.03-3.99), antecedente de depresión familiar (ORa 1.80; IC1.00-3.24); mientras que, vivir con alguien en el hogar es protector (ORa 0.40; IC 0.20-0.80). Conclusiones: más de la mitad de estudiantes están en riesgo de depresión, siendo más frecuente en mujeres. Ser joven, tener un promedio de calificaciones bajo y antecedente familiar de depresión aumentan la probabilidad de riesgo de depresión; vivir con alguien en el hogar, la reduce. Las universidades deben realizar programas de vigilancia para reducir y disminuir el impacto de este problema.

Estructura dimensional de la escala ces-d-10 en estudiantes rurales / Dimensional structure of the ces-d-10 scale in rural students

El desempeño psicométrico de los instrumentos de medición en salud suele variar de una población a otra1. A este principio se suma el de la necesidad constante de revisar el conjunto de ítems que miden constructos conceptualmente cambiantes2, como el de episodio depresivo. La intención de este trabajo es mostrar hallazgos de desempeño de la Escala para Depresión del Centro para Estudios Epidemiológicos en Depresión, versión de 10 ítems (CES-D-10)3, en una muestra rural, habitualmente omitida en la mayoría de la investigaciones4,5.

Risk Assessment of Insect-resistant and Herbicide Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize 1507 for Cultivation, Import, Processing, Food and Feed Uses under Directive 2001/18/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003

The Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA) and the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) requested the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) for an opinion of potential risks to biodiversity and agriculture in Norway associated with import of seeds for sowing, and cultivation of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize 1507 under Directive 2001/18/EC (Notification C/ES/01/01). The notification is still pending for authorisation in the European Union. VKM is also requested to assess the applicant´s post-market environmental monitoring plan, and the management measures suggested in the draft implementing decision of the European Commission. As VKM delivered a scientific opinion on this application including cultivation in 2014 (VKM, 2014), VKM is asked to assess whether the previous risk assessment is still valid concerning cultivation, and to update the opinion after current knowledge. The assessment shall specifically consider Norwegian conditions. Furthermore, as the notification does not cover food and feed uses of maize 1507, VKM was not asked for a health risk assessment of maize 1507. However, VKM has decided to update the previous safety evaluation of the food and feed uses of maize 1507 and derived products from 2014. VKM appointed a working group consisting of members from the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms, the Panel on Alien Organisms and trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the VKM staff to answer the requests. The Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms has assessed and approved the final report. The genetically modified maize 1507 was developed to provide protection against certain lepidopteran target pests, such as the European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis), and some species belonging to the genus Sesamia. The insect resistence is achieved by the expression of a synthetic version of the truncated c ry1F gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, a common soil bacterium. Maize 1507 also expresses the phosphinothricin - N - acetyltransferase (pat) gene, derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces viridochromogenes. PAT protein confers tolerance to the herbicidal active substance glufosinate-ammonium. The PAT protein expressed in maize 1507 was used as a selectable marker to facilitate the selection process of transformed plant cells and is not intended for weed management purposes. Since the scope of the notification C/ES/01/01 does not cover the use of glufosinate-ammonium-containing herbicides on maize 1507, potential effects due to the use of such herbicides on maize 1507 are not considered by VKM. In delivering its scientific opinion, VKM considered relevant peer-reviewed scientific publications and information provided by the applicant in the notifications C/ES/01/01, C/NL/00/10, the applications EFSA/GMO/NL/2004/02 and EFSA/GMO/RX/1507, and scientific opinions and comments from EFSA and other EU member states. VKM has evaluated maize 1507 with reference to its intended uses in the European Economic Area (EEA), and according to the principles described in the Norwegian Food Act, the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act, Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms, and Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed. VKM has also decided to take into account, the appropriate principles described in the EFSA guidelines for the risk assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed (EFSA, 2011a), the environmental risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA, 2010a), selection of comparators for the risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA, 2011b) and for the post-market environmental monitoring of GM plants (EFSA, 2011c). The scientific opinion of maize 1507 include molecular characterisation of the inserted DNA and expression of novel proteins, comparative assessment of agronomic and phenotypic characteristics, nutritional assessments, toxicology and allergenicity. An evaluation of unintended effects on plant fitness, potential for gene transfer, interactions between the GM plant and target and non-target organisms, effects on biogeochemical processes, the postmarket environmental monitoring plan and coexistence measures at the farm level has also been undertaken. It is emphasised that VKM’s mandate does not include assessments of contribution to sustainable development, societal utility and ethical considerations, according to the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and Regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act. These considerations are therefore not part of the risk assessment provided by VKM. Molecular Characterization: Appropriate analyses of the transgenic DNA insert, its integration site, number of inserts and flanking sequences in the maize genome, have been performed. The results show that one copy only of the insert is present in maize 1507. Homology searches with databases of known toxins and allergens have not indicated any potential production of harmful proteins or polypeptides caused by the genetic modification in maize 1507. Southern blot analyses and segregation studies show that the introduced genes cry1F and pat are stably inherited and expressed over several generations along with the phenotypic characteristics of maize 1507. VKM considers the molecular characterisation of maize 1507 satisfactory. Comparative Assessment: Comparative analyses of maize 1507 to its non-GM conventional counterpart have been performed during multiple field trials located at representative sites and environments in Chile (1998/99), USA (1999) and in Europe (1999, 2000 and 2002). With the exception of small intermittent variations, no biologically significant differences were found between maize 1507 and the conventional maize. Based on the assessment of available data, VKM concludes that maize 1507 is compositionally, agronomically and phenotypically equivalent to its conventional counterpart, except for the introduced characteristics, and that its composition fell within the normal ranges of variation observed among non-GM varieties. The field evaluations support a conclusion of no phenotypic changes indicative of increased plant weed/pest potential of 1507 compared to conventional maize. Food and Feed Safety Assessment: Whole food feeding studies on rats, broilers, pullets, pigs and cattle have not indicated any adverse health effects of maize 1507. These studies further indicate that maize 1507 is nutritionally equivalent to conventional maize. The PAT and Cry1F proteins do not show sequence resemblance to other known toxins or IgE allergens, nor have they been reported to cause IgE mediated allergic reactions. Some studies have however, indicated a potential role of Cry-proteins as adjuvants in allergic reactions. Based on current knowledge, VKM concludes that maize 1507 is nutritionally equivalent to conventional maize varieties. It is unlikely that the PAT and Cry1F proteins will introduce a toxic or allergenic potential in food or feed based on maize 1507 compared to conventional maize. Environmental Risk Assessment: Maize is the only representative of the genus Zea in Europe, and there are no cross-compatible wild or weedy relatives outside cultivated maize with which maize can hybridise and form backcross progeny. Vertical gene transfer in maize therefore depends on cross-pollination with other conventional or organic maize varieties. In addition, unintended admixture of genetically modified material in seeds represents a possible way for gene flow between different crop cultivations. The risk of pollen flow from maize volunteers is negligible under Norwegian growing conditions. Since maize 1507 has no altered agronomic and phenotypic characteristics, except for the specific target insect resistance and herbicide tolerance, the likelihood of unintended environmental effects as a consequence of spread of genes from maize 1507 is considered to be extremely low. There are no reports of the target lepidopteran species attaining pest status on maize in Norway. Since there are no Bt-based insecticides approved for use in Norway, and lepidopteran pests have not been registered in maize, issues related to resistance evolution in target pests are not relevant at present for Norwegian agriculture. There are a limited number of published scientific studies on environmental effects of Cry1F protein. Published scientific studies show that the likelihood of negative effects of Cry1F protein on non-target arthropods that live on or in the vicinity of maize plants is low. In Norway, the maize cultivation is marginal. The total crop area of forage maize is estimated to 2000-2800 decares, equivalent to less than 0.1 % of the areas with cereal crops. The area of individual fields is limited by the topography such that the quantity of maize pollen produced under flowering is also limited. The potential exposure of Cry1F-containing maize pollen on non-target lepidopteran species in Norway is therefore negligible. Cultivation of maize 1507 is not considered to represent a threat to the prevalence of red-listed species in Norway. Exposure of non-target organisms to Cry proteins in aquatic ecosystems is likely to be very low, and potential exposure of Cry proteins to non-target organisms in aquatic ecosystems in Norway is considered to be negligible. VKM concludes that, although the data on the fate of the Cry1F protein and its potential interactions in soil are limited, the relevant scientific publications analysing the Cry1F protein, together with the relatively broad knowledge about the environmental fate of other Cry1 proteins, do not indicate significant direct effects on the soil environment. Despite limited number of studies, most studies conclude that effects on soil microorganisms and microbial communities are transient and minor c

The association between depressive symptoms and fall accidents among middle-aged and elderly people in China

BACKGROUND@#Depressive symptoms are a worldwide health problem. However, the research about the effect of depressive symptoms on the fall among the Chinese mid-aged and elderly people is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and fall accidents among middle-aged and elderly people in China.@*METHODS@#This study was conducted based on 12,527 sets of data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS). The 2011 depressive symptoms data and the 2013 fall data were chosen for this study. The depressive symptom-related data was assessed by the Chinese version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scales (CES-D). Individuals were divided into subgroups according to gender (male or female), age (45-59, middle-aged or ≥ 60, elderly people), and residence (rural or urban). The odds ratios (ORs) were compared between subgroups using multivariable logistic regression analysis method.@*RESULTS@#The adjusted OR value (OR = 1.19 [95% CI 1.07-1.33]) shows there is a significant association between depressive symptoms and subsequent fall accidents. The ORs of the female, elderly people, rural, and urban subgroups are 1.31 (95% CI 1.11-1.55), 1.24 (95% CI 1.08-1.43), 1.17 (95% CI 1.02-1.33), and 1.25 (95% CI 1.04-1.49), respectively, which reveals that this association is also statistically significant in these subgroups.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study shows that there is a significant association between depressive symptoms and their subsequent fall accidents among the Chinese middle-aged and elderly people.

Human carboxylesterases: a comprehensive review

Mammalian carboxylesterases (CEs) are key enzymes from the serine hydrolase superfamily. In the human body, two predominant carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) have been identified and extensively studied over the past decade. These two enzymes play crucial roles in the metabolism of a wide variety of endogenous esters, ester-containing drugs and environmental toxicants. The key roles of CES in both human health and xenobiotic metabolism arouse great interest in the discovery of potent CES modulators to regulate endobiotic metabolism or to improve the efficacy of ester drugs. This review covers the structural and catalytic features of CES, tissue distributions, biological functions, genetic polymorphisms, substrate specificities and inhibitor properties of CES1 and CES2, as well as the significance and recent progress on the discovery of CES modulators. The information presented here will help pharmacologists explore the relevance of CES to human diseases or to assign the contribution of certain CES in xenobiotic metabolism. It will also facilitate medicinal chemistry efforts to design prodrugs activated by a given CES isoform, or to develop potent and selective modulators of CES for potential biomedical applications.

Differences and international standardization between acupuncture as therapy and as specialty / 中国针灸

The purpose of this study is to explore the differences of definition and clinical roles as well as international standardization between acupuncture as therapy and as specialty, which can provide reference evidence for specialization and internationalization of acupuncture. Owing to the clinical efficacy and safety, the credibility and controversy both exist in acupuncture; moreover, there is a lack of fair definition and international precedent regarding acupuncture specialty. Therefore, it is particularly essential to objectively compare the differences of definitions and clinical roles as well as criteria of international standardization for acupuncture as therapy and as specialty. It is believed acupuncture standardization can draw lessons from the international medical standards, evidence-based medicine and acupuncture theory from the following three major projects:acupuncture safety and contraindications; acupuncture indications and treatment guidelines; acupuncture indication classified into 3 levels of evidence-based acupuncture disease spectrum, as objective evidence of indication of acupuncture specialty.

Validación argentina de la Escala Abreviada de Centralidad del Evento / Argentine validation of the Brief Centrality of Event Scale

La Escala Abreviada de Centralidad del Evento desarrollada por Berntsen y Rubin (2006), representa uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para evaluar la centralidad que adquiere un determinado suceso traumático en el desarrollo de la identidad. Debido a que no se han registrado adaptaciones de la técnica en el contexto argentino, este trabajo se propone evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra no probabilística compuesta por 429 estudiantes de nivel medio y superior de ambos sexos residentes en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. De acuerdo a los resultados, la escala presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas que posibilitan su administración en el contexto local. Se sugiere en próximos estudios emplear distintas poblaciones a fin de ofrecer una mayor fortaleza al constructo. (AU)

The abbreviated Centrality of the Event Scale, developed by Berntsen and Rubin (2006), is one of the most applied to evaluate the centrality that a particular traumatic event holds in the development of identity. Since no adaptations of the technique have been recorded in the Argentine context, this work is an attempt to evaluate its psychometric properties in a non-probabilistic sample consisting of 429 students of middle and upper level of both sexes residing in the city of Buenos Aires. According to the results, the scale presents appropriate psychometric properties for its application in the local context. It is suggested that future studies employ different populations so that the construct can acquire greater strength. (AU)

Depressive symptoms and its related factors among the physical disabled aged 45 years or older: The data from 2013 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:By exploring the epidemic level and related factors of depressive symptoms,to provide the references for improving mental health of the physical disabled.Methods:The data were from the 2013 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study database.Persons with self-reported physical disabled were selected as subjects,and a total of 974 valid ones were obtained,with the average age of (62 ± 10) yeats.The depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D),with the cut-off score of equal or higher than 10 as having depressive symptom.The independent variables included age,gender,education level,marital status,urban and rural areas,self-rated general health,self-rated heating,self-rated memorizing,life satisfaction,smoking,drinking,sleep duration,chronic diseases,activity of daily life,social activity,family support,and disability periods.Chi-square test was used to analyze the effect of each factor on prevalence of depressive symptoms.Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of multi-factors.Results:The prevalence of depressive symptom among the physical disabled was 46.1％.The subjects who were female,single,suffered from chronic disease,without family support,short-time sleeper were more likely to have depressive symptoms than the controls (OR =1.35,1.62,1.60,1.67,2.58;P ＜0.05).The subjects who had better self-rated general health,better self-rated hearing,better self-rated memorizing,better life satisfaction were less likely to have depressive symptoms than the controls (OR =0.38,0.53,0.47,0.09;P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:It suggests that the prevalence of depressive symptoms is higher among the physical disabled aged 45 years of age or older.It should take appropriate measures to reduce emotinal problems for them.

Uso de práticas integrativas e complementares por doulas em maternidades de Fortaleza (CE) e Campinas (SP) / Complementary and integrative practices by doulas in maternities in Fortaleza (CE) and Campinas (SP), Brazil

Objetivou-se analisar as Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PICs) utilizadas por doulas nos municípios de Fortaleza (CE) e Campinas (SP). É um estudo de natureza qualitativa, com 15 doulas: nove de Fortaleza e seis de Campinas. Os dados foram coletados no segundo semestre de 2010, mediante a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, e organizados seguindo a técnica da Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade temática. A interpretação dos resultados baseou-se na noção de que a institucionalização dos saberes se dá pela conformação de núcleos e de campos. O núcleo demarca a identidade de uma área de saber e de práticas profissionais; e o campo, um espaço de limites imprecisos entre as disciplinas, mas que pode ser submetido a conflitos. Observou-se que o suporte das doulas permeia uma variedade de práticas emolduradas na Medicina Tradicional (MT) e das PICs. Essas práticas contribuíram para a diminuição do tempo de trabalho de parto, melhor controle da dor, ajuda na tomada de decisões e empoderamento da mulher. Compreende -se que o espaço de atuação da doula e o uso de PICs convergem para a singularidade, respeito e autonomia da mulher e propõem um novo modelo de saberes e práticas centrado na importância do processo natural do parto.

This study aimed to analyze the Integrative and Complementary Practices (ICP) applied by doulas in the cities of Fortaleza (CE) and Campinas (SP). This is a qualitative study encompassing fifteen doulas: nine from Fortaleza and six from Campinas. The data were collected in the second half of 2010 by conducting semi-structured and pre-organized interviews following the procedures of thematic content analysis. The interpretations of the results were based on the idea that institutionalization of knowledge and practices happen through the conformation of nuclei and fields. The nucleus demarcates the identity of an area of knowledge and the professionals' practices, and the field de marcates the blurred limits among disciplines that can be submitted to conflicts. We observed that the support offered by doulas permeates a variety of practices framed in traditional medicine as well as in complementary and alternative medicine. ICP was associated with decreases in length of labor, superior pain management, ability of making de cision and empowering of women. It is understood that the range of activities offered by doulas and the use of ICP converge to the uniqueness, respect and autonomy of women. Furthermore, it proposes a new model of awareness and practices centered on the importance of the natural process of childbirth.

Study of total celosins on liver protection in different liver damage model / 药学实践杂志

Objective To study the liver protection of total celosins (CES) in different liver damage models .Method A-cute liver damage mouse model ,chronic liver damage rat model and immune liver damage mouse model were established for this study .Liver function tests ,liver lipid peroxidation indicators and liver pathology were observed .Results CES of each dose group can lower serum ALT and AST in different degrees ,can significantly reduce the content of MDA in liver homogenate , while can increase SOD activity .Pathological examination showed that animals administered significantly reduced the degree of liver cell damage .Conclusion CES have protective effects on acute liver damage induced by CCl 4 ,chronic liver damage induced by CCl4 and immunological liver damage induced by concanavalin A .Its hepatoprotective effect may be related to its antioxidant effects .