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Background: Schizophrenia is a commonest and one of the well known psychiatric disorders. Life expectancy of a patient with schizophrenia may be 20 to 30 years shorter than the general population. Long term antipsychotic therapy is usually required for the management of schizophrenia. It is not currently possible to predict which antipsychotic may be optimal for a given patient because there are still many debates about effectiveness and efficacy of atypical drugs over first generation antipsychotics. So, our aim is to assess the effectiveness of various antipsychotics by using various psychometric scales, which will be helpful to bring out better treatment options for schizophrenia patients.Methods: This was an observational questionnaire based study, conducted on patients of inpatient and outpatient Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pharmacology at VIMSAR, Burla, for a period of 24 months (September 2015 to August 2017). Patients of schizophrenia aged 18 years or above were subjected to clinical global impression – severity scale (CGI-S) and clinical global impression – improvement scale (CGI-I) questionnaire after taking informed consent. Then scores were calculated using non parametric test with Graph pad Prism version 6.0.Results: Out of the 90 cases, majority (60) of patients belonged to the middle (25 to 45 yrs) age group followed by 20 younger (<25 yrs) age group and rest 10 were elderly (>45 yrs) patients. Both scales showed significant improvement with atypical antipsychotics as compared to first generation antipsychotics.Conclusions: Based on these findings, we can conclude that atypical antipsychotics are more effective than first generation antipsychotics. But further studies are needed to assist clinicians in making optimum treatment decisions.
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The third industrial revolution that is the digital revolution is a transformation from analog to digital technology. It is the beginning of the information age. Digitalization has gone to such an extent that there is shift to a digital film stock. Interactivity is another concept brought to forefront. There are positive as well as negative impacts on the society at large. Digitalization has made the art of film making more accessible.DVD releasing and internet streaming are frequent mode of exhibition. A new technology known as DIT came up with huge market demand.
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Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome is a rare neutral lipid storage disorder characterized by ichthyosis, lipid vacuolations in peripheral leucocytes, and multisystem involvement. It is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CGI-58 gene. A total of 42 cases have been reported worldwide till February 2009 out of which 4 have been previously reported from India. We report a case of a 20-month-old male with congenital ichthyosis, organomegaly, and bilateral cryptorchidism. Examination of the peripheral smear revealed lipid vacuoles in the leucocytes consistent with Jordan's anomaly, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Liver biopsy revealed micronodular cirrhosis with macrovesicular steatosis while skin biopsy showed ichthyosis vulgaris. Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and laboratory criteria with certain unreported manifestations. Dietary modifications were instituted and followed up after 1 year with promising results. This emphasizes the importance of neonatal screening for lipid vacuolations in peripheral blood in all cases of congenital ichthyosis.
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Objective:To clone human CGI-100 gene and reconstruct its eukaryotic expressive vector for further investigation.Methods:The full coding domain sequence of human CGI-100 gene was cloned from human leukemic K562 cells with RT-PCR and was sub-cloned into pMD18-T Simple vector.After confirmed by DNA sequencing,the targeted DNA fragment,digested with BamHⅠand PstⅠ,was directionally cloned into eukaryotic expressive plasmid pIRES2-EGFP,then,the reconstructed plasmid was identified with enzyme digestion,PCR and sequencing.Results:It was demonstrated that the full coding domain sequence of human CGI-100 gene was accurately cloned into digestion sites between BamHⅠand PstⅠin pIRES2-EGFP without mutation and transposition.Conclusion:The reconstruction and verifying of eukaryotic expressive plasmid containing CGI-100 gene are successful,which establishes the foundation of further investigation.
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Objective:To construct the expression vector of RNA interference(RNAi)system for CGI-100 gene and identify its inhibition efficiency.Methods:Three oligonucleotides targeting CGI-100 gene were devised and chemically synthesized,annealed to form double-strand DNA and inserted into plasmid PGenesil-1 whose segments were digested by BamHⅠ and HindⅢ.The recombinant vector were then transfected into K562 cells with lipofectamineTM 2000.CGI-100 expresstion in the transfected cells was assayed by RT-PCR and dot blot.Results:The recombinant plasmids of PGenesil-1-CGI-100 were successfully constructed by DNA sequencing analysis.The first of PGenesil-1-CGI-100 had the highest inhibition efficiency in mRNA levels,up to 54%.Conclusion:The RNA interference system targeting CGI-100 gene were successfully constructed and a interference vector with a higher inhibition efficiency was screened,which provides the foundation for further investigation.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate current trends in the prescription patterns of olanzapine in patients with bipolar disorder and to examine the relationship between the prescription patterns and the clinical outcome. METHODS: We investigated the prescription patterns of olanzapine in bipolar patients who were discharged between March 1, 2001 and October 31, 2003 by retrospective review of medical records. Prescription patterns included maximum dose, average dose, duration of olanzapine treatment, and so on. Treatment outcome was measured by using Clinical Global Impression-improvement scale (CGI-I) at discharge. RESULTS: The use of antipsychotics was found to be increasing and olanzapine accounted for about 30% of antipsychotics prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Average and maximum dose of olanzapine in 2003 were increased compared with those in 2001 or 2002. Higher average and maximum dose of olanzapine treatment resulted in better global outcome. CONCLUSION: These findings confirm the important role of antipsychotics, particularly olanzapine in the current treatment of bipolar disorder and also support the recent recommendation of high dose of olanzapine in the treatments of acute manic symptoms.
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Humans , Antipsychotic Agents , Bipolar Disorder , Inpatients , Medical Records , Prescriptions , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Internet has greatly influenced on the medical education and exchange of biomedical information. Furthermore, this technology is now widely used in the evaluation of medical students and gives rise great interest on the CAT (computer aided testing). In this report, we adopted one of network technology (CGI; common gateway interface) to the evaluation of medical students. Students are supposed to click the radio button to answer the questions and if they click the 'submit' button, then the examination is finished. Student evaluation and item analysis was designed to perform in the internet browser just after termination of examination of all students. The most important merit of this evaluation method is supposed to be the multimedia items used in the examination. Vivid color pictures seen in the monitors were proved to be the key component for the objective evaluation and perfection of the examination items. Although this method is not supposed to be the perfect method at this time, we believe that continuous efforts for the improvement of remained technical problems will make this method one of the most useful and effective evaluation tools.
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Animals , Cats , Humans , Education, Medical , Internet , Multimedia , Students, MedicalABSTRACT
Static database can not meet the requirement of web development. The dynamic database which is based on the dynamic memory and management technologies has become the preferred choice. This paper compares five primary methods for web database access, and an example is given to illustrate how ASP.NET access SQL server.