Clinical Efficacy of Huanglian Jiedutang in Adjuvant Treatment of Acute Cerebral Infarction Complicated with Gastric Motility Disorder / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical efficacy of Huanglian Jiedutang as an adjunctive treatment for acute cerebral infarction complicated with gastric motility disorder. MethodSixty patients with acute cerebral infarction complicated with gastric motility disorder with fire toxin syndrome were randomly divided into a western medicine control group （control group） and a traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） combined treatment group （observation group）， with 30 cases in each group. The control group received basic treatment for cerebral infarction and relevant western medical symptomatic treatment based on the patients' gastrointestinal symptoms. The observation group received Huanglian Jiedutang in addition to the treatment provided to the control group. The treatment course was 7 days. Neurological deficit scores and gastrointestinal dysfunction scores were assessed in both groups before treatment and on the 4th and 7th days of treatment. Gastrointestinal electrographic parameters， serum citrulline （CIT）， and motilin （MTL） levels were measured in both groups before treatment and on the 7th day of treatment. Clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups. ResultCompared with the baseline in both groups， the neurological deficit scores and gastrointestinal dysfunction scores were significantly reduced on the 4th and 7th days of treatment （P<0.05）. The reductions in these scores were more significant on the 7th day compared with those on the 4th day of treatment （P<0.05）. On the 4th and 7th days of treatment， the observation group showed a significantly greater reduction in neurological deficit scores and gastrointestinal dysfunction scores compared with the control group （P<0.05）. On the 7th day of treatment， compared with the baseline， both groups showed a significant increase in gastric antral and gastric body electric wave amplitudes as well as serum CIT and MTL levels （P<0.05）， and there were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of gastric antral and gastric body electric waves. On the 7th day of treatment， compared with the control group， the observation group had a significant increase in gastric antral and gastric body electric wave amplitudes as well as serum CIT and MTL levels （P<0.05）， and there were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of gastric antral and gastric body electric waves. After 7 days of treatment， the total effective rate in the observation group was 90.00% （27/30）， higher than 76.67% （23/30） in the control group， but the difference was not statistically significant. ConclusionAdjunctive treatment with Huanglian Jiedutang can effectively improve the symptoms of neurological function impairment and gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with acute cerebral infarction complicated with gastric motility disorder， increase gastric antral and gastric body electric wave amplitudes， improve gastric motility disorder， and increase serum CIT and MTL levels， thereby improving the imbalanced secretion function of the gastrointestinal tract.

A CASE REPORT OF TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN A CHILD

Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by the formation of hamartomas. These mostly affect the skin, eyes, brain, heart, kidneys and lungs. Cutaneous manifestations like adenoma sebaceum, shagreen patch etc., are apparent on physical examination. Tuberous sclerosis is associated with a wide range of behavioral, psychiatric, neurological, intellectual and psychosocial dif?culties. Around 90% of individuals with tuberous sclerosis have neuropsychiatric manifestations. The diagnostic triad of tuberous sclerosis consists of mental retardation, adenoma sebaceum and epilepsy. Attention de?cit hyperactivity disorder is also found as a comorbidity in tuberous sclerosis in higher percentage. Here we present a case of a child suffering from tuberous sclerosis and presenting with attention de?cit hyperactivity disorder and seizures

Competencia digital en docentes de Ciencias de la Salud de una universidad privada de Lima / Digital competence in teachers of health sciences in a private university in Lima

Introducción: El presente trabajo obedece a la necesidad de desarrollar competencias digitales en los docentes, quienes pueden aprovechar las distintas potencialidades de los recursos tecnológicos con la finalidad de lograr mejoras en el proceso de aprendizaje de sus estudiantes. Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias entre las dimensiones de la competencia digital de docentes de la facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de una universidad privada en Lima, Perú, según variables sociodemográficas. Métodos: Se empleó un diseño descriptivo comparativo. Cabe señalar, además, que se consideró una población total compuesta por 40 docentes, de la cual 34 accedieron a colaborar en la investigación. El instrumento usado para la recolección de información fue una adaptación del Cuestionario de Competencia Digital Docente (CCDD), el cual se elaboró por Javier Tourón, Deborah Martín, Enrique Navarro, Silvia Pradas y Victoria Íñigo en 2018. Además, se empleó una ficha sociodemográfica dirigida a los docentes. Posteriormente, se realizó el análisis estadístico mediante el software SPSS 25. Resultados: Se halló que no existían diferencias significativas entre las dimensiones de la competencia digital, según las variables sociodemográficas sexo, edad, máximo nivel de estudio alcanzado y años de experiencia docente. Aun así, las diferencias evidenciadas en algunas de tales variables podrían resultar objeto de futuros estudios. Conclusiones: La dimensión en la que los docentes presentan mayores problemas es seguridad, mientras que aquella en la que poseen menores dificultades resulta resolución de problemas(AU)

Introduction: This work responds to the need of developing digital skills in teachers, who can take advantage of the different potentialities of technological resources in order to achieve better learning in their students. Objective: To determine the differences between the dimensions of the digital competence of teachers of the School of Health Sciences of a private university in Lima, Peru, according to sociodemographic variables. Methods: A comparative descriptive design was used. It should also be noted that a total population composed of 40 teachers was considered, of which 34 agreed to collaborate in the research. The instrument used to collect information was an adaptation of the Teaching Digital Competence Questionnaire, prepared by Javier Tourón, Deborah Martín, Enrique Navarro, Silvia Pradas and Victoria Íñigo in 2018. In addition, a sociodemographic record was addressed to teachers. Subsequently, statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 25 software. Results: It was found that there were no significant differences between the dimensions of digital competence, according to the sociodemographic variables of sex, age, maximum level of study reached, and years of teaching experience. Even so, the differences evidenced in some of these variables could be subject of future studies. Conclusions: The dimension in which teachers have the greatest problems is security, while the one in which they have the least difficulties is problem solving(AU)

Diethyl citrate reduces the oxidative stress level in CRF vascular calcification through CaSR / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of diethyl citrate (Et2Cit) on oxidative stress and vascular calcification in chronic renal failure (CRF). Methods SD rats were divided into four groups: control group, model group, Et2Cit group and Et2Cit+NPS2143 (calcium sensitive receptor inhibitors) group. Alizarin red staining was used to detect aortic calcification in CRF rats. Concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) in the aorta and plasma of CRF rats were measured. The cells were divided into four groups: control group, high-phosphorus group, Et2Cit group, and Et2Cit+NPS2143 group. The levels of dihydroethidium (DHE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared with that in the control group, the aortic calcification degree in the model group was significantly increased. Et2Cit intervention could reduce the aortic calcification level. Aorta and plasma SOD and NO contents in the model group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Et2Cit intervention could increase SOD and NO contents in the aorta and plasma (P<0.05). However, when NPS2143 and Et2Cit were given simultaneously, the effect of Et2Cit in improving vascular calcification and oxidative stress levels were inhibited (P<0.05). DHE and ROS levels were increased in cells under high phosphorus environment (P<0.05), and Et2Cit intervention could decrease DHE and ROS levels (P<0.05). However, compared with Et2Cit group, DHE and ROS levels in Et2Cit+NPS2143 group were increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Et2Cit inhibited oxidative stress level in CRF vascular calcification, which is dependent on calcium-sensitive receptors.

Diethyl citrate inhibits vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease by CaSR/autophagy signaling axis / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the effects of calcium sensitive receptor (CaSR)/autophagy signaling axis on the inhibition of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) by diethyl citrate (Et2Cit). Methods: Rats and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were divided into 5 groups: normal control group, model group, low-dose Et2Cit group, high-dose Et2Cit group and high-dose Et2Cit+NPS-2143 (CaSR inhibitor) group. After the intervention, the content of aorta calcium in each group was detected. Alizarin red staining was used to detect calcification in each cell group. mRNA expressions of calcification-related proteins, CaSR and autophagy-related proteins in the aorta of each group were detected by qRT-PCR. The expressions of the above proteins in each group were detected by Western blotting. Results: Compared with the control group, the calcification in model group was significantly increased, and Et2Cit intervention could reduce the calcification in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Compared with high-dose Et2Cit group, high-dose Et2Cit+NPS-2143 group had significantly higher calcium content (P<0.05). Compared with those in the control group, the expressions of smooth muscle 22α (SM22α), CaSR and Beclin1 were decreased (P<0.05), while the expressions of runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and P62 were increased (P<0.05). Et2Cit intervention could reverse the above changes (P<0.05). Compared with the high-dose Et2Cit group, the high-dose Et2Cit + NPS-2143 group had significantly lower SM22α, CaSR and Beclin1, and significantly higher RUNX2 and P62 levels (P<0.05). Results: Et2Cit inhibits CKD vascular calcification partly via the CaSR and CaSR/autophagy signal axis.

Combination of In Vivo ¹²³IFP-CIT SPECT and Microdialysis Reveals an Antipsychotic Drug Haloperidol-induced Synaptic Dopamine Availability in the Rat Midbrain and Striatum

Synaptic dopamine (DA) is mainly regulated by the presynaptic DA transporter (DAT). Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) with the DAT radiotracer [¹²³I]FP-CIT assesses changes in synaptic DA availability when endogenous DA displaces [¹²³I]FP-CIT or competes for DAT. Here, we investigated the effects of haloperidol (HAL) and clozapine (CLZ) on [¹²³I]FP-CIT binding in the rat striatum and midbrain to assess the utility of [¹²³I]FP-CIT SPECT to quantify changes in synaptic DA availability. Rats underwent [¹²³I]FP-CIT SPECT after intraperitoneal administration of normal saline (vehicle), HAL (1 and 7 mg/kg), CLZ (10 and 54 mg/kg) and bupropion (BUP, a DAT blocker, 20 and 100 mg/kg). In the striatum and midbrain, percent differences in the nondisplaceable binding potential (BP(ND)) of [¹²³I]FP-CIT compared to the vehicle were calculated for the various drugs and doses. In another experiment, changes in endogenous striatal DA concentration were measured by in vivo microdialysis under the conditions used in the SPECT study. BUP dose-dependently occupied DAT at considerable levels. Compared to the vehicle, HAL decreased [¹²³I]FP-CIT BP(ND) in the striatum (−25.29% and −2.27% for 1 and 7 mg/kg, respectively) and to a greater degree in the midbrain (−58.74% and −49.64% for 1 and 7 mg/kg, respectively), whereas the CLZ-treated group showed a decrease in the midbrain (−38.60% and −40.38% for 10 and 54 mg/kg, respectively) but an increase in the striatum (18.85% and 38.64% for 10 and 54 mg/kg, respectively). Antipsychotic-induced changes in endogenous striatal DA concentrations varied across drugs and doses. The data demonstrate that [¹²³I]FP-CIT SPECT may be a useful preclinical technique for detecting increases in synaptic DA availability in the midbrain and striatum in response to HAL, with results comparable to those of in vivo microdialysis.

Dramatic unilateral decrease in uptake via the dopamine transporter: Imaging in a patient with hemiparkinsonism following the lacunar stroke in substantia nigra

@#Vascular parkinsonism (VaP) is typically defined as having predominant lower body involvement, postural instability, less prominent rest tremor and little or no response to treatment with levodopa. In this study, we report a patient with VaP with clear demonstration of a dramatic unilateral decrease of radiotracer uptake in a 18F-FP-CIT-PET study. A 62-year-old right-handed woman was referred to the neurology department due to rest tremor and rigidity in the right hand, which began after undergoing resection surgery for a left acoustic neuroma 7 years prior. Brain MRI, taken at 1 year after surgery showed an ischemic stroke lesion in the left medial pons and the left substantia nigra. 18F-FP-CIT-PET revealed a marked reduction of radiotracer uptake in left striatum compared to that of the right. We treated the patient with 100 mg of levodopa, 200 mg of entacarpone and 25 mg of carbidopa. There was an improvement in bradykinesia and tremor, but the symptoms persisted, and there was no deterioration during 6 months of observation. After acoustic neuroma surgery, ischemic complications are uncommon, and even a small lesion in the nigrostriatal pathway can cause a hemiparkinsonism. If a patient experience sudden onset hemiparkinsonism, they should be carefully examined for lesions in the nigrostriatal pathways. Under these conditions, the 18F-FP-CIT-PET scan can enable visualization of a unilateral decrease and is a useful tool for diagnosis and differentiation from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease

Screening of optimal siRNA interference sequence of CIT gene and its inhibition expression in hepatoma SK-Hep-1 / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective@#To construct and screen optimal siRNA interference sequence of CIT gene and to detect its interference efficiency as well as proliferation effect in human hepatoma cell line SK-Hep-1.@*Methods@#Three siRNA target spots were designed and synthesized according to the CIT gene sequence. SK-Hep-1 HCC cells were transfected by liposome transfection. The knockdown efficiency of the target CIT gene was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. Expressional change of CIT in SK-Hep-1 cells after 48 hours of siRNA interference were observed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. The proliferation of SK-Hep-1 cells after 48 hours of siRNA interference was detected by EdU cell proliferation assay. A t-test was used to compare the mean of two samples, and one-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean of multiple samples.@*Results@#Western blot results showed that the three interference sequences were targeted at different target spots. The expression level of CIT protein in KD-1,-2, and-3 groups were decreased (P < 0.01) than control, while the protein expression level of KD1 group was the lowest. Real-time PCR results showed that compared with the control group, the expression level of CIT mRNA in KD-1, -2, and -3 groups decreased (P < 0.01), while that in KD1 group was the lowest. Laser confocal microscopy also confirmed that the morphological expression of CIT attenuated significantly after transfection with siRNA. The results of EdU proliferation assay showed that siRNA transfected with CIT significantly attenuated the proliferation of SK-Hep-1 hepatoma cells (P < 0.05).@*Conclusion@#The successful construction and screening of siRNA fragments can effectively inhibit the expression and proliferation of CIT gene in hepatoma SK-Hep-1.

Development and verification of internal structure of the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Screening Inventory / Construção e verificação da estrutura interna do Inventário de Rastreamento do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade em Adultos

The aim of this study was to develop the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Screening Inventory, a self-report instrument for assessing symptoms as well as to verify the internal structure of the instrument. Based on the proposed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder diagnostic criteria, the Screening Inventory was developed and administered. The participants were 421 individuals divided into two groups, with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis. The instrument items were analyzed and validated for content by a panel of expert judges. It was found that the instrument structure is composed of two factors, namely, Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity (Cronbach's alpha 0.97 and 0.96, respectively). In general, the observed data provided validity evidence based on content and internal structure of the instrument, which complies with the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, proving to be a favorable instrument for the investigation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms in Adults.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver o Inventário de Rastreamento do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade em Adultos, bem como verificar a estrutura interna do instrumento. Com base nos critérios diagnósticos do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade da quinta edição do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais, foi desenvolvido e aplicado o Inventário de Rastreamento do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade em Adultos. Participaram da pesquisa 421 indivíduos divididos em dois grupos, com e sem diagnóstico de Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade. Os itens do instrumento foram submetidos a análise de juízes, o que acarretou ao instrumento evidências de validade com base no conteúdo. Verificou-se que a estrutura do instrumento é composta por dois fatores, a saber, Desatenção e Hiperatividade/Impulsividade (alfa de Cronbach 0,97 e 0,96, respectivamente). Em linhas gerais, os dados observados fornecem evidências de validade com base no conteúdo e na estrutura interna para o instrumento, que está de acordo com a última edição do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico dos Transtornos Mentais, mostrando-se favorável para investigação dos sintomas de Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade em adultos.

Study of the relationship between brain injury and glucose metabolism in rat model of cardiac arrest / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To determine the relationship between brain injury and cerebral glucose metabolism in rat model of cardiac arrest. Methods Asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest model was established. Forty-two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to sham or experimental groups. Rats in the CA4,CA6 and CA8 group were treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) 4 min, 6 min and 8 min after cardiac arrest, respectively. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of glucose was detected by PET, and neural defi cit score (NDS) were evaluated at 24 h and 72 h after ROSC. The numbers of injured neurons and apoptotic cells and the protein level of hexokinase I (HXK I) were measured at 72 h after ROSC. Results SUVmax, NDS and the level of HXK I were all decreased after ROSC, and interestingly, this declination of these markers was correlated with the prolongation of the duration of CA, the longer duration of CA the more declination of these biomarkers. Accordingly, the number of injured neurons and apoptotic cells increased were correlated with duration of CA, and thus CA8 group had greater numbers of those cells than CA6 group and CA4 group (P<0.05),and CA6 group had greater numbers of those cells than CA4 group(P<0.05). In addition, the SUVmaxwas positively correlated with NDS(P<0.05), and negatively correlated with the numbers of injured neurons and apoptotic index(P<0.05). Conclusions The degree of brain injury is associated with cerebral glucose metabolism, and PET may become a novel method to assess the severity of brain damage after CA.

Longitudinal Decline of Striatal Subregional ¹⁸FFP-CIT Uptake in Parkinson's Disease / 대한핵의학회잡지

PURPOSE: Dopamine transporter imaging is suggested to be a useful imaging biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD) progression and monitoring drug effects.We investigated the longitudinal decline characteristics of striatal [¹⁸F]FP-CIT uptake in PD.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 35 PD patients and 9 non-PD patients. All patients underwent [¹⁸F]FP-CIT PET at the initial diagnosis and follow-up. PET images were spatially normalized and analyzed with eight striatal and one occipital VOI templates. We measured the specific to non-specific binding ratio (SNBR) of the striatal subregions and calculated the absolute annual reduction (AAR) and relative annual reduction (%RAR) of the SNBRs.RESULTS: Total striatal SNBRs in PD patients were significantly lower than those in non-PD patients, with the most significant difference in the posterior putamen. Both AAR (0.26 ± 0.14 vs. 0.09 ± 0.19, p < 0.05) and %RAR (6.9 ± 3.5 vs. 1.2 ± 2.7, p < 0.001) of total striatal SNBRs were significantly greater in PD than non-PD patients. There were no significant differences in the AAR and %RAR of total striatal SNBRs between elderly and young onset PD. The AARs of the posterior putamen were higher in early PD than in advanced PD. Conversely, the %RARs were not significantly different between early and more advanced PD. The disease duration was significantly negatively correlated with the AAR but not with the %RAR of the posterior putamen.CONCLUSIONS: The longitudinal decline of striatal [¹⁸F]FP-CIT uptake in PD was nonlinear and significantly faster than that in non-PD, with a different rate of decline among the striatal subregions.

18F-FP-CIT Positron Emission Tomography for Correlating Motor and Cognitive Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this paper was to investigate the utility of 18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β-carboxymethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) positron emission tomography (PET) for evaluating the severity of Parkinson's disease (PD) according to various clinical stages, and to identify the relationship between the striatal substructure and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score, cognitive symptoms through 18F-FP-CIT PET. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 542 patients with various clinical stages of PD who underwent an 18F-FP-CIT PET at our clinics. The difference between the 18F-FP-CIT PET according to the Hoehn-Yahr stage, correlation between 18F-FP-CIT PET and the UPDRS III grouped motor items, and the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) were investigated. RESULTS: As disease progressed, the right caudate and both the anterior putamen and caudate/putamen ratios exhibited a significantly lower uptake. The uptake of all striatal substructures was significantly correlated with the UPDRS total motor score. The right caudate nucleus was significantly related to both the UPDRS tremor items and the right UPDRS akinesia-rigidity items. The left caudate nucleus was related to both the UPDRS tremor items and UPDRS akinesia-rigidity items. The right anterior putamen was related to the axial items, right tremor and akinesia-rigidity items; while the left anterior putamen was related to the right tremor and right akinesia-rigidity items. Both of the posterior putamens were related to the axil items, left tremor and left akinesia rigidity items. K-MMSE was not significantly related to any striatal substructures. CONCLUSIONS: The UPDRS total motor score was significantly correlated with the uptake of all striatal substructures. However, the 18F-FPCIT uptake in specific striatal substructures was rather complexly correlated with the UPDRS motor grouped items and was not significantly related to K-MMSE. These results suggest the possibility of the complex pathophysiology of motor symptoms of PD and limitation of 18F-FPCIT PET for the evaluation of the severity of PD motor and cognitive symptoms.

Is Parkinson's Disease with History of Agent Orange Exposure Different from Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: During Vietnam War, many Korean soldiers were dispatched to fight in the war where they were exposed to Agent Orange. Until now, there exist only limited evidence on existence of association between exposure to Agent Orange and Parkinson's disease (PD). To elucidate the effects of Agent Orange exposure on PD, we compared the clinical characteristics and radiolabeled 18F-FP-CIT PET uptake between patients with Agent Orange exposure and patients with Agent Orange no-exposure. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 143 patients exposed to Agent Orange and 500 patients with no exposure to Agent Orange from our movement clinics database. The differences between clinical characteristics and pattern of 18F-FP-CIT PET uptake were investigated. RESULTS: Among Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III motor subscales, tremor at rest, rigidity, finger taps, and rapid alternating movement was significantly higher in patients exposed to Agent Orange as compared to patients with no exposure to Agent Orange. The facial expression score was significantly lower in patients exposed to Agent Orange as compared to patients with no exposure to Agent Orange. Compared to patients not exposed to Agent Orange, all basal ganglia areas (contra- and ipsilateral caudate nucleus, anterior putamen, and posterior putamen) showed a lower18F-FP-CIT uptake and higher asymmetry index of anterior and posterior putamen was found in patients exposed to Agent Orange. The caudate/putamen ratio was significantly lower in patients exposed to Agent Orange as compared to patients with no exposure to Agent Orange. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a different clinical profile and FP-CIT PET findings between patients exposed to Agent Orange as compared to patients with no exposure to Agent Orange. This finding suggests the possibility of different pathophysiology of PD in patients exposed to Agent Orange from idiopathic PD.

Clebopride-Induced Parkinsonism

No abstract available.

Educación y ágora digital: retos y horizontes para la formación humanística / Education and digital agora: challenges and horizons for humanistic training

El artículo de revisión, se orienta a las humanidades en la educación superior,en la era digital. A partir de la misión de la educación, con su compromiso de laformación humana y profesional, el ágora digital es considerada tanto escenario como mediación para las humanidades en la educación superior. La sociedad tecnológica plantea unos retos que se pueden examinar en estudios de finales del siglo XX e inicios del XXI. Asimismo, la situación de la educación y la formación humanística en este nuevo escenario abre unos senderos que se determinan comohorizontes para su caminar en este nuevo hábitat digital. Aprendizaje autónomo y colaborativo, multiculturalismo, pensamiento crítico, responsabilidad planetaria, son saberes que pueden fortalecerse con la mediación de las TIC.

The review article focuses on the humanities in higher education in the digital age. From the mission of education, with its commitment to the professional and human formation, the digital agora is considered to be both a scenario and a mediation for the humanities in higher education. The technological society poses a few challenges that can be examined in studies of the end of the 20th century and early 21st century. In addition, the situation of education and humanistic education in this new scenario opens some paths, which are determined as horizons for their walk in this new digital habitat. Autonomous and collaborative learning, multiculturalism,critical thinking, and planetary responsibility, is a piece of knowledge that can be strengthened with the mediation of ICT.

Enhanced Efficacy of Human Brain-Derived Neural Stem Cells by Transplantation of Cell Aggregates in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

OBJECTIVE: Neural tissue transplantation has been a promising strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, transplantation has the disadvantages of low-cell survival and/or development of dyskinesia. Transplantation of cell aggregates has the potential to overcome these problems, because the cells can extend their axons into the host brain and establish synaptic connections with host neurons. In this present study, aggregates of human brain-derived neural stem cells (HB-NSC) were transplanted into a PD animal model and compared to previous report on transplantation of single-cell suspensions. METHODS: Rats received an injection of 6-OHDA into the right medial forebrain bundle to generate the PD model and followed by injections of PBS only, or HB-NSC aggregates in PBS into the ipsilateral striatum. Behavioral tests, multitracer (2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]-FDG) and [18F]-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane ([18F]-FP-CIT) microPET scans, as well as immunohistochemical (IHC) and immunofluorescent (IF) staining were conducted to evaluate the results. RESULTS: The stepping test showed significant improvement of contralateral forelimb control in the HB-NSC group from 6-10 weeks compared to the control group (p<0.05). [18F]-FP-CIT microPET at 10 weeks posttransplantation demonstrated a significant increase in uptake in the HB-NSC group compared to pretransplantation (p<0.05). In IHC and IF staining, tyrosine hydroxylase and human beta2 microglobulin (a human cell marker) positive cells were visualized at the transplant site. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the HB-NSC aggregates can survive in the striatum and exert therapeutic effects in a PD model by secreting dopamine.

A Rat Model of Striatonigral Degeneration Generated by Simultaneous Injection of 6-Hydroxydopamine into the Medial Forebrain Bundle and Quinolinic Acid into the Striatum

A double toxin-double lesion strategy is well-known to generate a rat model of striatonigral degeneration (SND) such as multiple system atrophy-parkinsonian type. However, with this model it is difficult to distinguish SND from Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we propose a new rat model of SND, which is generated by simultaneous injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle and quinolinic acid into the striatum. Stepping tests performed 30 min after intraperitoneal L-dopa administration at 6 weeks post-surgery revealed an L-dopa response in the PD group but not the SND group. Apomorphine-induced rotation tests revealed no rotational bias in the SND group, which persisted for 2 months, but contralateral rotations in the PD group. MicroPET scans revealed glucose hypometabolism and dopamine transporter impairment on the lesioned striatum in the SND group. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the SND group revealed that 74.7% of nigral cells on the lesioned side were lost after lesion surgery. These results suggest that the proposed simultaneous double toxin-double lesion method successfully created a rat model of SND that had behavioral outcomes, multitracer microPET evaluation, and histological aspects consistent with SND pathology. This model will be useful for future study of SND.

Lazer sobre rodas no cartão postal: TIC's/mídia e socialização de skatistas da orla de Atalaia em Aracaju/SE / Leisure on wheels on post cards: communication and information technologies (CIT)/media and the socialization of skaters in the Atalaia shore in Aracaju/SE

O presente estudo constitui um dos eixos de análise de pesquisa realizada com skatistas do grupo Aracaju Family, frequentadores do Skatepark, equipamento do complexo da Orla de Atalaia em Aracaju/SE. Trazemos apontamentos e reflexões acerca da presença das TICs/mídia no cotidiano skatista, em vistas a esta recorrência como um fator que participa das experiências no espaço e tempo do lazer, e considerando as suas implicações no processo de socialização do grupo. Constatamos, por meio das informações descritas no diário de campo, a partir da observação participante, das entrevistas e do acompanhamento dos perfis no facebook a presença das tecnologias e a mídia em geral, destacando a rede social como um diferencial dentre os elementos encontrados. Consideramos que a amplitude da presença das TICs/mídias atinge também o profissionalismo do skatista e, sobretudo, promove a ancoragem territorial à realidade virtual.

This paper is one of the analysis axes of a research conducted with a group of skaters who call themselves Aracaju Family and who frequent the Cara de Sapo Skatepark, an equipment of the Atalaia Shore complex in Aracaju/SE. Notes and reflections about the presence of CIT/media in the day-by-day of skaters are brought up, which take in consideration the recurrence of this event as a factor that participates in the process of experience in space and leisure time, and considers its implications in the socialization process of the group. Through the information described in the journal, the participant observations, the interviews, and by monitoring Facebook profiles it was possible to notice the presence of technology and media in general, highlighting the social network as a differentiator among the other elements found. The breadth of the presence of CIT/media is also considered to affect the professionalism of the skaters, but mainly to promote territorial anchoring to virtual reality.

Evaluation of Multiple System Atrophy and Early Parkinson's Disease Using (123)I-FP-CIT SPECT / 핵의학분자영상

PURPOSE: We investigated quantification of dopaminergic transporter (DAT) and serotonergic transporter (SERT) on (123)I-FP-CIT SPECT for differentiating between multiple systemic atrophy (MSA) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: N-fluoropropyl-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-4-[(123)I]-iodophenylnortropane SPECT ((123)I-FP-CIT SPECT) was performed in 8 patients with MSA (mean age: 64.0+/-4.5yrs, m:f=6:2), 13 with early IPD (mean age: 65.5+/-5.3yrs, m:f=9:4), and 12 healthy controls (mean age: 63.3+/-5.7yrs, m:f=8:4). Standard regions of interests (ROIs) of striatum to evaluate DAT, and hypothalamus and midbrain for SERT were drawn on standard template images and applied to each image taken 4 hours after radiotracer injection. Striatal specific binding for DAT and hypothalamic and midbrain specific binding for SERT were calculated using region/reference ratio based on the transient equilibrium method. Group differences were tested using ANOVA with the postHoc analysis. RESULTS: DAT in the whole striatum and striatal subregions were significantly decreased in both patient groups with MSA and early IPD, compared with healthy control (p<0.05 in all). In early IPD, a significant increase in the uptake ratio in anterior and posterior putamen and a trend of increase in caudate to putamen ratio was observed. In MSA, the decrease of DAT was accompanied with no difference in the striatal uptake pattern compared with healthy controls. Regarding the brain regions where (123)I-FP-CIT binding was predominant by SERT, MSA patients showed a decrease in the binding of (123)I-FP-CIT in the pons compared with controls as well as early IPD patients (MSA: 0.22+/-0.1 healthy controls: 0.33+/-0.19, IPD: 0.29+/-0.19), however, it did not reach the statistical significance. CONCLUSION: In this study, the differential patterns in the reduction of DAT in the striatum and the reduction of pontine (123)I- FP-CIT binding predominant by SERT could be observed in MSA patients on (123)I- FP-CIT SPECT. We suggest that the quantification of SERT as well as DAT using (123)I- FP-CIT SPECT is helpful to differentiate parkinsonian disorders in early stage.

Psiquiatría infantil en el hospital pediátrico* / Child Psychiatry in the Children’s Hospital

Introducción: Este artículo describe el análisis de los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de Psiquiatría Infantil y del Adolescente en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención, centro de referencia de otras instituciones, durante 2005. Método: Se revisó la estadística del servicio de Psiquiatría Infantil utilizando los datos obtenidos del total de las consultas de 2006. Resultados: El TDAH fue el trastorno más prevalente, seguido por los trastornos de ansiedad. Los trastornos depresivos se encontraron en tercer lugar de frecuencia. El retardo mental es el diagnóstico que ocupa el cuarto lugar y los trastornos adaptativos están en quinto puesto. Los pacientes hombres, de diez años, son el prototipo, y agosto es el mes con mayor número de consultas. Conclusiones: El análisis de esta población muestra diferencias importantes con estudios previos, realizados en contextos no hospitalarios. Es llamativa la presencia de prevalencias superiores del total de trastornos, situación que en parte se explica por el hecho de ser un centro de referencia y atención de patologías de mayor complejidad.

Introduction: This paper describes and analyzes the patient population seen at a child and adolescent psychiatry service in a third-level hospital which is a referral center for other institutions, during 2005. Methods: We reviewed the statistics of the child psychiatry service and we used the info of the total number of appointments in 2006. Results: ADHD was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by anxiety disorders. Depressive disorders came in third place. Mental retardation was fourth and adaptive disorders fi fth. Ten year old boys were the prototype, and the highest number of appointments were given during the month of August. Conclusions: The analysis of this population shows great differences with previous studies made in non-hospital contexts. Due to the fact of the hospital being a referral site attending pathologies of greater complexity, the prevalence of all the disorders is remarkably higher.