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Objective To explore the differences between the result of static optimization (SO) and computational muscle control (CMC) algorithms for estimating muscle forces, so as to provide references for researchers to choose the appropriate algorithm and make horizontal comparison of the results from different studies. Methods Targeting at a single gait cycle running at four different speeds, SO and CMC algorithms were used to calculate forces and activations of the major muscles in lower limbs, and the results were compared and analyzed. Results Among the 10 major muscles participating in running, except for anterior tibial and rectus femoris, muscle forces and muscle activations solved by the two algorithms had similar curves with correlation coefficients more than 0.91, and the peak value of muscle forces solved by SO was higher and the positions of peak muscle activation had a 10 ms delay. Conclusions In movement analysis, if the research focuses on the timing of muscle forces and the contribution ratios among different muscles, there is not too big difference and SO algorithm is recommended for its simplicity and efficiency. For horizontal comparison of muscle forces and muscle activations estimated by SO and CMC algorithms in different studies, the differences between the two algorithms should be considered.
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Abstract The present study is aimed to formulate steroidal oral mucoadhesive gels of dexamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone sodium phosphate. Six gel formulations each of dexamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone sodium phosphate prepared using two different polymers carboxymethyl cellulose sodium and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, in variable proportions. All the formulations subjected for assessment of various physicochemical parameters and mechanical properties. The formulations BSP5 and DSP5, both containing 1.25 % carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, 1.25 % hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, exhibiting mucoadhesive strength of 12.300 ± 0.004 and 12.600 ± 0.01, adhesiveness of 28.04 ± 00 and 30.02 ± 00, cohesiveness of 28.04 ± 00 and 30.02 ± 00, drug release of 86.869 ± 0.380 % and 88.473 ± 0.457 % respectively were considered as promising ones and were further subjected for stability studies and in vivo study in male albino rats. Formulation DSP5 upon oral application for 4 months in arecoline induced oral submucous fibrosis rats, showed more than 80 % reduction in fibrosis as compared with BSP5 which showed nearly 50 % reduction. These results were concluded on the basis of histopathological profile and weight gain among the experimental animals during in vivo study. Hence, DSP5 by minimizing the painful injuries and morbidities justifies being suitable noninvasive model for OSMF treatment.
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Animals , Male , Rats , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/drug therapy , Betamethasone/analysis , Dexamethasone/analysis , Chemistry, Physical/classification , Benchmarking/methods , Gels/classification , Adhesiveness , Drug LiberationABSTRACT
Urea transporters (UT) play a vital role in the mechanism of urine concentration and are recognized as novel targets for the development of salt-sparing diuretics. Thus, UT inhibitors are promising for development as novel diuretics. In the present study, a novel UT inhibitor with a diarylamide scaffold was discovered by high-throughput screening. Optimization of the inhibitor led to the identification of a promising preclinical candidate,
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, but none of the current treatments for PD can halt the progress of the disease due to the limited understanding of the pathogenesis. In PD development, the communication between the brain and the gastrointestinal system influenced by gut microbiota is known as microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, the explicit mechanisms of microbiota dysbiosis in PD development have not been well elucidated yet. FLZ, a novel squamosamide derivative, has been proved to be effective in many PD models and is undergoing the phase I clinical trial to treat PD in China. Moreover, our previous pharmacokinetic study revealed that gut microbiota could regulate the absorption of FLZ
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This study aimed to explore the link between block copolymers' interfacial properties and nanoscale carrier formation and found out the influence of length ratio on these characters to optimize drug delivery system. A library of diblock copolymers of PEG-PCL and triblock copolymers with additional PEI (PEG-PCL-PEI) were synthesized. Subsequently, a systematic isothermal investigation was performed to explore molecular arrangements of copolymers at air/water interface. Then, structural properties and drug encapsulation in self-assembly were investigated with DLS, SLS and TEM. We found the additional hydrogen bond in the PEG-PCL-PEI contributes to film stability upon the hydrophobic interaction compared with PEG-PCL. PEG-PCL-PEI assemble into smaller micelle-like (such as PEG-PCL4006-PEI) or particle-like structure (such as PEG-PCL8636-PEI) determined by their hydrophilic and hydrophobic block ratio. The distinct structural architectures of copolymer are consistent between interface and self-assembly. Despite the disparity of constituent ratio, we discovered the arrangement of both chains guarantees balanced hydrophilic-hydrophobic ratio in self-assembly to form stable construction. Meanwhile, the structural differences were found to have significant influence on model drugs incorporation including docetaxel and siRNA. Taken together, these findings indicate the correlation between molecular arrangement and self-assembly and inspire us to tune block compositions to achieve desired nanostructure and drug loading.
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RESUMEN La creciente demanda de productos libres de gluten ha dado lugar al estudio y desarrollo de alimentos que suplan las necesidades de los consumidores. El objetivo de esta investigación fue elaborar productos libres de gluten tipo tallarín y evaluar sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Para ello, se empleó plátano o yuca como fuentes alternativas a la harina de trigo. Se determinaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Se extrajeron harina y almidones y, a partir de ellas, se evaluaron sus propiedades térmicas, empleando calorimetría de barrido diferencial y termogravimetría. Se formularon y elaboraron productos similares a los tallarines empleando las harinas y se analizaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales, usando, como control, un producto comercial de trigo. La yuca presentó mayor humedad que el plátano, lo que está relacionado con su susceptibilidad a la degradación. En el análisis termogravimétrico, los productos de yuca mostraron mayor reducción de peso en la zona de alta volatilidad, asociado a la pérdida de humedad. Las harinas y los almidones de plátano presentaron temperaturas de gelatinización mayores que las registradas para los productos de yuca. La humedad y acidez de los tallarines elaborados presentaron valores dentro de la norma (NTC 1055-2014). En ambos casos, su contenido de cenizas fue superior al fideo comercial. Los tallarines elaborados, se pueden considerar inocuos, con buenos parámetros de aceptación sensorial. Estos resultados constituyen un punto de partida en el estudio y aplicación de fuentes de harinas y almidones no tradicionales, permitiendo la generación de valor agregado a cultivos de importancia en la región.
ABSTRACT The growing demand of free gluten products has shown the necessity to study and develop new products in order to supply the consumer request. The objective of this research was to elaborate gluten-free products similar to noodles and to evaluate their physicochemical properties. Plantain or cassava were employed to replace wheat flour. Physical and chemical properties were determined in plantain and cassava samples. Both, Plantain and Cassava Flour and their starches were extracted. Thermal characteristics of flour and starch were evaluated employing differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. Products similar to noodle were formulated and elaborated employing plantain or cassava flour. Noodle physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics were analyzed, employing a commercial product as a control. Cassava presented higher humidity values than plantain, it is related to their susceptibility to degradation. In thermogravimetric analysis, cassava products shown upper weight reduction in high volatility zone associated to humidity lost. Plantain flours and starches presented gelatinization temperatures higher than registered for cassava products. Both plantain and cassava noodles presented humidity and acidity values according to the legal legislation (NTC 1055-2014). Developed products showed ash content higher than commercial noodles. According to microbiological and sensorial analyses, the plantain and cassava products could be considered innocuous with good consumer acceptation. These results could constitute a starting point in the study and application of different flours and starches from non-traditional sources, which allow to increase the value of crops in the region.
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Dbait is a small double-stranded DNA molecule that has been utilized as a radiosensitizer to enhance the sensitivity of glioma to radiotherapy (RT). However, there is no effective drug delivery system to effectively overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The aim of this study was to develop a gene delivery system by using the BBB and glioma dual-targeting and microenvironment-responsive micelles (ch-K(s-s)R8-An) to deliver Dbait into glioma for RT. Angiopep-2 can target the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) that is overexpressed on brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) and glioma cells. In particular, due to upregulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in the tumor microenvironment, we utilized MMP-2-responsive peptides as the enzymatically degradable linkers to conjugate angiopep-2. The results showed that ch-K(s-s)R8-An micelles maintained a reasonable size (80-160 nm) with a moderate distribution and a decreased mean diameter from the cross-linking as well as exhibited low critical micelle concentration (CMC) with positive surface charge, ranging from 15 to 40 mV. The ch-K5(s-s)R8-An/pEGFP showed high gene transfection efficiency , improved uptake in glioma cells and good biocompatibility and . In addition, the combination of ch-K5(s-s)R8-An/Dbait with RT significantly inhibited the growth of U251 cells . Thus, ch-K5(s-s)R8-An/Dbait may prove to be a promising gene delivery system to target glioma and enhance the efficacy of RT on U251 cells.
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@# Objective: To prepare a new type of phycocyanin/carboxymethyl chitosan-CD55 ligand peptide (CPC/CMC-CD55sp) nanospheres, and to study its targeted therapeutic effect on cervical cancer Caski cells. Methods: The novel CPC/CMC-CD55sp nanospheres (CPC/CMC-CD55sp) were synthesized by ionic cross-linking method, and the properties of nanospheres were observed by transmission electron microscopy (DLS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The expression of CD55 on the surface of Caski and fibroblast (L-929) cells was detected by Western blotting and flow cytometry. The effect of nanospheres on the proliferation of Caski cells was detected by CCK-8. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were used to detect the uptake of microspheres by Caski cells; Western blotting and flow cytometry were used to detect the effect of CPC/CMC-CD55sp on expressions of apoptosis-related proteins and apoptosis rate in Caski cells; the hemolysis test was used to determine the biological safety of the drug. Results: CPC/ CMC-CD55sp was successfully prepared with good morphology and uniform diameter; and CD55 was highly expressed on the surface of Caski cells but low expressed on the surface of L-929 cells (P<0.01). CPC/CMC-CD55sp could targeted and efficiently reach Caski cells and be ingested into the cells. It exhibited weak hemolysis effect on human peripheral blood, which was in the safe range. CPC/ CMC-CD55sp displayed obvious inhibitory effect on Caski cell proliferation, and could induce cell apoptosis (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: The new CPC/CMC-CD55sp can targeted inhibit the growth of cervical cancer Caski cells via inducing its apoptosis and has good bio-safety, which provides a new idea for the research and development of anti-tumor marine drugs.
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@#Metacarpal (CMC) Joint dislocations represent only 1% ofall hand injuries, they have disabling impact on thefunctional status of patient. There are no reports in theliterature classifying disabling complex injuries like CMCjoint dislocations presumably because of low incidence. Wepropose a new classification through retrospective analysisof patients, along with literature search.Materials and Methods:A new classification system hasbeen proposed and designed at our clinical unit and appliedto eight patients with CMC joint dislocations. All patientswere treated with open reduction with Kirschner wirefixation. At follow-up all these patients were analysed forradiographic assessments and functional scores. Results: The proposed classification identifies three typesof dislocations and an additional complex category tosupplement any basic type. The direction of dislocationdescribes the types as Type A: Dorsal, Type B: Volar andType C: Divergent. Among the eight patients in our study, wehad two of Type A, two Type B, three Type B.1, one TypeC.1. These patients had average follow-up of 18 months. Thequick DASH score improved from 75.76 at 6 weeks to 1.9 at18 months. We also did intra-observer and inter-observerreliability which scored 1.Conclusion:Our proposal is a reproducible, simple,comprehensive and practical classification, easilyremembered and communicated among colleagues. It isclinically relevant as it helps us in planning surgicalmanagement and prognostic evaluation.
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O rompimento da integridade física, psíquica, moral e sexual do indivíduo configura-se em um ato de violência. Mulheres de todas as idades frequentemente são vítimas de violência exercida pela "força-potência-dominação" empregada por homens e respaldada pela cultura patriarcal, que estabelece relações hierárquicas assimétricas entre os gêneros. Gênero é uma construção social que naturaliza condutas de ambos os sexos. Comumente utiliza-se a terminologia "violência de gênero" como sinônimo de violência contra a mulher. Além desse uso não evidenciar para qual dos lados, feminino ou masculino, o vetor da dominação aponta, ele também não denuncia como a dominação masculina ocorre e não analisa as relações homem-mulher resultantes deste controle. De forma a preencher essa lacuna, este trabalho utiliza o embasamento teórico-conceitual de violência patriarcal contra a mulher para problematizar as análises deste estudo, evitando dúvidas em relação a como se configura o vetor de força-potência-dominação. O assédio sexual pode ser definido como qualquer forma de violência de natureza sexual, seja por meio de agressão física ou verbal, seja por meio de outros tipos de agressão; o assédio é uma via de manifestação do poder masculino sobre o feminino. No entanto, pesquisas mostram que mulheres não reconhecem o assédio como uma violência sexual, tampouco identificam situações que configuram assédio. A partir de um episódio de assédio sexual realizado na internet contra uma criança, o projeto feminista Think Olga criou a mobilização #MeuPrimeiroAssédio buscando promover o debate para a desnaturalização de violência sexual contra a mulheres. Esta pesquisa busca identificar as identidades reveladas a partir dos papéis sociais esperados de homens e mulheres pela cultura patriarcal nas interações ocorridas via publicações de participantes da mobilização #MeuPrimeiroAssédio. É um estudo de análise de dados naturalísticos amparado na Comunicação Mediada por Computador e pelo recorte metodológico êmico da Análise de Categorizações de Pertença e de Análise da Conversa. A análise das interações revelou três categorizações de pertença: (a) Meninas: infância, socialização, percepções e culpa, evidenciando a "socialização de gênero das meninas", "como as meninas vêem o abusador" e "a culpa relatada pelas meninas", (b) Mulher Ideal, revelando as identidades de "mulher bela", "mãe ideal" e "mulher obrigada a perdoar" e (c) Mulheres corajosas, imunes e educadoras, apresentando as identidades "mulheres corajosas", "mulheres imunes" e "mulheres educadoras". Outras possíveis categorizações podem ser buscadas nas interações que fizeram parte deste estudo e, espera-se que estes achados possam contribuir para melhorar o entendimento acerca do assédio sexual que acontece em nossa sociedade.
The breaking of physical, psychological, moral and sexual integrity of the individual is an act of violence. Women of all ages are often victims of violence exercised by the "force-power-domination" employed by men and backed up by patriarchal culture, which establishes asymmetrical hierarchical relations between genders. Gender is a social construction that naturalizes conduct of both sexes. The term "gender violence" is commonly used as synonym for violence against women. Besides not evincing which side, either male or female, the vector of domination points to, this terminology also does not denounce how male domination occurs and does not analyze man-woman relations resulting from this control. In order to fill this gap, this work uses the theoretical-conceptual basis of patriarchal violence against women to discuss the analysis of this study, avoiding doubts regarding how the force-power-domination vector is configured. Sexual harassment can be defined as any form of sexual violence, whether through physical or verbal aggression or through other types of aggression; harassment is a way of manifestation of male power over the feminine. However, researches show that women do not recognize harassment as sexual violence, nor do they identify situations that constitute harassment. From an online sexual harassment episode against a child, the feminist project Think Olga created the #MeuPrimeiroAssédio (#MyFirstHarassment) mobilization to promote the debate on the denaturalization of sexual violence against women. This research aims to identify the identities revealed from the expected social roles of men and women by the patriarchal culture in the interactions that took place via the publications of participants of the mobilization #MeuPrimeiroAssédio. It is a study of naturalistic data analysis based on the Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) and the methodological cutoff of the Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) and Conversation Analysis (CA). The analysis of the interactions revealed three Membership Categorizations: (a) Girls: childhood, socialization, perceptions and guilt, evidencing the "gender socialization of girls", "how girls see the abuse perpetrator" and "guilt reported by girls" (b) Ideal Woman, revealing the identities of "beautiful woman," "ideal mother" and "woman obligated to forgive," and (c) courageous, immune and educating women, presenting the identities "brave women", "immune women" and "Educating women". Other possible categorizations can be sought in the interactions that were part of this study, and it is hoped that these findings may contribute to improve the understanding about sexual harassment that happens in our society.
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Public HealthABSTRACT
Objective: To cheaply prepare the rare ginsenosides by biotransformation, ginsenosides C-K, C-Mc, F2, and Rh2 from commercially available Protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenoside mixture were prepared using a crude enzyme of Aspergillus g.848 strain. Methods: The rare ginsenosides were obtained from PPD ginsenosides by enzyme reaction; The composition of PPD raw materials and ginsenoside products was measured by HPLC. The monomer ginsenosides and Rh2 group of enzyme reaction product were separated by a silica gel column; The produced monomer ginsenosides were identified by NMR; Rh2 group was identified by UPLC-MS. Results: The raw material of PPD ginsenosides was consisted of ginsenoside Rb1, Rd, Rb2, Rc, and Rg3 groups with four kinds of isomers. During the reaction of enzyme, the best reaction time for the ginsenoside F2 production was 1.5 h to 2 h; The best reaction time for the ginsenoside C-K production was 24 h to 30 h; If producing the Rh2 group, when reacted to 6 h to 12 h, the content of Rg3 group was low, and Rh2 group was high. In the production of C-K, 20 g of crude products were obtained from 30 g of PPD ginsenosides by enzyme reaction, and 8.16 g of C-K, 1.01 g of C-MC, 0.45 g of F2, and 0.19 g of Rh2 group were separated using silica gel column. The rare ginsenosides were identified by NMR, and the Rh2 group was identified using UPLC-MS method. Conclusion: The high activity of monomer ginsenoside C-K, C-Mc, F2, and Rh2 group are successfully prepared from the PPD ginsenosides by enzymatic conversion.
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As an outstanding representative of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) prescriptions accumulated from famous TCM doctors' clinical experiences in past dynasties, classical TCM excellent prescriptions (cTCMeP) are the most valuable part of TCM system. To support the research and development of cTCMeP, a series of regulations and measures were issued to encourage its simplified registration. There is still a long-way to go because many key problems and puzzles about technology, registration and administration in cTCMeP R&D process are not resolved. Based on the analysis of registration and management regulations of botanical drug products in FDA of USA and Japan, and EMA of Europe, the possible key problems and countermeasures in chemistry, manufacture and control (CMC) of simplified registration of cTCMeP were analyzed on the consideration of its actual situation. The method of "reference decoction extract by traditional prescription" (RDETP) was firstly proposed as standard to evaluate the quality and preparation uniformity between the new developing product under simplified registration and traditional original usages of cTCMeP, instead of Standard Decoction method in Japan. "Totality of the evidence" approach, mass balance and bioassay/biological assay of cTCMeP were emphatically suggested to introduce to the quality uniformity evaluation system in the raw drug material, drug substance and final product between the modern product and traditional decoction.
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Objective To study the anatomic and biomechanical characteristics of the dorsal radial ligament and anterior oblique ligament in carpometacarpal (CPC) joints of the thumb,so as to provide references for ligament repair.Methods Forty fresh hand specimens of adult male cadavers were dissected to make specimen of trapezium bone-ligament-the first metacarpal bone,of which 20 cases retained the dorsal radial ligament and 20 cases retained the anterior oblique ligament,respectively.The ligaments were tested on biomechanical testing machine,and their length,width,thickness,the maximum load,elastic modulus and elongation rate were measured and calculated.Results For the dorsal radial ligament and anterior oblique ligament,their maximum load was (213.5 ±72.4) and (168.7 ±35.2) N,their elastic modulus was (17.2 ±6.7) and (9.3 ±2.5) MPa,their elongation rate was (116.2 ± 21.3) ％ and (92.7 ± 22.4) ％,respectively.The maximum load,elastic modulus and elongation of the dorsal radial ligament were larger than those of the anterior oblique ligament.Conclusions For the capsular ligament in CPC joints of the thumb,the dorsal radial ligament has a higher stiffness and stronger toughness,which plays an important role in maintaining stability of the joint.The anterior obligue ligament is easy to be damaged due to its smaller stiffness and poor toughness.The anterior oblique ligament is suggested to be reconstructed firstly to treat arthritis of CMC joints,and materials whose elastic modulus and elongation rate are similar with the dorsal radial ligament should be selected.
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Objective To study the anatomic and biomechanical characteristics of the dorsal radial ligament and anterior oblique ligament in carpometacarpal (CPC) joints of the thumb, so as to provide references for ligament repair. Methods Forty fresh hand specimens of adult male cadavers were dissected to make specimen of trapezium bone- ligament-the first metacarpal bone, of which 20 cases retained the dorsal radial ligament and 20 cases retained the anterior oblique ligament, respectively. The ligaments were tested on the biomechanical testing machine, and their length, width, thickness, the maximum load, elastic modulus and elongation rate were measured and calculated. Results For the dorsal radial ligament and anterior oblique ligament, their maximum load was (213.5±72.4) and (168.7±35.2) N, their elastic modulus was (17.2±6.7) and (9.3±2.5) N/mm2, their elongation rate was (116.2±21.3)% and (92.7±22.4)%, respectively. The maximum load, elastic modulus and elongation of the dorsal radial ligament were larger than that of the anterior oblique ligament. Conclusions In the capsular ligament in CPC joints of the thumb, the dorsal radial ligament has a higher stiffness and stronger toughness, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the joint. The stiffness of the anterior oblique ligament is smaller, the toughness is poor, which is easy to be damaged. The anterior oblique ligament is suggested to be reconstructed firstly to treat arthritis of CMC joints, and material whose elastic modulus and elongation rate is similar with the dorsal radial ligament should be selected.
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Objective To study the anatomic and biomechanical characteristics of the dorsal radial ligament and anterior oblique ligament in carpometacarpal (CPC) joints of the thumb,so as to provide references for ligament repair.Methods Forty fresh hand specimens of adult male cadavers were dissected to make specimen of trapezium bone-ligament-the first metacarpal bone,of which 20 cases retained the dorsal radial ligament and 20 cases retained the anterior oblique ligament,respectively.The ligaments were tested on biomechanical testing machine,and their length,width,thickness,the maximum load,elastic modulus and elongation rate were measured and calculated.Results For the dorsal radial ligament and anterior oblique ligament,their maximum load was (213.5 ±72.4) and (168.7 ±35.2) N,their elastic modulus was (17.2 ±6.7) and (9.3 ±2.5) MPa,their elongation rate was (116.2 ± 21.3) ％ and (92.7 ± 22.4) ％,respectively.The maximum load,elastic modulus and elongation of the dorsal radial ligament were larger than those of the anterior oblique ligament.Conclusions For the capsular ligament in CPC joints of the thumb,the dorsal radial ligament has a higher stiffness and stronger toughness,which plays an important role in maintaining stability of the joint.The anterior obligue ligament is easy to be damaged due to its smaller stiffness and poor toughness.The anterior oblique ligament is suggested to be reconstructed firstly to treat arthritis of CMC joints,and materials whose elastic modulus and elongation rate are similar with the dorsal radial ligament should be selected.
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Objective To study the anatomic and biomechanical characteristics of the dorsal radial ligament and anterior oblique ligament in carpometacarpal (CPC) joints of the thumb,so as to provide references for ligament repair.Methods Forty fresh hand specimens of adult male cadavers were dissected to make specimen of trapezium bone-ligament-the first metacarpal bone,of which 20 cases retained the dorsal radial ligament and 20 cases retained the anterior oblique ligament,respectively.The ligaments were tested on biomechanical testing machine,and their length,width,thickness,the maximum load,elastic modulus and elongation rate were measured and calculated.Results For the dorsal radial ligament and anterior oblique ligament,their maximum load was (213.5 ±72.4) and (168.7 ±35.2) N,their elastic modulus was (17.2 ±6.7) and (9.3 ±2.5) MPa,their elongation rate was (116.2 ± 21.3) ％ and (92.7 ± 22.4) ％,respectively.The maximum load,elastic modulus and elongation of the dorsal radial ligament were larger than those of the anterior oblique ligament.Conclusions For the capsular ligament in CPC joints of the thumb,the dorsal radial ligament has a higher stiffness and stronger toughness,which plays an important role in maintaining stability of the joint.The anterior obligue ligament is easy to be damaged due to its smaller stiffness and poor toughness.The anterior oblique ligament is suggested to be reconstructed firstly to treat arthritis of CMC joints,and materials whose elastic modulus and elongation rate are similar with the dorsal radial ligament should be selected.
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Objective To study the physicochemical properties of aqueous solution of surface active drug montelukast so-dium (MS) ,which could provide experimental basis for further development of micelle or mixed micelle preparations .Methods Critical micelle concentration (CMC) of MS at different temperatures were determined by conductivity measurements .The absorbance and transmittance of MS aqueous solution were measured by UV at different sodium chloride concentration levels . The micelle stability was evaluated via high speed centrifugal .Results The CMC of MS aqueous solution at 25℃ ,30℃ ,35℃were 0 .75 ,0 .82 ,0 .90 mmol/L .The absorbance and transmittance of MS aqueous solution were affected by the sodium chlo-ride concentration and the concentration of MS itself .It was observed that a clear solution was obtained when MS concentration>7 .5 mmol/L and no precipitation was noticed even after high speed centrifugal .Conclusion Montelukast sodium is a surface active drug .Its solubility is related to MS concentration .The solubility is also sensitive to the temperature and the electrolyte concentration .These unique physicochemical properties could be used to develop micelle or mixed micelle pharmaceutical prepa-rations .
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ABSTRACT The wide variety of bacteria in the environment permits screening for more efficient cellulases to help overcome current challenges in biofuels production. This study focuses on the isolation of efficient cellulase producing bacteria found in pulp and paper mill effluent contaminated soil which can be considered for use in large scale biorefining. Four different bacterial strains were isolated and screened for cellulase production by using CMC agar medium. All isolates showed cellulase activity these strains were further characterized by morphological, physiological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analyses. These isolates were identified as two Bacillus subtilis sub sps, Bacillus mojavensis and Bacillus cereus.
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Deficient activity of endo-1,4-beta-glucanase II (Cel5A) secreted by Trichoderma reesei is one of the challenges involved in effective cellulase saccharification of cellulosic substrates. Therefore, we expressed Cel5A in Pichia pastoris by constructing a recombinant strain. With the gene optimization based on codon bias, and the construction of expression vector pPIC9K-eg2, the optimized gene was electro-transformed into P. pastoris GS115 to form transformants. Then, a high Cel5A activity producing recombinant, namely P. pastoris GS115-EG Ⅱ, was selected on G-418 resistant plates, followed by shake-flask cultivation. Enzyme characterization showed that the recombinant Cel5A reacted optimally at pH 4.5 and 60 ℃, with 50 kDa of molecular weight, preferentially degrading amorphous cellulose. Recombinant Cel5A was not significantly different from the native T. reesei Cel5A. Moreover, a shake-flask fermentation of the recombinant strain was optimized as below: incubation temperature 28 ℃, initial pH 5.0, inoculum volume 2%, methanol addition (per 24 h) 1.5% (V/V), sorbitol addition (per 24 h) 4 g/L and Tween 80 4 g/L. Under above optimized condition, the recombinant produced 24.0 U/mL of the Cel5A after 192 h fermentation. When incubated in a 5 L fermentation, Cel5A enzyme activity reached 270.9 U/mL at 180 h, with 4.16 g/L of the total protein. The study indicates that the recombinant strain P. pastoris GS115-EG Ⅱ is extremely suitable for heterologous expression of T. reesei cellulase Cel5A. And the recombinant Cel5A can be used as an alternative to the native T. reesei Cel5A in development of a commercially relevant enzyme based biorefinery process.
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OBJECTIVE: Epidural injection of hyaluronic acid may prevent adhesion formation after spine surgery, but the compounds used to stabilize hyaluronidase could interfere with its anti-adhesion effects. The present study was conducted as a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an experimental medical gel in preventing adhesion formation. METHODS: This study was designed as a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, and comparative controlled clinical trial with an observation period of 6 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups: group A with sodium hyaluronate + 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) and group B with sodium hyaluronate + sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Visual analogue scale (VAS) of back and leg pain and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) and scar score ratings were assessed after surgery. RESULTS: Mean scar grade was 2.37+/-1.13 in group A and 2.75+/-0.97 in group B, a statistically significant difference (p=0.012). VAS of back and leg pain and ODI scores decreased significantly from baseline to 3 and 6 weeks postoperatively in both groups (p0.3). The number of adverse reactions related to the anti-adhesion gels was not statistically different (p=0.569), but subsequent analysis of nervous adverse reactions showed group B was superior with a statistically difference (p=0.027). CONCLUSION: Sodium hyaluronate with BDDE demonstrated similar anti-adhesion properties to sodium hyaluronate with CMC. But, care should be used to nervous adverse reactions by using sodium hyaluronate with BDDE.