Dissaving In the Era of “Free” Care for Tuberculosis (TB): A Qualitative Exploration of Financial Coping and Enablers Among Patients with Co-Prevalent TB-HIV/ TB-Diabetes in Bhavnagar Region, Western India

Background: India reports the highest number of cases of tuberculosis (TB) in India. Patients with TB employ negative financial coping mechanisms (dissaving) to make up for the costs of care. Our objec-tives were to explore the dissaving employed and enablers perceived by patients with TB-HIV, patients with TB-diabetes, and program managers of TB. Methods: We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews among eight TB-HIV patients, eight TB-diabetes patients, and seventeen program managers of TB in the Bhavnagar region (western part of India). An in-terview guide focusing on the coping strategies and enablers was used. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis (codes and categories). Results: Borrowing money, taking a loan on interest, selling jewellery, taking up employment by the spouse, and mortgaging assets were the negative financial coping strategies employed by patients with TB-HIV co-infection/ TB-diabetes comorbidity. Free diagnosis, free treatment, accessible health facili-ties, support from health workers, bi-directional screening, and collaborative integration were some of the enablers perceived by patients and program managers. Conclusions: Even in settings with a decentralized “free” model of TB care, patients with co-prevalent TB-HIV/ TB-diabetes employ dissaving to offset the costs of care. The cash transfer scheme for patients with TB should be realigned to meet the financial protection targets of zero catastrophic costs by the year 2030.

Estado de salud oral de pacientes hospitalizados con trastornos mentales: Revisión sistemática de la literatura / Oral Health Status of Hospitalized Patients with Mental Disorders: Systematic Review of the Literature

RESUMEN De acuerdo a la literatura, los pacientes hospitalizados con trastornos mentales (TM), tienen mayor riesgo a desarrollar caries y enfermedad periodontal que la población general, asociado a la dificultad motora para hacerse una adecuada higiene oral, a los efectos adversos que ocasionan los medicamentos para el control de los síntomas psiquiátricos y a la falta de cuidado oral y atención clínica. El objetivo era realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el estado de salud oral de pacientes hospitalizados con TM. Se hizo una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en PubMed, de acuerdo con la metodología de la declaración PRISMA, a través de los descriptores en salud MeSh "Dental Caries" y "Mental Disorders" a febrero de 2017. De acuerdo a los diferentes filtros que fueron aplicados, se obtuvieron 14 artículos que describieron el estado de salud oral -mediante el índice COP-D (dientes con caries, dientes con restauraciones, dientes perdidos y dientes con extracción mandatoria)- de pacientes hospitalizados con TM. Se debe promover el reconocimiento de la importancia de la salud oral por parte de los profesionales de la salud, cuidadores y familiares; se debe explorar la cavidad oral para determinar el estado de salud además de instruir a los pacientes y personal de apoyo en higiene oral; las instituciones de salud mental deben establecer un programa de intervención para eliminar focos infecciosos orales y luego implementar un programa preventivo multidisciplinario para mantener la salud oral de acuerdo al diagnóstico del TM.

ABSTRACT According to the literature, hospitalized patients with mental disorders have a higher risk of developing cavities and periodontal disease than the general population, associated with the motor difficulty to perform adequate oral hygiene, to the adverse effects caused by drugs for the control of psychiatric symptoms, as well as the lack of oral care and clinical care. The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the oral health status of hospitalized patients with mental disorders (MD). A systematic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed, according to the PRISMA statement methodology, through the MeSh health descriptors "Dental Caries" and "Mental Disorders" in February 2017. According to the different filters that were applied, 14 articles describing the oral health status were obtained - through the DMF-T index (teeth with cavities, teeth with restorations, missing teeth and teeth with necessary extraction)- of hospitalized patients with MD. The recognition of the importance of oral health by health professionals, carers and family members should be promoted; the oral cavity should be explored to determine the state of health in addition to instructing patients and support personnel in oral hygiene; mental health institutions should establish an intervention programme to eliminate oral infectious sites and then implement a multidisciplinary preventive programme to maintain oral health according to the MD diagnosis.

Cumplimiento de las metas de salud bucal para 2015 en un consultorio del médico de la familia

RESUMEN Introducción: la epidemiología en salud bucal es fundamental para comprender el impacto de la enfermedad y contribuir con la organización de los servicios de salud. Objetivo: determinar el grado de cumplimiento de las metas de salud bucal propuestas para 2015, en el Consultorio del Médico de la Familia no. 3. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en el Consultorio del Médico de la Familia no. 3, del área Centro del municipio Sancti Spíritus, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por toda la población del consultorio, y la muestra -150 pacientes- por un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, prevalencia de caries dental, enfermedad periodontal y maloclusiones. Se emplearon métodos empíricos y estadísticos. Resultados: el grupo más afectado resultó el de 60 a 74 años, con un índice CPO-D de 14,12 a expensas de los dientes perdidos. El 71,3 % de la muestra no estuvo enfermo periodontalmente; de los afectados, el grupo de 60 a 74 años mostró una prevalencia del 68 %. El 27 % de la población menor de 19 años presentó algún tipo de anomalía oclusiva, predominando el grupo de 18 años. Solo se incumplió con el porcentaje de población sin afección periodontal (63 % enfermos) respecto a las proyecciones propuestas para el año 2015. Conclusiones: se incumplió con el propósito relacionado con el porcentaje de población sin afección periodontal; el resto de los propósitos fueron cumplidos, incluso superando lo obtenido en la provincia y el país en el año 2015.

ABSTRACT Introduction: epidemiology in oral health is essential to understand the impact of the disease and contribute to the organization of health services. Objective: to determine the degree of fulfilment of the proposed health goals for 2015, in the Family Physician's Office Nr. 3. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted in the Family Physician's Office Nr. 3, ot the area Centro of the municipality of Sancti Spiritus, between September and November 2019. The universe was formed by the entire population of the physician's office, and the sample -150 patients- by a simple random sampling. The variables studied were: age, prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease and malocclusions. Empiric and statistical methods were used. Results: the most affected group was the 60 to 74-year-old age group, with a COP-D index of 14.12 at the expense of the lost teeth. 71.3 % of the sample did not have periodontal disease. Of those affected, the age group aged 60 to 74 years showed a prevalence of 68 %. 27 % of the population under 19 years had some kind of occlusive anomaly, predominating the 18-year-old age group. Only the percentage of population with without periodontal disease (63 % sick) was not accomplished with respect to the projections for 2015. Conclusions: it was no accomplished the purpose related to the percentage of population without periodontal disease; the rest of the purposes were achieved, even surpassing the achievements in the province and the country in 2015.

A complexidade e a criticidade dos processos colaborativos de longo prazo: autoestudo de um professor-pesquisador de educação física dentro de uma comunidade de saberes / La complejidad y criticidad de los procesos colaborativos a largo plazo: autoestudio de un profesor-investigador de educación física dentro de una comunidad de saberes / The complexity and criticality of long-term collaborative processes: self-study on one physical education teacher-researcher within a knowledge community

Tem havido um reconhecimento crescente de que os coletivos sociais, como as comunidades de saberes, apoiam a aprendizagem dos/as professores/as e aprimoram a prática docente. Concomitantemente, há poucas pesquisas sobre como essas comunidades se formam, sustentam-se ao longo do tempo, criam saberes e práticas profissionais e transformam a vida profissional de seus/as participantes. Abordamos essas lacunas neste artigo, recorrendo à metodologia de autoestudo para estruturar uma reflexão crítica das experiências de Luiz ao participar de um grupo autônomo de professores/as-pesquisadores/as que constituíram sua própria comunidade de saberes desde 2005. Por meio da amizade crítica, uma lente de pensamento da complexidade guiou a reflexão compartilhada sobre a experiência de Luiz nessa comunidade de saberes, considerando as conexões relacionais, as forças afetivas, as oportunidades de ação e as capacidades proativas que são continuamente reconfiguradas na natureza coletiva das comunidades de aprendizagem. Em conclusão, discutimos tanto a facilitação quanto o cultivo de processos colaborativos de longo prazo em direção a uma perspectiva complexa, crítica e socialmente justa da formação de professores/as de Educação Física. (AU)

Cada vez se reconoce más que los colectivos sociales, como las comunidades de saberes y redes de aprendizaje profesional, apoyan los/as docentes y mejoran sus prácticas. Al mismo tiempo, hay poca investigación sobre cómo se forman, se sostienen en el tiempo, crean saberes y prácticas profesionales y transforman la vida profesional de sus/as participantes. Abordamos estas brechas en este artículo, recurriendo a la metodología de self-study para estructurar una reflexión crítica de las experiencias de Luiz al participar en un grupo autónomo de profesores/as-investigadores/as que constituyeron su propia comunidad de saberes desde 2005. A través de la amistad crítica, un lente de pensamiento de la complejidad hay guiado la reflexión compartida sobre la experiencia de Luiz en la comunidad de saberes al considerar las conexiones relacionales, las fuerzas afectivas, las oportunidades de acción y las capacidades proactivas que se reconfiguran continuamente dentro de la naturaleza colectiva de las comunidades de aprendizaje. En conclusión, discutimos tanto la facilitación como el cultivo de procesos colaborativos de largo plazo hacia una perspectiva compleja, crítica y socialmente justa de la formación de profesores/as de educación física. (AU)

There has been increasing recognition that social collectives, such as knowledge communities, support teachers learning and enhancing practice. At the same time, there is little research on how such communities form, are sustained over time, create professional knowledge and practices, and transform the professional lives of their participants. We address these gaps in this paper by drawing on self-study methodology to structure a critical reflection of Luiz's experiences of participating in an autonomous group of teacher-researchers that constituted their own knowledge community since 2005. Through critical friendship, a complexity thinking lens guided the shared reflection on Luiz's experience in the knowledge community by considering the relational connections, affective forces, opportunities for action and agential capacities that are continually made and reconfigured within the collective nature of learning communities. In conclusion, we discuss both the facilitation and cultivation of long-term collaborative processes towards a complex, critical, and socially just perspective of PETE. (AU)

Effects of Shoe Type and Walking Speed on Knee Joint Loads / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the effects of shoes type (barefoot, ordinary running shoes, minimalist shoes) and walking speed (jogging, walking at normal speed) on biomechanical parameters of knee joint, so as to provide theoretical reference for scientific fitness. Methods Vicon three-dimensional （3D） motion capture system and Kistler 3D force plate were used to collect biomechanical parameters of lower limbs from 10 subjects during walking at different speed with different shoes. Two-way (2 walking conditions × 3 shoe conditions) repeated measures analysis of variance was used to statistically analyze each dependent variable. Results Compared with jogging, the lateral excursion of plantar center of pressure (COP) was greater, the moment arm in frontal plane, the adduction moment and peak loading rate of knee joint were smaller, but the angular impulse of knee joint in frontal plane was greater. Compared with ordinary running shoes, the stride length was decreased, the lateral excursion of COP was greater, and the moment arm of knee joint in frontal plane, the knee adduction moment, the peak load rate and the angular impulse of knee joint in frontal plane were smaller. Conclusions In order to reduce the angular impulse and peak loading rate of knee joint in frontal plane, it is recommended to jog with small strides for ordinary people with minimalist footwear.

Abrogation of USP7 is an alternative strategy to downregulate PD-L1 and sensitize gastric cancer cells to T cells killing

Targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have been approved for treating melanoma, gastric cancer (GC) and bladder cancer with clinical benefit. Nevertheless, many patients failed to respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment, so it is necessary to seek an alternative strategy for traditional PD-1/PD-L1 targeting immunotherapy. Here with the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and our in-house tissue library, PD-L1 expression was found to be positively correlated with the expression of ubiquitin-specific processing protease 7 (USP7) in GC. Furthermore, USP7 directly interacted with PD-L1 in order to stabilize it, while abrogation of USP7 attenuated PD-L1/PD-1 interaction and sensitized cancer cells to T cell killing

Experiência de ser esposa de policial militar: um estudo fenomenológico / Experience of being wife of a military cop: a phenomenological study / Experiencia de ser pareja de un policía militar: un estudio fenomenológico

O trabalho do policial militar é permeado por diversas particularidades inerentes à profissão, que acabam por afetar sua vida pessoal e sua família. Diante dessas problemáticas, marcantes e complexas, o presente estudo teve por objetivo geral compreender sentidos da experiência de ser esposa de policial militar. Especificamente, objetivou-se, na ótica dessas mulheres, descrever esses sentidos, investigando em que medida o trabalho do companheiro afeta a saúde e a qualidade de vida delas e/ou da família; bem como identificando dificuldades enfrentadas por elas e os impactos do trabalho do companheiro no relacionamento conjugal. Tratou-se de um estudo qualitativo fenomenológico, que utilizou entrevista individual aberta com pergunta disparadora. Colaboraram quatro esposas e as unidades de sentido reveladas foram: vulnerabilidade, sensação de insegurança e atenção constantes; preocupação com riscos à vida do companheiro; incertezas quanto ao planejamento de vida; afetações quanto às mudanças na rotina; limitações na vida social do casal; risco de infidelidade; tentativa de preservação da relação; mudanças no próprio comportamento; e mudanças no comportamento do companheiro. Concluiu-se, principalmente, que há repercussões do trabalho dos companheiros na saúde, qualidade de vida e relacionamento conjugal dessas esposas, o que pode invisibilizar suas condições sociais de serem mulheres.

The work of the Military Cop is permeated by several peculiarities inherent to the profession, which affect his personal life and his family. Given these issues, striking and complex, the present study aimed at understanding the experience of being the wife of a military police officer. Specifically, from the perspective of these women, we aimed to describe these senses, investigating the extent to which the husband's job affects their health and quality of life and/or the family; as well as identifying difficulties faced by them and the impacts of the partner's profession on the marital relationship. This was a phenomenological qualitative study using an open individual interview with a triggering question. Four wives participated and the revealed units of meaning were: vulnerability, constant sense of insecurity and vigilance; concern about risks to the life of the partner; uncertainties about life planning; changes in routine; limitations in the couple's social life; risk of infidelity; attempt to preserve the relationship; changes in her own behavior; and changes in husband behavior. In conclusion, there are repercussions of the work of their husbands on their health, quality of life and marital relationship, which can make invisible their social condition of being a woman.

La labor del Policía está permeada por particularidades inherentes a la profesión, que terminan por afectar la vida personal y familiar. Delante de esas problemáticas el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comprender sentidos de la experiencia de ser esposa de un policía. Se tuvo por objetivo, en la óptica de esas mujeres, describir esos sentidos, investigando en qué medida la labor del compañero afecta la salud y la calidad de vida de ellas y/o de la familia; identificando dificultades enfrentadas por ellas y los impactos de la labor del compañero en el relacionamiento conyugal. Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico, en que se utilizó entrevista individual abierta con pregunta disparadora. Colaboraron cuatro mujeres y las unidades de sentido reveladas fueron: vulnerabilidad, sensación de inseguridad y atención constantes; preocupación con riesgos a la vida del compañero; incertidumbres relacionadas a la planificación de vida; afectaciones relacionadas a los cambios en la rutina; limitaciones en la vida social de la pareja, cambios en su comportamiento y en el del compañero. Se concluye que hay repercusiones de la labor de sus compañeros en su salud, calidad de vida y relacionamiento conyugal de esas mujeres, lo que puede conducir a la invisibilidad su condición social de ser mujer.

Assessment of Gait Stability using Acceleration Signal / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze human gait stability by acceleration signal at the head and lumbar under different walking conditions, and make comparison with parameters by the traditional COM (center of mass)-COP(center of pressure) method, so as to discuss the reliability of applying wearable sensors to analyze human gait stability. Methods The harmonic ratio (HR) parameter at the head and lumbar based on acceleration signal was applied to analyze gait stability of 18 healthy young adults under 3 walking conditions (footwear normal walking, barefoot normal walking and barefoot walking at different velocities), and the results were compared with the assessment results from the COM-COP method. Results Walking at normal velocity was most stable, with the maximum HR parameter. Compared with footwear walking, HR parameters were significantly decreased (P＜0.05) during barefoot walking, indicating that gait stability was reduced. The results were consistent with the assessment results from the COM-COP method. Considering the factors of walking velocity and footwear, the gait stability parameters obtained by the two methods showed a significant negative linear correlation (R2＞0.50). Lumbar HR parameter and COM-COP parameters showed a stronger linear correlation (R2＞0.65). Conclusions The application of acceleration signal-based analysis algorithm could effectively and reliably evaluate the stability of human gait, and acceleration at the lumbar was more sensitive than the head signal for analyzing gait stability.

Assessing Standing Balance Using Balance Rehabilitation Unit And Nintendo Wii Balance Board In Young And Older Healthy Adults

@#Ageing is associated with changes in body balance mechanism. The gold standard assessment for body balance is posturography. However, because of the high cost constraints, not many health centers are equipped with the equipment. Nintendo Wii balance board (WBB) has been reported as a potential tool to be used to assess body balance and sway. Also, because WBB is more economical and portable, it has greater potential to be used in primary health centers and community settings. The objective of this study was to compare balance measures using BRU™ and WBB among young and older healthy adults during quiet standing. Thirty three young (26.9±5.6 years) and 33 older adults (65.6±4.4 years) were randomly tested on both equipments. Subjects performed 30sec trial for each of the four testing conditions: quiet standing on a firm or compliant surface (foam) with eyes-open and closed. The results showed significant differences in balance measurements between all four testing conditions and age groups using both equipments.This study also found significant positive correlations between the COPand sway velocity, SV (of the BRU™) and COB (of the WBB) in all test conditions. These results indicated that WBB coupled with its commercially available software could potentially be used as a screening tool for balance assessment in primary health centres.

Assessing Standing Balance Using Balance Rehabilitation Unit And Nintendo Wii Balance Board In Young And Older Healthy Adults

Ageing is associated with changes in body balance mechanism. The gold standard assessment for body balance is posturography. However, because of the high cost constraints, not many health centers are equipped with the equipment. Nintendo Wii balance board (WBB) has been reported as a potential tool to be used to assess body balance and sway. Also, because WBB is more economical and portable, it has greater potential to be used in primary health centers and community settings. The objective of this study was to compare balance measures using BRU™ and WBB among young and older healthy adults during quiet standing. Thirty three young (26.9±5.6 years) and 33 older adults (65.6±4.4 years) were randomly tested on both equipments. Subjects performed 30sec trial for each of the four testing conditions: quiet standing on a firm or compliant surface (foam) with eyes-open and closed. The results showed significant differences in balance measurements between all four testing conditions and age groups using both equipments.This study also found significant positive correlations between the COPand sway velocity, SV (of the BRU™) and COB (of the WBB) in all test conditions. These results indicated that WBB coupled with its commercially available software could potentially be used as a screening tool for balance assessment in primary health centres.

Prevalencia de caries en preescolares de hogares comunitarios en el Valle del Cauca y factores sociales relacionados / Caries prevalence of preschool age children in community homes of the Cauca Valle and related social factors

Resumen La caries dental es un problema de salud pública debido a su alta frecuencia en la población y los costos que implican para la sociedad. Los estudios realizados en las últimas décadas en la población menor de seis años de edad han encontrado una prevalencia en un rango entre 20 y 70%. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue describir los indicadores de caries como índice y nivel de COP, antecedentes de caries y prevalencia de caries dental en niños en algunos hogares comunitarios de seis municipios del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 982 niños de hogares comunitarios de seis municipios. El índice clásico de la СОР y la COP modificada se registraron de acuerdo con un instrumentó clínico proporcionado por el Ministerio de Protección Social de Colombia. Los estimadores se calcularon teniendo en cuenta el diseño, utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS versión 19. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de caries del 45.6% (caries con o sin cavitación). El COP clásico fue de 1.7 (1С del 95%: 1.5-1.9) en la población de dos a cinco años y aumentó a 2.3 incluyendo la modificación de la caries sin cavitación. En el análisis de regresión simple, el tipo de seguridad social, la condición étnica y la edad se correlacionaron con el nivel de COP. Conclusión: Este estudio encontró una prevalencia y antecedentes de caries en la población preescolar menor que la reportada en el Tercer Estudio Nacional de Salud Oral en la población de cinco años y los resultados reportados en el estudio IV a los tres y cinco años.

ABSTRACT Dental caries represents a public health problem due to its high frequency in population and the cost it represents for society, studies conducted in recent decades in children under the age of six have found prevalence in a 20 to 70% range. Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe caries indicators such as DMF index and degree, caries history and caries prevalence found in children living in some community homes of six municipalities of Valle del Cauca in Colombia. Material and methods: A cross-sectioned study was conducted in 982 children lodged in community homes of six municipalities. Classic index of DMF and modified DMF were recorded according to a clinical instrument provided by the Social Protection Ministry of Colombia. Estimators were calculated bearing in mind the design and using statistical program SPSS, Version 19. Results: A 45.6% caries prevalence was found (caries with or without cavitation). Classic DMF was 1.7 (95% СІ: 1.5-1.9) in the two to five year old population and increased to 2.3 when including the modification of caries without cavitation. In the simple regression analysis, type of social security, ethnicity and age were correlated to DMF teeth. Conclusion: The present study found lesser prevalence and history of caries in pre-school age children than that reported in the third national oral health study in five year old population, as well as results reported in the fourth study for population aged 3-5 years.

Development of a low cost force platform for biomechanical parameters analysis

AbstractIntroduction: The maintenance of balance and body orientation during standing is essential to perform different activities. One of the devices used to measure balance them is the force platform. This device measures the ground reaction force (GRF) and displacement of the center of pressure (COP), both biomechanical parameters involved in human motion. This article proposes a new design for non-commercial low-cost force platforms for scientific research purposes. Methods for calibration and validation are also described. Methods A force platform, developed according to International Standards of Measurement and dedicated to measuring feet contact forces was built for approximately one tenth of the cost of commercial platforms. Calibration was performed by loading known masses, centralized or distributed, on the platform. An experimental study was conducted with four volunteers in different conditions to validate and verify the practical applicability of the device. Results The platform calibration showed an adequate connectivity, linearity and reliable measurement of the variables proposed in this research, being suitable for studies of human postural behavior. Conclusion Based on the validation results, we believe the low-cost platform can be used as stabilometric device to measure postural control and balance in clinical or sports experiments. However future studies will be required to provide a final validation and compare its performance with other force platforms.

Afectación por caries dentales de los pacientes con ataxia espinocerebelosa tipo 2. Posibles factores etiológicos / Tooth Decay Affectation in Type II Spinocerebellar Ataxia Patients. Possible Etiological Factors

Introducción: la caries dental es la enfermedad más frecuente que afecta al ser humano y se relaciona con varios factores etiológicos. Objetivo: determinar el grado de afectación por caries y relacionar los posibles factores etiológicos. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en 26 enfermos de ataxia espinocerebelosa tipo 2 (SCA2), seleccionados mediante muestreo deliberado, ingresados en el Hospital de Medicina Natural y Tradicional en el periodo desde enero-marzo de 2011. Previo consentimiento informado, se realizó interrogatorio y examen clínico y bucal, en condiciones óptimas de ambientación e iluminación. Se precisaron datos generales y particulares de cada enfermo. Se aplicó escala para la estimación y cuantificación de ataxia (SARA) y se determinó índice COP-D y de higiene bucal de Love. Resultados: el índice COP-D de los enfermos de SCA2 resultó elevado, predominaron los dientes extraídos. El 80,76% de los pacientes tenían higiene bucal deficiente y el número de repeticiones de CAG correlacionó significativamente con la puntuación de la escala SARA (r=0,56; p=0,05) y esta a su vez con el estadio clínico de la enfermedad. Se observó una correlación lineal negativa, estadísticamente significativa (r=-0,23, p=0,00) entre los índices COP-D y de higiene bucal de Love. Conclusiones: en los pacientes atáxicos existe una higiene bucal deficiente, con gran afectación por caries dental, las que experimentan un incremento progresivo a medida que evoluciona la enfermedad, debido a un mayor deterioro motor, optando más por las extracciones dentarias, fueron indispensables acciones de prevención y promoción encaminadas a incrementar su salud bucal.

Introduction: tooth decay is the most common disease that affects humans and it is related to several etiological factors. Objective: to determining the degree of affectation by tooth decay as well as to establish some of the possible etiologic factors Methods: a descriptive study was carried out, in 26 illness patients of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2 (SCA2) intentionally selected, entered in the Natural and Traditional Medical hospital from January to March of 2011. There were carried out, previous informed consent, oral and clinical exam. COP-D and oral Hygiene of Love index were determined, and the relationships between clinical and molecular variables were established. Results: COP-D index of SCA2 patients was high, with a predominance of extracted teeth. 80.76% of the patients had faulty oral hygiene, and existed a significantly association between the number of CAG repetitions (r=0.56; p=0.05) with the score of SARA scale that also correlated with de clinical stage of the disease. A negative, lineal correlation between COP-D and Buccal Hygiene of Love index were found with statistically significant results (r=-0.23; p=0.00). Conclusions: ataxic patient had deficient oral hygiene, with high affectation of tooth decay, causing a progressive increase of them as the disease progresses, for that reason; the patients prefer the dental extraction. Promotional and prevention activities were necessary to propose to improve the oral health.

Prevalencia de caries en adolescentes atendidos en la red de salud del Valle del Cauca: alternativas de medición y factores asociados / Caries prevalence in adolescents treated in the Valle del Cauca health network: alternative measurement and factors associated

Introdución: La caries dental es un problema de salud pública y la forma como se ha medido su prevalencia no ha tenido en cuenta las lesiones cariosas sin cavidad. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de caries y la relación con factores sociales en adolescentes atendidos en hospitales públicos en el Valle del Cauca. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en 305 adolescentes; se registró el índice COP clásico y COP modificado según instrumento clínico suministrado por el Ministerio de Protección Social de Colombia. Los adolescentes auto diligenciaron una encuesta estructurada que incluían variables sociodemográficas y prácticas en salud bucodental. Los estimadores fueron calculados teniendo en cuenta el diseño, utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS® versión 17 y Epi Info 3.5.1. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de caries de 82,3% (caries con o sin cavitación) y una prevalencia de 62,6% (caries con cavitación); con una media de dientes cariados sin cavitación de 1,7 (IC95% 1,4-2,0) y una media de 2,9 (IC95% 2,5-3,3) de dientes cariados con cavitación. La prevalencia más baja se presentó a los 12 y 13 años de edad. Se encontró un COP clásico de 4,6±4,5; el COP modificado fue de 6,3±4,8. En análisis de regresión simple, el tipo de seguridad social y la edad se correlacionaron con el de COP y la historia de caries. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de caries fue mayor a la encontrada en el ENSAB III y IV. Tanto la historia de caries como la prevalencia de caries resultaron asociadas a la edad, la seguridad social, la pertenencia a un grupo poblacional vulnerable.

Introduction: Tooth decay is a public health problem and how has measured its prevalence has not taken account of carious lesions without cavity. Objetive: This study aims to describe the prevalence of tooth de Valle del Cauca. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 305 adolescents; classic-modified DMF index and caries experience as clinical instrument provided by the Ministry of Social Protection of Colombia was recorded. The auto teens fill out an application structured questionnaire that included demographic variables and practices in oral health. The estimates were calculated taking into account the design, using the statistical program SPSS version 17 and Epi Info 3.5.1. Results: Prevalence 82.3% caries (caries with or without cavitation) and 62.6% prevalence (caries cavitation) was found; with an average of decayed teeth without cavitation of 1.7 (95%CI 1.4-2.0) and a mean of 2.9 (95%CI 2.5-3.3) of decayed teeth with cavitation. The lowest prevalence was presented at 12 and 13 years old. a classic DMF of 4.6±4.5 was found; the modified DFM was 6.3±4.8. In simple regression analysis, the type of social security and age were correlated with DFM and history of caries. Conclusion: The prevalence of caries was higher than that found in the ENSAB III and IV ENSAB. Both the history of caries and caries prevalence were associated with age, social security, membership in a vulnerable population group.

Depletion of epsilon-COP in the COPI Vesicular Coat Reduces Cleistothecium Production in Aspergillus nidulans

We have previously isolated epsilon-COP, the alpha-COP interactor in COPI of Aspergillus nidulans, by yeast two-hybrid screening. To understand the function of epsilon-COP, the aneA+ gene for epsilon-COP/AneA was deleted by homologous recombination using a gene-specific disruption cassette. Deletion of the epsilon-COP gene showed no detectable changes in vegetative growth or asexual development, but resulted in decrease in the production of the fruiting body, cleistothecium, under conditions favorable for sexual development. Unlike in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in A. nidulans, over-expression of epsilon-COP did not rescue the thermo-sensitive growth defect of the alpha-COP mutant at 42degrees C. Together, these data show that epsilon-COP is not essential for viability, but it plays a role in fruiting body formation in A. nidulans.

Construction of shRNA lentiviral vectors targeting humanβ-COP and detection of their interference effect / 医学研究生学报

[Abstract ] Objective The purpose of this study was to construct a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference lentiviral vector targeting the humanβ-COP gene and to evaluate its inhibitory effect on β-COP in THP-1 cells. Methods We designed and synthesized 4 humanβ-COP-specific oligonucleotide sequences and inserted them into the pGMLV-SC1 vector to construct a recombinant vector fol-lowed by transfection of HEK 293T cells with the recombinant vector and Lenti-HG Mix to produce lentiviruses and detect the viral con-tent.After infecting the THP-1 cells with the packaged lentiviruses , we analyzed the inhibitory effect of β-COP-shRNA on the β-COP gene by quantitative PCR and Western blot . Results Sequencing confirmed that the β-COP-specific oligonucleotide sequences were in-serted into the lentiviral vector and the lentiviruses were packaged in the transfected HEK 293T cells, with the final viral content of 1 × 109 TU/mL.Quantitative PCR showed that the 4 β-COP-shRNA vectors significantly decreased the mRNA expression of β-COP (P<0.01), with interference rates of 16.9 %,32.5%, 74.0%, and 50.3%, respectively.Western blot also indicated their inhibitory effect on the protein expression of β-COP, with an inhibition rate of 76.4% onβ-COP-shRNA3. Conclusion Lentiviral shRNA interference vectors targeting human β-COP were constructed successfully , which could suppress the expression of the human β-COP gene.

Prevalencia de Caries y Nivel de Higiene Oral en Niños de 6 años Atendidos Bajo la Norma GES y el Modelo JUNAEB / Prevalence of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Level in Children Aged 6 Years Attended Under GES and JUNAEB Models

El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de caries e índice de higiene oral en escolares de la comuna de Temuco, y comparar las diferencias del impacto entre dos modelos de atención de salud oral vigentes, bajo norma GES y JUNAEB entre los años 2007­2008. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional en un consultorio del Servicio de Salud, bajo norma GES y un módulo dental JUNAEB. Se seleccionaron mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia 113 escolares de 6 años. Mediante examen de diagnóstico oral se consignó el índice COP-D, ceo-d e IHO-S al inicio del tratamiento y al control posterior del alta integral. Para los cálculos y estimaciones estadísticas se utilizó el programa Stata 9.0. El total de los estudiantes presentó una alta prevalencia de caries (COP-D 0,88 y ceo-d 3,86) e higiene oral deficiente (IHO-S 1,45). Al comparar el impacto, el modelo JUNAEB mostró mayor disminución de nuevas caries y mejores niveles de higiene oral (-0,70, p=0,0000). Considerando la alta prevalencia de caries, bajo IHO y la necesidad de controles periódicos, la aplicación del modelo JUNAEB generó menor recurrencia de lesiones cariosas y mejor IHO, gracias a su enfoque preventivo, curativo y educativo.

The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of caries and oral hygiene index among schoolchildren in Temuco, and compare the impact differences between two models of oral health care existing, under standard GES and JUNAEB model between the years 2007-2008. A descriptive observational study in an consulting health service, under standard GES and dental JUNAEB module. We selected by non-probability sampling 113 schoolchildren aged 6 years. The COP-D, ceo-d e OHI-S indexes were recorded at oral examination at the initiation of treatment and aftercare in the final integral treatment. Calculations and statistical estimates used Stata 9.0. The total number of students showed a high prevalence of caries (COP-D ceo-d 0.88 and 3.86) and poor oral hygiene (OHI-S 1.45). When comparing the impact, the JUNAEB model showed greater reduction of new dental caries and better oral hygiene levels (-0.70, p=0.0000). In conclusion, considering the high prevalence of dental caries, poor OHI and the need for periodic controls, application of the JUNAEB model generated a lower recurrence of dental caries and better OHI using a preventive, healing and educational approach.

In silico analysis of the structure and interaction of COP1 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Previous studies have shown that COP1 (constitutive photomorphogenic 1) protein of Arabidopsis thaliana plays a crucial role in different aspects of photomorphogenesis. Interaction of COP1 with SPA1 (suppressor of phytochrome A) and other regulatory proteins actively affect light regulatory gene expression in diverse directions. Though several studies have explained the function of COP1 protein, method of its interaction with SPA1 and cryptochromes are still not explained in detail. In this study, in silico analysis was followed to predict the tertiary structure, active site residues, functionally important regions and regular expressions of COP1 protein. Its ease of its interaction with SPA1 and seven other regulatory proteins, namely bZIP transcription factor 56 (HY5), transcription factor HY5-like (HYH), serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 7 (AtPP7), protein long hypocotyl in FAR-RED 1 (HFR1), OBP3-responsive protein 1 (OBP3), transcription factor MYC2 (MYC2/ZBF1) and Z-box binding factor 2 protein (GBF1/ZBF2) was measured using protein-protein docking. Interaction with MYC2 was found to be stronger than with others with a global energy value of -22.46. It was also found that COP1 shared three regions of regular expression with SPA1, the last expression also being present in MYC2/ZBF1 and OBP3. Taken together, the insight into structural and functional properties of COP1 protein presented in this study would be helpful in determining the role of COP1 in unknown mechanisms of photomorphogenesis.