McCune-Albright syndrome - A case report with transmission electron microscopy

Abstract McCune - Albright syndrome is a genetic disease with cutaneous mosaicism caused by post-zygotic activating mutations in GNAS locus, it has a triad of fibrous bone dysplasia, café-au-lait macules and precocious puberty. We examined a 22-year-old female patient with café au lait spot in right side of the abdomen, with a chessboard - like distribution, extending to right thigh with geographical contours, she has also an ovarian cyst, scoliosis and truncal obesity. Biopsies were taken from the hyperpigmented area and processed for light microscopy and for transmission electron microscopy. Light microscopy showed increased melanin pigment with HE staining. Immunohistochemistry with melanocytic markers (HMB-45 and Melan-A) revealed a normal number of melanocytes. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated normal epidermal structures, such as desmosomes, cytokeratin filaments and hemidesmosomes. With high magnifications an irregular melanossomal contour was seen, with some indentations in their outline.

Neurofibromatosis type-1 with seizures and cerebrovascular malformation: a case study

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common autosomal dominant neurocutaneous among humans. Epilepsy is more prevalent in NF1 patients than in the general population. NF1 vasculopathy is also a significant but underrecognized complication of the disease, affecting both arterial and venous blood vessels. Herein, we report a 2 year old female child with seizures and multiple cafe-au-lait spots on the body. The patient was diagnosed with NF1 based on clinical findings and family history. MRI Brain revealed middle cerebral artery dysplasia. Here we discuss diagnostic and treatment challenges and briefly reviews the existing literature.

Caso Clínico: Neurofibromatosis Tipo 1, resolución quirúrgica / Case Report: Neurofibromatos Type 1, Surgical Management

INTRODUCCIÓN: La neurofibromatosis tipo 1(NF1) descrita por primera vez por von Recklinghausen en 1884, es una enfermedad de transmisión genética autosómica dominante, causada por un espectro de mutaciones en el gen NF-1, de evolución impredecible, que afecta múltiples órganos y sistemas, como la piel y el sistema nervioso, afectando también el desarrollo infantil y al estado neurocognitivo. Representa para el médico la toma de decisiones de manejo a menudo complejas, que requieren un enfoque multidisciplinario. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente femenino de 9 años de edad, con antecedente de neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Presenta masa en región cervical anterior, que ocupa además el hemitórax izquierdo, comprimiendo el mediastino anterior, la tráquea del lado izquierdo, el corazón, el pulmón izquierdo; la masa produce sintomatología: disnea, disfagia y dolor, por lo que se programa intervención quirúrgica para exéresis del tumor. Se realizó cervico-esternotomía- toracotomía izquierda, se extirpó masa de 12 x 7 cm, ubicada a nivel de cayado aórtico, íntimamente adherida a la columna vertebral cervico-torácica. EVOLUCIÓN: Durante el acto quirúrgico la paciente tuvo un sangrado cuantioso, proveniente de arteria colateral de carótida común izquierda, por lo que se decidió empaquetar para resolución posterior, 24 horas después se desempaquetó, logrando control del sangrado tras el procedimiento. Los resultados de anatomía patología establecieron que la masa fue un neurofibroma. El seguimiento posterior determinó mejoría de la sintomatología, sin complicaciones quirúrgicas tardías. CONCLUSIÓN: La Neurofibromatosis es una patología congénita, poco frecuente y de complejo manejo. Aunque no existe tratamiento definitivo para la neurofibromatosis tipo 1, se puede realizar un manejo integral para mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. Los tumores pueden extirparse mediante cirugía, aunque a menudo vuelven a crecer.(au)

BACKGROUND: Neurofibromatosis type 1, first described by von Recklinghausen in 1884, is an autosomal dominant genetically transmitted disease, caused by a spectrum of mutations in the NF-1 gen, with unpredictable evolution, that affects multiple organs and systems, such as the skin and the nervous system, also affecting child development and neurocognitive functions. It often requires complex management decisions from the physician that involve a multidisciplinary approach. CASE REPORTS: 9 year old female patient with a history of type 1 neurofibromatosis. She presented with a mass located in the anterior cervical region, occupying also the left hemithorax, compressing the anterior mediastinum, the trachea from its left side, the heart, and the left lung; the mass produced symptoms: dyspnea, dysphagia and pain, so surgical excision of the mass was scheduled. A left cervical-sternotomy-thoracotomy was performed, a 12 x 7cm mass, located at aortic arch level, closely adhered to the cervical-thoracic spine, was excised. EVOLUTION: During the surgical procedure, the patient had profuse bleeding, coming form the left common carotid colateral artery, so abdominal packing was performed, for later resolution. 24 hours later, bleeding control was achieved after the surgical re-intervention. The pathology lab results established that the mass was in fact a neurofibroma. Subsequent follow-up determined symptoms improvement, without late surgical complications. CONCLUSIONS: Neurofibromatosis is a congenital infrequent, disease, with a complex treatment. Although there is no definitive treatment for type 1 neurofibromatosis, comprehensive management can be achieved to improve the patient's quality of life. Tumors can be surgically removed, although they often grow back.(au)

Neuroibromatosis tipo l: relación genotipo-fenotipo / Type 1 neurofibromatosis: genotype-phenotype relationship

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La neurofibromatosis (enfermedad de von Recklinghausen) es una enfermedad autosómica dominante que presenta principalmente manifestaciones cutáneas y neurológicas. El objetivo es describir actualmente si existe o no relación entre las mutaciones encontradas en los pacientes con neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y las características clínicas que presentan. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un artículo de revisión narrativa para evaluar la relación con el genotipo y fenotipo de los pacientes con neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Se revisaron las bases de datos PubMed, Embase y Lilacs. Se utilizaron los siguientes términos Mesh: Neurofibromatosis, neurofibromatosis tipo 1, genes, genotipo, fenotipo, mutaciones, secuenciación de exoma. Los estudios identificados fueron revisados y analizados. Se presentan los datos de manera cualitativa. RESULTADOS: De 425 artículos, 62 contenían la información necesaria para hacer el análisis. A pesar de que algunos estudios han presentado evidencia de asociación en relación a las mutaciones encontradas y la clínica, realmente no existe una correlación genotipo-fenotipo comprobada en neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Esto sugiere que para los fenotipos discordantes con genotipo similar existen otros factores que deben considerarse tales como la epigenética, alteraciones genéticas o incluso factores ambientales. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario realizar estudios con cohortes más grande de pacientes para seguir estudiando si existe una relación directa o no.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease) is an autosomal dominant disease that mainly presents cutaneous and neurological manifestations. The objective is to describe if there is a relationship between the mutations found in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and the clinical characteristics they present. METHODS: A narrative review of the literature was carried out in relation to the genotype and phenotype of patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 using PubMed, Embase, and Lilacs. The following Mesh terms were used: Neurofibromatosis, neurofibromatosis type 1, genes, genotype, phenotype, mutations, exome sequencing. The identified studies were reviewed and analyzed. Data are presented qualitatively RESULTS: Of 425 articles, 62 contained the information necessary to make the analysis. Although some studies have presented evidence of association in relation to the mutations found and the clinical one, there is still no proven genotype-phenotype correlation in neurofibromatosis type 1. This suggests that, for discordant phenotypes with a similar genotype, there are other factors that must be considered such as epigenetics, genetic alterations or even environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to perform studies with larger cohort of patients to continue studying whether there is a direct relationship or not.

Treatment of recurrent café-au-lait spots with Q532 laser: a clinical study / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and side effects of Q 532 laser in the treatment of recurrent café-au-lait spots.Methods Collection period was from January 2018 to January 2019.Fifty-five patients with recurrent café-au-lait spots after 2-3 times of Q-switched 755 laser treatment were selected and then treated with Q-switched 532 laser.Treatment was given once every 3-6 months.The appropriate treatment parameters were selected according to the patient's condition.The effects of age,gender,size,morphology and margin of the lesion on the treatment were observed.Results Among the 55 patients treated with Q 532 laser after 2 to 5 treatments,19 cases were cured,13 cases markedly effective,15 cases moderately effective,8 cases invalid with a total effective rate of 85 ％.Conclusions Q 532 laser is an effective and safe treatment for recurrent Café-au-lait spots.

Piebaldism Associated with Café-au-lait Macules and Intertriginous Freckling: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We present 9-year-old fraternal twins from a family with piebaldism, having congenital depigmented macules and meeting the diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) due to the multiple café-au-lait macules (CALMs) and intertriginous freckling at the same time. It's still a debatable issue that CALMs and intertriginous freckling may be seen in the clinical spectrum of piebaldism or these patients should be regarded as coexistence of piebaldism and NF1. However, based on recent literature and our patients' findings, we suggest that this rare phenotypic variant of piebaldism may not need the careful clinical follow-up and molecular testing for NF1. Besides, it may be suitable that these individuals with piebaldism showing NF1-like clinical phenotypes should be further tested for KIT and SPRED1 gene mutations.

Fanconi’s Anemia:

@#Fanconi’s Anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia,diverse congenital malformations which include skeletal malformations, hyperpigmentation, urogenital, renal and cardiac anomalies. We report a case of Fanconi anemia who presented with thrombocytopenia, bilateral hypoplastic thumbs, café-au-lait spots, with severe bleeding from the gingiva managed with platelet transfusion and extraction of the tooth was done

Novel compound heterozygous mutations of the PCNT gene in one Chinese boy with microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism typeⅡ:case report and literature review / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

[Summary] Microcephalic or Majewski's osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type Ⅱ ( MOPD Ⅱ) is an extremely rare genetic disease mainly caused by pericentrin ( PCNT) gene mutations. This paper reported one 13-year-old boy, who was admitted because of the slow growth for more than 13 years and deepened skin color over six months. He was diagnosed as MOPD Ⅱ associated with a combination of growth hormone deficiency, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, acanthosis nigricans, multiple café-au-lait spots. On magnetic resonance imaging of brain, no vascular malformations such as aneurysms were shown. There were novel compound heterozygous mutations of PCNT gene in the patient, with the nonsense mutations of c. 502C > T ( p. Gln168 * heterozygous variation) and c. 3103C > T (p. Arg1035* heterozygous variation). His father carried a nonsense mutation c. 3103C > T ( p. Arg1035 *heterozygous variation ) and his mother had a nonsense mutation c. 502C > T ( p. Gln168 * heterozygous variation). After treatment with metformin for three months, his blood glucose returned to normal, and acanthosis nigricans was improved. It seems critical to evaluate the abnormal condition of blood vessels regularly for MOPD Ⅱpatients with PCNT gene mutations.

Implicaciones anestésicas en la enfermedad de Von Recklinghausen / Anaesthetic implications in Von Recklinghausen disease: A case report

Von Recklinghausen disease or neurofibromatosis Type I (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disease with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Neurofibromas are the characteristic lesions. This disorder is associated with important anaesthetic considerations, mainly when neurofibromas occur in the oropharynx and larynx, leading to difficult laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. We describe the anaesthetic management of a patient with NF1 under general anaesthesia for facial neurofibroma excision. We performed a brief review of the literature with the aim of optimizing the anaesthetic management and reducing the number of complications associated with the systemic manifestations of this syndrome.

La enfermedad de Von Recklinghausen (EVR) o neurofibromatosis tipo I (NF1) es una enfermedad con herencia autosómica dominante con un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas. Los neurofibromas son las lesiones características. Este trastorno se asocia con importantes consideraciones anestésicas, principalmente cuando los neurofibromas aparecen en la orofaringe y laringe, produciendo dificultades en la laringoscopia y en la intubación endotraqueal. Describimos el manejo anestésico de un paciente con NF1 bajo anestesia general para extirpación de neurofibromas faciales. Hemos realizado un breve repaso de la literatura existente para optimizar el manejo anestésico y reducir el número de complicaciones asociadas con las manifestaciones sistémicas de este síndrome.

Síndrome de McCune-Albright. Reporte de un caso / McCune-Albright syndrome: a Case Report

El Síndrome de McCune-Albright (SMA) es una rara entidad que se caracteriza por displasia fibrosa ósea poliostótica, lesiones cutáneas hiperpigmentadas y endocrinopatías, la más frecuente es la pubertad precoz y sobre todo en niñas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 5 años de edad, que se interna por fractura patológica del fémur derecho, constatándose lesiones líticas en fémur contralateral, pelvis, tórax y calota; manchas café con leche en regiones del tórax anterior, perineal y dorsolumbar; Tanner 2 mamario y púbico, con antecedente de sangrado vaginal en 2 oportunidades 1 mes antes; y con Rx de muñeca izquierda compatible con edad ósea de 9 años; además de microadenoma hipofisiario. El SMA resulta de mutaciones esporádicas somáticas postcigóticas en el gen que codifica la subunidad α de la proteína Gs (GNAS1). Esta proteína actúa en la transducción de señales mediante la unión a la adenil-ciclasa productora de adenosín monofosfato cíclico (AMPc). Es importante conocer esta asociación de signos a fin de obtener un diagnóstico precoz y manejo adecuado .

McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS)isa rare disease characterized by poly ostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone, hyperpigmented skin lesions, and endocrinopathies, most commonly precocious puberty, and especially in girls. We presented the case of a female patient aged 5years hospitalized for pathological fracture of the right femur with findings of lytic lesions of the contralateral femur pelvis, thorax, and calvarium, and café-au-lait spots of the anterior, perineal, and dorsolumbar thorax; Tanner stage 2 breasts and pubes, a history of vaginal bleeding on two occasionsone monthearlier, left-wrist X-ray compatible with abone age of 9years and pituitary microadenoma. MAS is caused by sporadic postzygotic somatic mutations of the gene that codifies the alpha subunit of the G(s) protein (GNAS1). This protein acts in the transduction of signals by binding with cyclic-adenosine-monophosphate (cAMP) producing adenylate cyclase. It is important to beaware of this group of associated signs in order to achiev e early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Neurossarcoma plexiforme secundário à neurofibromatose tipo 1:relato de caso / Plexiform neurosarcoma secondary to Neurofibromatosis type 1: case report

A neurofibromatose tipo 1 é um transtorno neurocutâneo congênito caracterizado pela proliferação de tumores benignos da bainha dos nervos periféricos acompanhada de expressão inconstante a nível cutâneo, ósseo e nervoso. A evolução da doença é variável e dependente de possíveis complicações, sendo o prognóstico, em sua ausência, favorável. Os neurofibromas plexiformes são relativamente frequentes, constituindo complicação potencialmente grave, dependendo de sua localização e invasão de estruturas vizinhas. A transformação maligna desses tumores é rara, afetando 3 a 5% dos pacientes. O objetivo do estudo foi apresentar caso grave de neurofibromatose 1 com resultado fatal para o paciente, chamando a atenção para o diagnóstico das possíveis complicações. Paciente do gênero masculino, 20 anos, internado por massa cervical de etiologia a esclarecer. Com antecedentes de displasia tibial e duas exéreses de massas cutâneas não especificadas. Ao exame objetivo, apresentava múltiplas manchas café com leite, efélides axilares e inguinais, e nódulos na íris bilateralmente. Estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico de neurofibromatose1 em paciente sem história familiar, mediante dois resultados histopatológicos compatíveis. O estudo da massa revelou neurofibroma plexiforme cervicotorácico com malignização neurossarcomatosa, invadindo a veia jugular interna direita, artéria subclávia e plexo braquial, condicionando complicações hemorrágicas, posteriormente fatais. Apesar dos neurofibromas serem tumores benignos, estima-se que a esperança de vida dos pacientes com neurofibromatose 1 seja 15 anos menor do que a da população geral. A existência de complicações potencialmente fatais tornam indispensáveis a monitorização constante e o seguimento evolutivo das manifestações dessa doença

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a congenital neurocutaneous disorder characterized by proliferation of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors together with inconstant, cutaneous, osseous and neurological expression. Disease progression is variable and depends on eventual complications, with prognosis being favorable when they are absent. Plexiform neurofibroma is a relatively frequent and potentially severe complication, depending on its localization and surrounding structures. Malignant transformation is rare, affecting 3 to 5% of patients. The objective of this study was to present a severe case of neurofibromatosis 1, with fatal result for the patient, addressing the diagnosis of possible complications. Male patient, 20 years old, admitted due to cervical bulk of unknown origin, with a history of tibial dysplasia and two excisions of other unspecified cutaneous bulks. The physical examination showed multiple cafe-au-lait spots, axillary and inguinal ephelides, and bilateral iris Lisch nodules. Diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1 was established in a patient without a family history, according to two compatible histopatological results. The investigation of the bulk demonstrated a plexiform cervical-thoracic neurofibroma with invasion of right internal jugular vein, subclavian artery and brachial plexus, with neurosarcomatous malignization, causing fatal hemorrhagic complications. In spite of neurofibromas being benign tumors, individuals with neurofibromatosis 1are predicted to have a lifespan of approximately 15 years less than the general population. Existence of potentially fatal complications makes close surveillance and follow-up of clinical manifestations crucial.

Unroofed coronary sinus in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 / Seno coronario sin techo en paciente con neurofibromatosis de tipo 1 / Seio coronario sem teto em paciente com neurofibromatose do tipo 1

OBJECTIVE: To report the uncommon association between neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and unroofed coronary sinus. CASE DESCRIPTION: Girl with four years and six months old who was hospitalized for heart surgery. The cardiac problem was discovered at four months of life. On physical examination, the patient presented several café-au-lait spots in the trunk and the limbs and freckling of the axillary and groin regions. Her father had similar skin findings, suggesting the NF1 diagnosis. The cardiac evaluation by echocardiography disclosed an atrial septal defect of unroofed coronary sinus type. This cardiac finding was confirmed at surgery. The procedure consisted of the atrial septal defect repair with autologous pericardium. COMMENTS: NF1 is a common autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. Among the NF1 findings, congenital heart defects are considered unusual. In the literature review, there was no association between NF1 and unroofed coronary sinus, which is a rare cardiac malformation, characterized by a communication between the coronary sinus and the left atrium, resultant from the partial or total absence of the coronary sinus roof. It represents less than 1% of atrial septal defect cases. More reports are important to determine if this association is real or merely casual, since NF1 is a common condition. .

OBJETIVO: Subrayar la asociación poco común entre neurofibromatosis de tipo 1 (NF1) y seno coronario sin techo. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: Niña de cuatro años y seis meses, hospitalizada para realización de cirugía cardíaca. Se descubrió el problema cardíaco con cuatro meses de vida. En el examen físico, la paciente presentaba varias manchas café con leche en el tronco y en los miembros y lentigos axilares e inguinales. El padre poseía alteraciones de piel semejantes, siendo posible el diagnóstico de NF1. La evaluación cardiaca mediante ecocardiograma reveló comunicación interatrial de tipo seno coronario sin techo. Esos hallazgos cardiacos fueron confirmados en la cirugía. El procedimiento constituye en la reparación del defecto del septo atrial con pericardio autólogo. COMENTARIOS: NF1 es una enfermedad autosómica dominante común causada por mutaciones del gene NF1. Entre los hallazgos de NF1, los defectos cardiacos congénitos son considerados poco comunes. En la revisión de la literatura, no hubo asociación entre NF1 y el seno coronario sin techo, que es una malformación cardiaca rara caracterizada por la comunicación entre el seno coronario y el atrio izquierdo, resultante de la ausencia parcial o total del techo del seno coronario, representando menos del 1% de los casos de defecto del septo atrial. Más relatos son importantes para determinar si esa asociación es real o solamente casual, ya que NF1 es una condición común. .

OBJETIVO: Relatar a associação incomum entre neurofibromatose do tipo 1 (NF1) e seio coronário sem teto. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Menina de quatro anos e seis meses, hospitalizada para realização de cirurgia cardíaca. O problema cardíaco foi descoberto com quatro meses de vida. No exame físico, a paciente apresentava várias manchas café com leite no tronco e nos membros e efélides axilares e inguinais. O pai possuía alterações de pele semelhantes, sendo possível o diagnóstico de NF1. A avaliação cardíaca por meio do ecocardiograma revelou comunicação interatrial do tipo seio coronário sem teto. Esses achados cardíacos foram confirmados na cirurgia. O procedimento consistiu na reparação do defeito do septo atrial com pericárdio autólogo. COMENTÁRIOS: A NF1 é uma doença autossômica dominante comum causada por mutações no gene NF1. Dentre os achados da NF1, os defeitos cardíacos congênitos são considerados pouco comuns. Na revisão da literatura, não houve associação entre a NF1 e o seio coronário sem teto, o qual é uma malformação cardíaca rara caracterizada pela comunicação entre o seio coronário e o átrio esquerdo, resultante da ausência parcial ou total do teto do seio coronário, representando menos de 1% dos casos de defeito do septo atrial. Mais relatos são importantes para determinar se essa associação é real ou apenas casual, já que a NF1 é uma condição comum. .

Neurofibromatosis de von Recklinghausen: presentación de un caso de neurofibroma vaginal y revisión de la literatura / von recklinghausen’s neurofibromatosis: presenting a case of vaginal neurofibroma and literature review

Objetivo: revisar las manifestaciones de la neurofibromatosis de presentación en la región genital, el diagnóstico diferencial y el manejo de las lesiones.Materiales y métodos: paciente de 63 años remitida por masa en región genital a la Unidad de Colposcopia y Patología del Tracto Genital Inferior del Hospital de Suba, institución pública de segundo nivel de complejidad ubicada en Bogotá, Colombia, donde se atiende a población del régimen subsidiado. Al examen físico se encontraron manchas café-au-lait y lesiones compatibles con neurofibromas que orientaron el diagnóstico de neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en Medline-Pubmed usando los términos MeSH neurofibromatosis, enfermedad de von Recklinghausen, vagina, tracto genital, tumor pélvico; se presenta el caso clínico y la revisión del tema.Resultados: se encontraron 7991 publicaciones relacionadas con neurofibromatosis, y de estas solo 30 relacionadas con lesiones pélvicas y de tracto genitourinario; solo 6 reportes de casos y una serie de casos presentaban lesiones localizadas en tracto genital inferior. Para la descripción de las generalidades y los criterios diagnósticos se seleccionaron 12 artículos de revisión del tema. El diagnóstico diferencial incluye schwannoma, neuroma, mixoma, leiomioma y pólipo fibroepitelial.Conclusiones: el hallazgo de neurofibromas en el tracto genitourinario es un evento de baja ocurrencia y es un tema de interés para ginecólogos, pediatras y urólogos pues constituye un reto diagnóstico.

Objective: Reviewing manifestations of neurofibromatosis presenting in the genital region, their differential diagnosis and managing lesions. Materials and methods: The case of a 63-year-old patient admitted to the Suba hospital’s colposcopy and pathology of the lower genital tract service due to having a mass in the genital region is presented; the hospital is a second level complexity public institution in Bogotá, Colombia, dealing with a subsidised regime population. Physical examination revealed café-au-lait spots and lesions compatible with neurofibroma, thereby orientating diagnosis towards neurofibromatosis type 1. A systematic search was made of the literature in Medline-Pubmed, using the MeSH terms: neurofibromatosis, von Recklinghausen’s disease, vagina, genital tract, pelvic tumour. A clinical case and review of the topic are presented. Results: 7,991 publications related to neurofibromatosis were found. Just 30 of them were related to pelvic lesions and the genitourinary tract and only 6 case reports and one case series dealt with lesions located in the lower genital tract; 12 articles reviewing the topic were selected for a description of the diagnostic generalities and criteria. Differential diagnosis included schwannoma, neuroma, myxoma, leiomyoma and fibroepithelial polyp. Conclusions: A neurofibroma being identified in the genitourinary tract is an infrequently occurring event, constituting a topic of interest for gynaecologists, paediatricians and urologists as it represents a diagnostic challenge.

Abordagem cirúrgica de neurofibroma gigante / Surgical correction of a giant neurofibroma", "_e": "n

Neurofibromatose é uma doença de origem genética autossômica dominante composta por três tipos: neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1), neurofibromatose tipo 2 (NF2) e schwannomatose. As principais características da NF1 são mancha café com leite, neurofibromas dérmicos e plexiformes, falsas efélides axilares ou inguinais e nódulos de Lisch. Neste trabalho é apresentado o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 26 anos de idade, com relato de aparecimento de pequenos nódulos cutâneos desde os 3 anos de idade e manchas café com leite disseminadas e de diferentes dimensões. Após os 13 anos de idade, o paciente apresentou crescimento acelerado de volumosa massa em dorso e abdome, impossibilitando a deambulação e causando afastamento do convívio social. O tratamento cirúrgico foi constituído de exérese do tumor em duas etapas, com intervalo de 2 meses. Não existe cura para a neurofibromatose, porém a remoção cirúrgica está indicada nos casos em que há dor, déficit neurológico, desfiguramento, comprometimento de estruturas adjacentes e suspeita de malignidade. São aceitáveis ressecções parciais, quando não houver possibilidade de exérese total. O tratamento cirúrgico realizado constituiu ótima opção para o tratamento do presente caso, uma vez que permitiu a exérese da lesão, com cicatrização satisfatória de ótimo aspecto estético e melhora da qualidade de vida do paciente.

Neurofibromatosis is a disease of genetic origin with autosomal dominant inheritance that is classified into 3 types: neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), and schwannomatosis. The main characteristics of NF1 are café-au-lait spots, dermal and plexiform neurofibromas, false dermal and plexiform neurofibromas, false axillary or inguinal ephelides, and Lisch nodules. This study describes the case of a 26-year-old man who presented with small cutaneous nodules, present since he was 3 years old, and café-au-lait spots of different sizes distributed diffusely. At the age of 13, the patient developed a mass in the back and abdomen that subsequently developed into a rapidly growing voluminous mass, which hindered walking and caused social isolation. The surgical treatment consisted of the excision of the tumor in 2 phases, with a 2-month interval between procedures. Although a cure for neurofibromatosis has not been discovered, surgical removal is indicated in cases of neurological involvement, pain, disfigurement, possible involvement of adjacent structures, and suspicion of malignancy. Partial resection is acceptable if total removal is not possible. In the present case, surgical treatment was an excellent choice because it enabled the complete excision of the lesion, with satisfactory wound healing and aesthetic results, as well as the improvement of the quality of life of the patient.

Múltiplas hiperintensidades no sistema nervoso central em uma criança com neurofibromatose do tipo 1 / Multiple central nervous system hyperintensities in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1

OBJETIVO:Relatar o caso de uma criança com neurofibromatose do tipo 1, apresentando o achado ocasional de múltiplas hiperintensidades e de lesão hamartomatosa pré-quiasmática no sistema nervoso central. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Menino de tez escura de quatro anos, cujo pai apresentava manchas café-com-leite e história de cirurgia de tumor de ouvido. A criança evoluiu com um adequado desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, sem crises convulsivas ou déficit de aprendizagem. Ao exame físico, possuía múltiplas manchas café-com-leite e efélides. A avaliação pela ressonância nuclear magnética de encéfalo evidenciou múltiplas imagens nodulares hiperintensas em T2 e Flair, com isossinal em T1, localizadas na substância branca dos hemisférios cerebrais, cerebelo e tronco cerebral. Apresentava ainda lesão hamartomatosa pré-quiasmática. A avaliação eletroencefalográfica e o exame neurológico eram normais. COMENTÁRIOS: As imagens hiperintensas verificadas na ressonância nuclear magnética correspondem aos chamados unidentified bright objects (UBOs), observados em de 60 a 70 por cento das crianças com neurofibromatose do tipo 1, sendo raros em adultos. Sua etiologia e significado clínico ainda não são claros. Alguns estudos os têm associado à disfunção cognitiva, déficit neurológico e risco de malignização. Hamartomas localizados próximos ao quiasma óptico são incomuns, mas podem se relacionar à puberdade precoce. A avaliação do sistema nervoso central de crianças assintomáticas com neurofibromatose do tipo 1 é discutível. Contudo, nos casos em que UBOs sejam identificados, é importante considerar seu seguimento radiológico, especialmente diante de lesões múltiplas ou atípicas.

OBJECTIVE:To report a child with neurofibromatosis type 1 presenting the occasional central nervous system feature of multiple hyperintensities and a prechiasmatic hamartomatous lesion. CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient is a four-year old black boy whose father presented cafe-au-lait spots and history of ear tumor surgery. The neuropsychomotor development of the child was within the normal range, without seizures or learning deficit. At the physical exam, he had several cafe-au-lait spots and freckles. The magnetic resonance image showed multiple nodular and hyperintense images in T2 and Flair, with isosignal in T1, localized in the white matter of cerebellum, brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. A prechiasmatic hamartomatous lesion was also noted. Electroencephalographic evaluation and the neurological exam were normal. COMMENTS: The hyperintensities images verified in the magnetic resonance image corresponded to the "unidentified bright objects" (UBOs). They are observed in 60 to 70 percent of the children with neurofibromatosis type 1, being rare in adults. Its etiology and clinical meaning are still not clear. Some studies have associated them to cognitive dysfunction, neurological deficit and risk of malignization. Hamartomas close to the optic chiasm are unusual, but they can be related to early puberty. Central nervous system imaging of asymptomatic neurofibromatosis type 1 children is controversial. However, in cases in which UBOs are occasionally identified, it is important to consider their radiological follow-up, especially in the presence of multiple and atypical lesions.

Características clínicas de pacientes com anemia de Fanconi / Clinical characteristics of patients with Fanconi anemia

OBJETIVO: Verificar as características clínicas de pacientes com anemia de Fanconi (AF) diagnosticados em um Serviço de Genética Clínica. MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu todos os pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Genética Clínica da Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre e Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, entre 1975 e 2008, com suspeita clínica de AF submetidos ao estudo de quebras cromossômicas com o uso de diepoxi-butano (DEB) a partir do sangue periférico. Realizou-se uma análise retrospectiva das características clínicas dos pacientes, a partir de um levantamento sistemático dos seus prontuários médicos. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta de 17 pacientes, sendo que em sete o diagnóstico de AF foi confirmado. Os pacientes com AF caracterizaram-se por um fenótipo amplo, oscilando desde um quadro de pancitopenia sem dismorfias até a presença de múltiplas malformações sem alterações hematológicas. Certos achados, como face triangular, orelhas em abano e manchas café com leite foram frequentes e encontrados apenas nos indivíduos com AF. História de equimoses, hematomas, petéquias, infecções e linfadenopatias foi comum entre os indivíduos desse grupo. Por outro lado, alterações neurológicas foram observadas apenas em pacientes sem AF. Consanguinidade foi verificada em apenas um paciente, que apresentava AF. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar das limitações do estudo, os achados ilustram a grande variabilidade fenotípica observada na AF, o que torna seu diagnóstico clínico um desafio. No entanto, alguns achados específicos podem servir de pistas para sua detecção. A identificação precoce desses indivíduos é fundamental para o seu manejo adequado.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of Fanconi anemia (FA) patients diagnosed in a Clinical Genetics Service. METHODS: The study included all patients assisted in an university genetics service in Southern Brazil, between 1975 and 2008, with clinical suspicious of FA and submitted to the study of chromosomal breakage with diepoxybutane (DEB) from peripheral blood. A retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics of the patients was carried out by a systematic survey of their medical records. RESULTS: 17 patients were studied and seven had a confirmed diagnosis of FA. Patients with FA were characterized by a broad phenotype, ranging from pancytopenia without dysmorphisms to multiple malformations and absence of hematological alterations. Certain findings, such as triangular face, prominent ears and café-au-lait spots were common and found only among individuals with FA. History of bruises, hematomas, petechiae, infections and lymphadenopathies was also common among individuals of this group. However, neurological alterations were observed only in patients without FA. Consanguinity was verified in one patient who presented FA. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations of this study, thefindings show the great phenotypical variability observed in patients with FA, which makes the diagnosis a clinical challenge. Nevertheless, some specific findings can serve as clues for FA detection. The early identification of these individuals is essential for their proper clinical management.

Neurofibromatose tipo 1 / Neurofibromatosis type 1

A neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) é a forma mais comum das facomatoses autossômicas dominantes, com uma incidência de 1 em 2.500 a 1 em 3.000 ao nascimento. Clinicamente, a NF1 é caracterizada por manchas café com leite, efélides, neurofibroma da pele, neurofibroma plexiforme, defeitos ósseos, nódulos de Lisch e tumores do sistema nervoso central. O neurofibroma plexiforme, um raro tumor exclusivo de pacientes com NF1, é um tumor benigno da bainha dos nervos periféricos que se espalha sob a pele ou profundamente no corpo. O diagnóstico diferencial da NF1 inclui outras formas de neurofibromatose, afecções com manchas café com leite ou com alterações pigmentares confundidas com manchas café com leite. Uma mulher de 28 anos foi admitida no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, apresentando uma massa com grande aumento em seu braço direito com 24 anos de evolução. O aumento se desenvolveu em uma mancha café com leite que estava presente desde o nascimento. Não havia história familiar de neurofibromatose. Foi realizado diagnóstico clínico de NF1 com neurofibroma plexiforme do braço direito

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common form of autosomal dominant phakomatoses with an incidence of 1 in 2,500 to 1 in 3,000 at birth. Clinically, NF1 is characterized by café au lait spots, ephelides, skin neurofibroma, plexiform neurofibroma, bone defects, Lisch nodules, and tumors of the central nervous system. Plexiform neurofibroma, a rare tumor unique to patients with NF1, is a benign tumor of peripheral nerve sheath that spreads under the skin or deep in the body. The differential diagnosis of NF1 includes other forms of neurofibromatosis, conditions with café au lait spots or pigment changes confused with café au lait spots. A 28-year-old woman was admitted to the University Hospital of Santa Maria with a largely increased mass in her right arm with 24 years of evolution. The increase developed from a cafe au lait spot that was present since birth. There was no family history of neurofibromatosis. Clinical diagnosis of NF1 with plexiform neurofibroma of the right arm was made

A Case of Multiple Cafe-au-lait Spots with Nevus Depigmentosus and Hemangioma / 대한피부과학회지

When 6 or more Cafe-au-lait spots(CALS) tend to be randomly and widely distributed, we must rule out neurofibromatosis(NF). Nevus depigmentosus is a congenital nonprogressive hypopigmented patch that shows histologically decreased pigmentation while CALS shows increased pigmentation. We report a case of a 16-month-old girl showing generalized multiple cafe-au-lait spots with segmental nevus depigmentosus and capillary hemangioma on her right upper back. A possible explanation for the co-occurrence of CALS and nevus depigmentosus could be the concept of mosaicism.