ABSTRACT
Background@#One of the causes of inflammatory arthritis is excessive production of uric acid or hyperuricemia. It is a painful disease that is treated with a commercial xanthine oxidase inhibitor to decrease uric acid synthesis. However, the treatment is associated with adverse side effects and thus, there is interest in medicinal plants that could have similar therapeutic effects with minimal side effects. There are many reported indigenous plants and trees in the Philippines that are reported to have therapeutic and bioactive compounds. One such plant is Canarium ovatum or locally called pili. This study aimed to determine the antihyperuricemic activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. ovatum. @*Objective@#Determine the antihyperuricemic activity of the crude ethanolic extract of C. ovatum leaves and its partially purified fractions through inhibition of xanthine oxidase and its effect on the blood uric acid level of oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice. @*Methodology@#The crude ethanol extract from C. ovatum leaves and its partially purified fractions obtained through column chromatography were tested for their in vitro xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity by measuring spectrophotometrically the uric acid formation from xanthine as the substrate. The crude ethanol extract and the fraction with the most XO inhibitory activity were then tested for their in vivo XO inhibitory activity in oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice by measuring their blood uric acid levels using uric acid test strips. @*Results@#The crude ethanolic extract of C. ovatum leaves at 100ppm showed 83.62±2.05% in vitro inhibition of XO while the most active fraction showed 80.30±4.00% inhibition. Both were comparable (p>0.05) to the positive control, allopurinol, which showed 91.47±5.64% inhibition. In vivo, the crude extract and the fraction that showed the highest XO inhibitory activity at 200 mg/kg significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) respectively reduced the serum uric acid levels of the hyperuricemic mice one hour after induction as compared to the negative control. Moreover, their antihyperuricemic activity were not statistically significant as compared to that of allopurinol (p<0.0001). @*Conclusion@#The crude ethanolic extract of C. ovatum leaves and its most active fraction showed statistically significant in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibition and in vivo antihyperuricemic activity. The activities shown by both crude and active fraction were not statistically different from that determined for allopurinol. Therefore, further studies can be conducted to isolate the most active compound and study its pharmacokinetic properties.
Subject(s)
Xanthine Oxidase , Uric Acid , AllopurinolABSTRACT
Background@#Undergraduate researches in universities are potential sources of useful data in medicinal plant research. In higher education institutions, many of these manuscripts remain untapped and inaccessible to researchers and scientists. If widely utilized, these can contribute in the growth of knowledge on medicinal plants. @*Objectives@#This article aimed to catalogue the medicinal plant researches of the Bicol University – Department of Biology from 1991 to 2019, highlight significant developments, trends, and responsiveness of the research, and recommend policies to improve medicinal plant research in the next decade. @*Methodology@#A complete list of undergraduate research titles was obtained and analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) process. Categorization of researches included the medicinal plants studied, year of study, and the biological assays conducted. The final list included two things: researches that utilized medicinal plants and those researches which tested the biological and medicinal properties of plants. Results were presented in percentages. @*Results@#To date, 18.72% of the 865 thesis titles archived in the department are medicinal plant researches and majority of which focused on antimicrobial and toxicity studies. There were 52 plant families, 99 genera, and 114 plant species investigated. Leguminosae and Asteraceae were the most studied plant families. The years 2011-2019 were the most fruitful in terms of research completed. @*Conclusion@#Undergraduate researches can provide vital information on medicinal plants studies, especially on an institutional and regional level. It is recommended that medicinal plants research be included as a thematic area among higher education institutions, and that policies be implemented to support publication of researches.
Subject(s)
Burseraceae , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Asteraceae , Animal Care Committees , Anti-Infective Agents , Biological Assay , LicensureABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the stability and bioavailability of polyphenols in pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) pomace during simulated in vitro digestion. Methods: Freeze-dried pili pomace was subjected to in vitro digestion simulating con-ditions in the stomach, small intestine and colon. Total polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids and condensed tannins, and its antioxidant activity– 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,20-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power were measured using standard spectrophotometric methods. Results: In vitro digestion of pili pomace resulted in reduction of phenolic compounds. Condensed tannins and anthocyanins were released in the gastric and intestinal stages, while total polyphenols and flavonoids after fermentation simulating colonic conditions. Antioxidant values of the bioavailable fractions showed that more than 90% of activity was lost during simulated digestion. Conclusions: Findings indicate that pili pomace is a promising functional ingredient for food and dietary supplements which can furnish potentially bioavailable phenolic anti-oxidants to the body.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the stability and bioavailability of polyphenols in pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) pomace during simulated in vitro digestion. Methods Freeze-dried pili pomace was subjected to in vitro digestion simulating conditions in the stomach, small intestine and colon. Total polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids and condensed tannins, and its antioxidant activity – 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power were measured using standard spectrophotometric methods. Results In vitro digestion of pili pomace resulted in reduction of phenolic compounds. Condensed tannins and anthocyanins were released in the gastric and intestinal stages, while total polyphenols and flavonoids after fermentation simulating colonic conditions. Antioxidant values of the bioavailable fractions showed that more than 90% of activity was lost during simulated digestion. Conclusions Findings indicate that pili pomace is a promising functional ingredient for food and dietary supplements which can furnish potentially bioavailable phenolic antioxidants to the body.
ABSTRACT
Chemical investigations of the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves of Canarium ovatum Engl. afforded β- amyrin (1a), α-amyrin (1b), epi-β-amyrin (2a), epi-α-amyrin (2b), epi-lupeol (2c), β-carotene (3) and lutein (4); while the twigs yielded 1a-1b. The dichloromethane extracts of the fruits of C. ovatum yielded triacylglycerols (5); the mesocarp also afforded 1a, 1b, 1,2-dioleylglycerol (6), and monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids; the nutshell also provided 6; and the kernel also yielded monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The structures of 1-6 and the fatty acids were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.