The incidence of stomach and esophageal cancer in Mongolia: a data from 2009-2018 / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#Cancer is a major public health issue both in Asia and in Mongolia. The most prevalent cancer related deaths in Mongolia are registered for the stomach, esophagus and liver. @*Purpose@#We aimed to investigate the incidence of stomach and esophageal cancer in Mongolian population. @*Materials and Methods@#Epidemiologic data were collected from 2009 to 2018 through the oncology cabinet of all hospitals and medical centers from all provinces, soums (the smallest unit of provinces) and major districts of the capital city. The incidence of stomach and esophageal cancer was calculated by appropriate methods and it was presented by ArcGIS Pro 9.2 software. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant and based on two side hypotheses. All calculations were performed in the IBM SPSS Statistics software. The study design in concordance with ethical guidelines was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ministry of Health Mongolia. All clinical investigations were conducted according to the principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki.@*Results@#The incidence of esophageal cancer in last ten years (2009-2018) was 10.09 in 100000 populations and the highest incidence were registered in Uvs (38.13), Bayan-Ulgii (24.15) and Zavkhan (18.18) provinces, respectively. The incidence of stomach cancer was 20.33 in 100000 populations and the highest incidences were registered in Uvs (53.01), Khovd (46.02) and Darkhan-Uul (40.50) provinces, respectively. @*Conclusion@#</br> 1. Incidence rates for esophageal and stomach cancer are high among the Mongolian population. In the last decade, the incidence of esophageal cancer had not decreased significantly, but it’s constant. </br> In our study, the esophageal cancer incidence was 10.09 per 100’000 people, which includes one of the high incidence rate countries according to the WHO classification. More than 10 aimags incidence rate of esophageal cancer was higher than the National average. Most of them have occurred in the western region of the country. Most of the Western, some of Khangai and Eastern soums have had the highest incidence of esophageal cancer what we have shown on the mapping. </br> 2. The incidence rates of stomach cancer were registered as 20.33 per 100’000 people in the last 10 years at the national level. It has shown that according to the WHO classification, our country is also one of the countries with the highest incidence of stomach cancer. The stomach cancer incidence trend was increased in the last 10 decades. Therefore, some of aimag’s soums has included the highest rate classification. In addition, some soums in the Western, Khangai, and Eastern aimags had have a very high incidence of stomach cancer. </br> According to results in the above, the nationwide targeted prevention program is needed especially where the highest incidence rates. Also there is a lack of cooperation between national organizations to accurate registration of gastrointestinal cancer and to fight against these harmful cancers.

A cross-sectional study of the distribution of pediatric solid tumors at an Indian tertiary cancer centre

Background: Pediatric solid tumors include a heterogeneous group of tumors, and the burden of these tumors, especially from resource-challenged countries, is not well described. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of solid tumors in children in an Indian tertiary cancer center.Methods: All patients under 12 years of age with histologically confirmed tumors presenting at a tertiary cancer center from January 2014 to January 2019 were identified from the hospital database. Patients with lymphomas, bone, and central nervous tumors were excluded. The demographic profile including age, sex distribution, and the treatment received were recorded for all patients.'Results: The mean age of the eligible 153 patients was 5.7 years with majority (57.3%) in the 0-5 years age group. The male-to-female ratio was 1.6:1 with a male predominance in all tumors except germ cell tumors. Renal tumors were the most common tumors followed by neuroblastoma and soft tissue sarcoma, whereas germ cell and gonadal tumors formed only 8.49% of all tumors.Conclusions: Extracranial and extraosseous pediatric solid tumors include a wide range of tumors with a predilection for male sex and children below 4 years of age. Wilms tumors, neuroblastoma, and soft tissue sarcomas tumors are the most common tumors.

PROFILE OF CARE IN YOUNG WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN AMAZONAS: 11 YEARS STUDY / Perfil de atendimento em mulheres jovens com câncer de mama no Amazonas: estudo de 11 anos

A cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study was carried out to describe the profile of breast cancer patients aged 40 years or less diagnosed and treated at the CECON/FCECON Foundation from 2003 to 2013. The following were evaluated: age, staging, place of origin and diagnostic accuracy, through search of records in patients' records. Data were computed in a database and analyzed through descriptive statistics. There were 211 patients under 40 years with breast cancer in the study period, representing 9.83%. The most affected age group was between 35 and 40 years. Regarding clinical staging, 57 cases were at stage IIA at diagnosis. About the method of screening, 71 patients performed it through clinical examination or self-examination and, in relation to the provenance, 48 cases were from other states. It is necessary to improve diagnosis in this age group and that the institutional care be directed to the patients of their original states

Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, de corte transversal, foi realizado para descrever o perfil de pacientes com câncer de mama com 40 anos ou menos diagnosticados e tratados na Fundação CECON/FCECON de 2003 a 2013. Foram avaliados: idade, estadiamento, local de origem e acurácia diagnóstica, através da busca de registros nos prontuários dos pacientes. Os dados foram computados em um banco de dados e analisados por meio de análise estatística descritiva. Havia 211 pacientes com menos de 40 anos com câncer de mama no período do estudo, representando 9,83%. A faixa etária mais afetada foi entre 35 e 40 anos. Em relação ao estadiamento clínico, 57 casos estavam no estágio IIA no momento do diagnóstico. Sobre o método de triagem, 71 pacientes realizaram o exame clínico ou o autoexame, e em relação à procedência, 48 casos foram de outros estados. É necessário melhorar o diagnóstico nessa faixa etária e direcionar o cuidado institucional seja aos pacientes de seus estados originais.

Rol de la cirugía en cáncer de próstata oligometastásico / Surgery in Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer

Es indudable que el cáncer de próstata es objeto de permanente investigación dada su alta prevalencia y morbimortalidad asociada. Sin embargo, el cáncer oligometastásico reconocido como una entidad aparte, es un tópico ha ido ganando interés durante los últimos años. Se ha propuesto que el cáncer oligometastásico podría ser considerado una etapa previa al cáncer metastásico avanzado, dada su evolución más indolente, permitiendo plantear nuevos cursos de tratamiento y nuevos enfrentamientos terapéuticos, que los utilizados en etapas más complejas. En este trabajo se realizó una revisión no-sistemática de la literatura actual respecto al rol de la cirugía en el cáncer oligometastásico, para esto se utilizaron las bases de datos Pubmed y MGH Treadwell Library, con limites dentro de los últimos 10 años además de publicaciones en las revistas Journal of Urology y European Urology. Se revisaron bases de datos chilenas reportadas en Datos Estadísticos e Información en Salud (DEIS). Históricamente, el tratamiento estándar para cáncer de próstata metastásico ha sido el tratamiento paliativo a largo plazo con terapia de deprivación de andrógenos (ADT). Sin embargo, basado en el comportamiento particular que presentaría el cáncer de próstata oligometastásico, se han realizado estudios en los que la cirugía cada vez juega un rol más protagónico. Los nuevos datos son altamente sugerentes que la cirugía podría representar una modalidad terapéutica útil en el manejo de cáncer de próstata oligometastásico. Sin embargo, aún es necesario definir protocolos respecto al manejo de esta entidad y se requieren mayores estudios para definir cuál sería la mejor forma de lograr resultados o si presentaría beneficio asociar el manejo quirúrgico a otras terapias complementarias. AU

There is no doubt that prostate cancer is subject of permanent research because of its high prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality. However, oligometastatic cancer as a particular entity, is a topic that has been gaining interest over the past few years. It has been proposed that oligometastatic cancer could be considered a stage prior to advanced metastatic cancer, given its more indolent course, allowing to consider if there would be benefits in new therapeutic approaches than those used in more advanced stages. In this paper, we performed a non-systematic review of the current literature regarding the role of surgery in oligometastatic cancer, using Pubmed and MGH Treadwell Library databases with limits within the last 10 years. And also, publications in journals as "European Urology" and "Journal of Urology". Chilean databases reported in "Datos Estadísticos e Información en Salud" (DEIS) were reviewed. Historically, the standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer has been long-term palliative treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, based on the particular behavior of oligometastatic prostate cancer, studies have been performed in which surgical treatment is playing a more prominent role. The new data is highly suggestive that surgery could represent a useful therapeutic modality in the management of prostate cancer. However, it is still necessary to define protocols regarding the management of this entity and more studies are required to achieve this and define what would be the best way to accomplish results or whether it would be beneficial to associate surgical management with other complementary therapies.AU

Cirugía Robótica en cáncer de vejiga músculo-invasor, una interrogante aún sin resolver / Robotic Surgery In Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer, An Unresolved Interrogant

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cirugía robótica es una técnica en aumento tanto en Chile como en el mundo. Una de las áreas de la medicina que ha sido pionera en la introducción de esta nueva técnica es Urología, dónde ha crecido el interés en torno a la utilización de la cirugía robótica en cáncer de vejiga músculo invasor(CVMI). El objetivo de esta revisión es examinar la bibliografía disponible sobre el tema. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda no sistemática de la literatura utilizando la base de datos de Pubmed y MGH Treadwell library. En estas se utilizaron las palabras claves "Bladder cancer", Muscle-invasive bladder cancer", "Blader cancer epidemiology" , "Radical cistectomy" "Robot-assisted radical cistectomy", ¨Robotic surgery urology¨. Se aplicaron límites de publicaciones dentro de los últimos 10 años. DISCUSIÓN: El cáncer vesical es una enfermedad de alta prevalencia, aproximadamente el 25 % de ellos se presentan con CVMI al momento del diagnóstico. El tratamiento de estándar actualmente para CVMI la cistectomía radical con linfadenectomía pélvica extendida, derivación urinaria y quimioterapia neoadyuvante en ciertos casos. Buscando dar solución a las complicaciones de esta cirugía, surge el interés por utilizar la cirugía robótica en el tratamiento de CVMI a través de la cistectomía radical asistida por robot(CRAR). Actualmente se han publicado estudios con resultados que indican disminución de la morbilidad perioperatoria y menor estadía hospitalaria, manteniendo la eficacia oncológica de este procedimiento versus la cistectomía radical abierta(CRA). Otros estudios no han encontrado diferencias significativas entre las dos técnicas en cuanto a complicaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: Aún existe insuficiente experiencia y evidencia del uso de esta en cáncer de vejiga músculo-invasor pero los resultados actuales tienden a resultados no inferiores y positivos en cuanto a la CRAR versus la CRA.AU

METHODS: We performed a non-systematic literature search using the Pubmed and MGH Treadwell library database. Key words "Bladder cancer", Muscle-invasive bladder cancer", "Bladder cancer epidemiology" , "Radical cystectomy" "Robot-assisted radical cystectomy", ¨Robotic surgery urology¨. were used. Limits of publications were applied within the last 10 years. DISCUSSION: Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease. Approximately 25% of patients present with MIBC at the time of diagnosis. The standard treatment currently for CVMI is radical cystectomy with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy, urinary diversion and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in certain cases. In order to solve the complications of this surgery, there is an interest in the use of robotic surgery in the treatment of MIBC through robot assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). Studies with results indicating decreased perioperative morbidity and shorter hospital stay have been published, maintaining the oncological efficacy of this procedure versus open radical cystectomy (ORC). Other studies have found no significant difference between the two techniques in terms of complications. CONCLUSION: There is still insufficient experience and evidence of its use in m

Pronóstico de incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer bucal en la provincia Ciego de Ávila / Prognosis of oral cancer incidence and mortality in the province of Ciego de Avila

Introducción: la predicción es una de las actividades asistenciales y de investigación con mayor auge actualmente. El desarrollo alcanzado por los servicios estomatológicos en Cuba ha contribuido a la disminución de la incidencia del cáncer bucal, pero resulta preocupante que cada año esta enfermad se diagnostique en un grupo considerable de personas. Desde este punto de vista, el análisis de series temporales es de vital importancia en la vigilancia y predicción de las enfermedades. Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento de las series de incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer bucal para la generación de pronósticos, con un horizonte de predicción de tres años, en la provincia Ciego de Ávila. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo de series temporales. Se analizaron las series temporales del cáncer bucal, con frecuencia de incidencia anual durante 8 años (2007-2014) y mortalidad durante 12 años (2003-2014). Para la obtención del pronóstico se emplearon métodos sencillos, rápidos y efectivos: el método de los mínimos cuadrados y el alisamiento o suavizamiento exponencial con dos parámetros, que suaviza las oscilaciones locales y permite apreciar la tendencia de la serie. Se empleó el programa EVIEWS 4.1. Resultados: en cuanto a la incidencia se pronosticó una estimación puntual de aproximadamente 73 casos anuales e intervalos de predicción que pueden oscilar de 59 a 87 para los próximos años. Con respecto a la mortalidad se obtuvieron intervalos de predición muy estrechos que oscilan entre 26 y 50, con una estimación puntual de 37 fallecidos por año aproximadamente. Conclusiones: el comportamiento de la serie de incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer bucal en la provincia es creciente, por lo que se estima un incremento para los próximos tres años(AU)

Introduction: prediction is a major practice in health care and research nowadays. The development achieved by dental services in Cuba has contributed to reduce the incidence of oral cancer, but it is still a reason for concern that a large number of people are diagnosed with this condition every year. In this context, time series analysis is crucially important for disease surveillance and prediction. Objective: analyze the behavior of oral cancer incidence and mortality series to generate a prognosis with a three-year prediction horizon in the province of Ciego de Avila. Methods: a time-series retrospective longitudinal descriptive study was conducted. An analysis was performed of the oral cancer time series, based on an annual incidence frequency for eight years (2007-2014) and a mortality rate for 12 years (2003-2014). Simple, fast, effective methods were used to obtain the prognosis: the least squares method and two-parameter exponential smoothing, which smooths local oscillations making it possible to appreciate the trend in the series. Use was made of the software EVIEWS 4.1. Results: regarding incidence, a prognosis was made of a point estimation of approximately 73 cases per year, with prediction intervals ranging between 59 and 87 for the next years. Regarding mortality, very narrow prediction intervals were obtained which range between 26 and 50, with a point estimation of approximately 37 deaths per year. Conclusions: behavior of the oral cancer incidence and mortality series in the province is on the increase, and it is estimated that it will continue to grow in the next three years(AU)

Epidemiological characterization of oral cancer: literature review / Caracterización epidemiológica del cáncer oral: revisión de la literatura

Oral cancer is a disease of high impact globally. It ranks as the sixth more frequent one among all types of cancer. In spite of being a widely known pathology and easy access to the diagnosis, the lack of epidemiological data reported in the last 10 years in Chile called attention to. At the global level, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a project called “GLOBOCAN” in order to collect epidemiological data of the global cancer, between its data, highlights the high incidence and high rate of mortality in the male sex, parameter that shows tendency to replicate in both America and Chile. In consequence to these data, a narrative review of the literature concerning the epidemiological profile of the different forms of oral cancer in the past 15 years was done. The diagnosis of oral cancer crosses transversely the Dental Science, forcing us to establish triads of work between oral and maxillofacial surgeons, pathologists and dentists of the various specialties, so as to allow a timely research, appropriate biopsies and histopathological studies finishes with the purpose of, on the one hand, obtain timely and accurate diagnostics, in addition, maintaining the epidemiological indicators...

El cáncer oral es una patología de alto impacto a nivel mundial, ocupando el sexto lugar más frecuente entre todos los tipos de cáncer. A pesar de unapatología ampliamente conocida y de fácil acceso al diagnóstico, llama la atención la falta de datos epidemiológicos reportados en los últimos 10 años en Chile. A nivelmundial, la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) ha desarrollado un proyecto denominado “GLOBOCAN”con el fin de recolectar datos epidemiológicos mundiales del cáncer, entre sus datos, destaca la gran incidencia y elevada tasa de mortalidad en el sexo masculino, parámetro que muestra tendencia a replicarse en tanto América como en Chile. En consecuencia a estos datos, se realizóuna revisión narrativa de la literatura, referente al perfil epidemiológico de las diferentes formas de cáncer oral enlos últimos 15 años. El diagnóstico del cáncer oral cruza de manera transversal a la Odontología, obligándonos a establecer triadas de trabajo entre cirujanos orales y maxilofaciales,patólogos y odontólogos de las diversas especialidades, para permitir así una oportuna pesquisa, biopsias adecuadas y estudios histopatológicos acabados con la finalidad de, por una parte, obtener diagnósticos oportunos y certeros, además, mantener actualizados los indicadores epidemiológicos...

An epidemiological analysis of cancer patients admitted to hospitals in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

India is now in the epidemiological transition stage of having to face the challenge of increasing number of both communicable and non-communicable diseases burden. Recently cancers have become the second most fatal disease among the non-communicable diseases category next only to cardiovascular diseases. Cancer affects all age groups and both sexes with a high mortality rate and low survival rate. Cancer registration is the process of continuing systematic collection of epidemiological data on reportable neoplasms with the purpose of helping to assess and control the impact of malignant disease in the community. The cancer registries are mainly of two types: Population based cancer registry and hospital based cancer registry. The Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) are aimed to identify all cases of cancer that occur in a defined population while Hospital Based Cancer Registries (HBCRs) aim at the improvement of cancer therapy. Recently, the Madras Metropolitan Tumour Registry (MMTR) Chennai had published a report on various hospital based statistics about cancer patients from 2007-2010. The report gives exhaustive details of nearly 13 categories of variables related to cancer management and characteristics attributed to both males and females patients separately. Objective of this article is to analyze the epidemiological details of cancer patients registered with the reporting hospitals in Chennai in relation to the age, sex, site of cancers, diagnostic methods, treatment of choice, mortality etc. among the cancer groups based on the cancer registry for the period from 2007 to 2010, in order to understand the epidemiological trend of the disease in and around Chennai at present.

Epidemiology of cervical cancer in Colombia / Epidemiología del cáncer de cuello uterino en Colombia

Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women, and the first or second most common in developing countries. Cervical cancer remains in Colombia the first cause of cancer mortality and the second cause of cancer incidence among women, despite the existence of screening programs during the last 3 decades. Bucaramanga, Manizales and Cali reported rates around 20 per 100,000 and Pasto 27 per 100,000. The Cali cancer registry has reported a progressive decrease in the age standardized incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer over the past 40 years. Reasons for the decline in incidence and mortality of cervical cancer are multiple and probably include: improvement in socio-economic conditions, decrease in parity rates and some effect of screening programs. Human papilloma Virus is the main cause of cervical cancer, HPV natural history studies have now revealed that HPVs are the commonest of the sexually transmitted infec¬tions in most populations. Most HPV exposures result in sponta¬neous clearance without clinical manifestations and only a small fraction of the infected persons, known as chronic or persistent carriers, will retain the virus and progress to precancerous and cancer. HPV 16 and 18 account for 70% of cervical cancer and the 8 most common types. (HPV 16, 18, 45, 33, 31, 52, 58 and 35) account for about 90% of cervical cancer. Case-control studies also allowed the identification of the following cofactors that acting together with HPV increase the risk of progression from HPV persistent infection to cervical cancer: tobacco, high parity, long term use of oral contraceptives and past infections with herpes simplex type 2 and Chlamydia trachomatis. The demonstration that infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is not only the main cause but also a necessary cause of cervical cancer has led to great advances in the prevention of this disease on two fronts: (i) Primary prevention by the use of prophylactic HPV vaccines; and (ii) secondary prevention by increasing the accuracy of cervical cancer screening.

El cáncer de cérvix uterino es la tercera causa más frecuente de cáncer en el mundo y la primera o segunda más común en países en desarrollo. El cáncer de cérvix persiste en Colombia como la primera causa de mortalidad por cáncer en las mujeres, a pesar de la existencia de programa de tamización durante las últimas tres décadas. Bucaramanga, Manizales y Cali reportan tasas de incidencia alrededor de 20 por 100.000 y Pasto, 27 por 100.000. El Registro poblacional de cáncer de Cali ha reportado un descenso progresivo en las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de cérvix durante los últimos 40 años. Las razones para la declinación de las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de cérvix son múltiples y probablemente incluyen: mejoría en las condiciones socio-económicas, descenso en las tasas de fecundidad y algún efecto de los programas de tamización. El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es la principal causa de cáncer de cuello uterino. Los estudios de la historia natural del VPH han revelado que el VPH es la infección de transmisión sexual más común en la mayoría de las poblaciones. La exposición a VPH resulta en una resolución espontánea sin manifestaciones clínicas y únicamente una pequeña fracción de las personas infectadas, conocida como portadores crónicos, retendrá el virus y progresará a lesiones precursoras y cáncer. Los genotipos de VPH 16 y 18 son responsables del 70% del cáncer de cérvix y los 8 tipos más comunes (VPH 16, 18, 45, 33, 31, 52, 58 and 35), se asocian con cerca del 90% de todos los casos de cáncer cervical. Los estudios de casos y controles también han permitido identificar los siguientes cofactores que actúan junto con la infección con VPH para aumentar el riesgo de cáncer de cérvix: tabaco, multiparidad, uso prolongado de contraceptivos orales y antecedentes de infecciones por virus del herpex simple tipo 2 y Clamidia trachomatis. La demostración de que la infección por ciertos tipos de virus del papiloma humano (VPH) no sólo es la causa principal, sino, también, una causa necesaria del cáncer cervical, ha conducido a grandes avances en la prevención de esta enfermedad en dos frentes: (i) La prevención primaria mediante el uso de vacunas profilácticas contra el VPH, y (ii) La prevención secundaria mediante el aumento de la precisión de la detección del cáncer de cuello uterino.

La secuencia adenoma-carcinoma, consideraciones clínicas, patológicas y de vigilancia endoscópica / The adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Clinical, pathological and endoscopic surveillance

A case of a 84 year-old woman with a history of colonoscopy performed in May 2008, where a 5 mm polyp was detected from the hepatic flexure. It was removed by biopsy and histology showed a tubular adenoma with low-grade dysplasia. In May 2011, the patient consulted due to mild to moderate pain in both hypochondria of 6 months of duration accompanied by bloating and belching. A control colonoscopy was indicated, which was held in June 2011, and showed a 2 cm polyp in ascending colon, this was resected with polypectomy snare. In the vicinity there was a 3-mm polyp that was removed with biopsy forceps. Histological examination showed in the bigger lesion a moderately differentiated grade 2 invasive tubular adenocarcinoma, with superficial and focal invasion of the submucosa, developed in adenoma with free surgical margin (1.7 mm), no vascular, lymphatic invasion or tumor budding were found. The smaller lesion was reported as tubular adenoma with low grade dysplasia. Colorectal cancer epidemiology, indications for controls after colonoscopic polypectomy of adenomas, especially those at high risk, histopathological risk factors for adenocarcinomas developed in adenomas and the need to monitor these patients annually with occult blood test stool are discussed between the control colonoscopies indicated.

Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 84 años, con antecedentes de colonoscopia efectuada en mayo de 2008 donde se le detectó un pólipo de 5 mm del ángulo hepático del colon, el que fue extraído por biopsia y cuyo estudio histológico demostró un adenoma tubular con displasia de bajo grado. En mayo de 2011, consulta por dolor leve a moderado en ambos hipocondrios de 6 meses de evolución acompañados de meteorismo y eructos. Se indicó ileocolonoscopia, la que se realizó en junio de 2011 y demostró un pólipo del colon ascendente de 2 cm, que fue resecado con asa de polipectomía; y cercano a éste, un pólipo de 3 mm que se extirpó con pinza biopsia. El examen histológico informó adenoma tubular con displasia moderada en la lesión de menor tamaño y adenocarcinoma tubular invasor moderadamente diferenciado grado 2 de Broders, con invasión focal superficial de la submucosa, desarrollado en adenoma. Límites quirúrgicos libres de lesión, sin invasión vascular sanguínea, linfática ni budding tumoral con límite quirúrgico profundo a 1,7 mm de la lesión. Se comentan la epidemiología del cáncer rectocolónico, la indicación de los controles colonoscópicos luego de la polipectomía de los adenomas, en especial de aquellos de alto riesgo, los factores de riesgo anatomopatológicos de carcinomas desarrollados en adenomas, y la necesidad de controlar anualmente a estos pacientes con colonoscopias de vigilancia.

Analysis on the incidence rate of gynecologic cancers in Wuwei city / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To study the epidemic characteristics of gynecologic cancers,which may pro- vide clues for hypothesis of cause of disease,and for cancer prevention.Methods Through establishing the malignant tumor registering and reporting system,the incidence materials is obtained.According to the intro- ductive method of Instruction of registration of Chinese malignant tumor,we calculate the Statistics Index sign such as Chinese population adjusted rate,world population adjusted rate,standardized rate,cumulative rate of 0～74 years old,etc.Results The year average ineidenee rate approximately of gynecologic cancers in 2001～2005 years is 18.66/100000,Chinese population adjusted rate 15.46/100000,world population adjusted rate 18.93/100000,standardized rate 45.63/100000,cumulative rate 2.14%.The age incidence rate has a rising trend with the age increase,the former 4 in female is cervix uteri cancer,ovary cancer,corpus uteri cancer,and other not specified cancer.Conclusion Gynecologic cancer incidence of Wuwei City shows ris- ing trend.

Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention / 한국역학회지

Cancer is one of the main cause of death worldwide. There are about 10 million new cases every year, and more than 6 million persons will die of the disease in a year. Many factors are responsible for the recent increase in cancer. Changing lifestyles, in particular as regards tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and diet, also play a crucial part. Several different types of scientific studies contribute to identifying the causes of human cancer. IARC's prestigious series of Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans publishes authoritative reports on the risks posed by potentially carcinogenic agents and exposures. Most cancers are thought to be caused by factors related to lifestyle and environment. In particular, tobacco, chronic infections and diet are involved in a substantial number of new cancers. Tobacco is responsible for about 15% of all cancers throughout the world. Chronic infections with viruses, bacteria and parasites are responsible for 16% of all cancers. It has been hypothesized that 30% of all cancers could be prevented by appropriate diet and physical activity. Other known causes of cancer, such as occupational, genetic, and reproductive factors, plays a lesser role in the global burden of cancer. Many types of cancer seem to be cluster in families, occurring more often in close relatives of affected individuals. The risks that a person inheriting a defect in a person inheriting a defect in a cancer susceptibility gene will develop a certain type of cancer must be estimated, and the role of environmental factors in modifying these risks must be ascertains. Researches into the causes of cancer has revealed how many of the most common cancers can be prevented. Detection of many forms of the disease at an early stage can greatly improve the prospects for effective treatment, reducing deaths and enhancing quality of life.