ABSTRACT
Cancer immunoediting is crucial to understand the success or failure of a tumor. Immune system plays dual roles in tumor development and progression, promoting or suppressing tumor depending on tumor microenvironment and the events that lead to initiation of carcinogenesis. The immune system has potential to recognize and destroy tumors, and thus function as a primary defense mechanism against cancer. On the other hand, unresolved immune responses can result in the growth and progression of cancer. Objectives: The host immune system determines tumour fate in three phases (Elimination, Equilibrium and Escape) and ac- cording to this theory, it blocks adaptive and innate tumour responses or promotes conditions that favour tumour progression. Conclusion: The purpose of this review is to emphasise the importance of immunity in tumour promotion and suppression.
ABSTRACT
Lipids have been found to modulate tumor biology, including proliferation, survival, and metastasis. With the new understanding of tumor immune escape that has developed in recent years, the influence of lipids on the cancer-immunity cycle has also been gradually discovered. First, regarding antigen presentation, cholesterol prevents tumor antigens from being identified by antigen presenting cells. Fatty acids reduce the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and costimulatory factors in dendritic cells, impairing antigen presentation to T cells. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) reduce the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells. Regarding T-cell priming and activation, cholesterol destroys the structure of the T-cell receptor and reduces immunodetection. In contrast, cholesterol also promotes T-cell receptor clustering and relative signal transduction. PGE2 represses T-cell proliferation. Finally, regarding T-cell killing of cancer cells, PGE2 and cholesterol weaken granule-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, fatty acids, cholesterol, and PGE2 can improve the activity of immunosuppressive cells, increase the expression of immune checkpoints and promote the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines. Given the regulatory role of lipids in the cancer-immunity cycle, drugs that modulate fatty acids, cholesterol and PGE2 have been envisioned as effective way in restoring antitumor immunity and synergizing with immunotherapy. These strategies have been studied in both preclinical and clinical studies.
ABSTRACT
The immune system is involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. Research on cancer and immunity has contributed to the development of several clinically successful immunotherapies. These immunotherapies often act on a single step of the cancer-immunity cycle. In recent years, the discovery of new nanomaterials has dramatically expanded the functions and potential applications of nanomaterials. In addition to acting as drug-delivery platforms, some nanomaterials can induce the immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells or regulate the profile and strength of the immune response as immunomodulators. Based on their versatility, nanomaterials may serve as an integrated platform for multiple drugs or therapeutic strategies, simultaneously targeting several steps of the cancer-immunity cycle to enhance the outcome of anticancer immune response. To illustrate the critical roles of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapies based on cancer-immunity cycle, this review will comprehensively describe the crosstalk between the immune system and cancer, and the current applications of nanomaterials, including drug carriers, ICD inducers, and immunomodulators. Moreover, this review will provide a detailed discussion of the knowledge regarding developing combinational cancer immunotherapies based on the cancer-immunity cycle, hoping to maximize the efficacy of these treatments assisted by nanomaterials.
ABSTRACT
Immune checkpoints are the crucial regulators of immune system and play essential roles in maintaining self-tolerance, preventing autoimmune responses, and minimizing tissue damage by regulating the duration and intensity of the immune response. Furthermore, immune checkpoints are usually overexpressed in cancer cells or noninvasive cells in tumor tissues and are capable of suppressing the antitumor response. Based on substantial physiological analyses as well as preclinical and clinical studies, checkpoint molecules have been evaluated as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of multiple types of cancers. In the last few years, extensive evidence has supported the immunoregulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). The main advantage of TCMs and natural medicine is that they usually contain multiple active components, which can act on multiple targets at the same time, resulting in additive or synergistic effects. The strong immune regulation function of traditional Chinese medicine on immune checkpoints has also been of great interest. For example,
ABSTRACT
Immunological checkpoints are a mechanism evolved by human beings to control the intensity and duration of immunoreaction and minimize the excessive inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases caused by overactive immune responses.Compared to radiotherapy,chemotherapy and other traditional treatments,immunotherapy has fewer side effects on normal cells,and has become an emerging technology in tumor treatments.As the focus on tumor treatment research,immunological checkpoint therapy can damage the tumor cells by breaking the immune tolerance and activating the body's own immune system,which make it a promising treatment method.In this paper,the mechanisms of immune activation,immune regulation and immune evasion were described.The action mechanism and clinical application of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) were summarized.The application prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors was discussed.
ABSTRACT
Immunological checkpoints are a mechanism evolved by human beings to control the intensity and duration of immunoreaction and minimize the excessive inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases caused by overactive immune responses.Compared to radiotherapy,chemotherapy and other traditional treatments,immunotherapy has fewer side effects on normal cells,and has become an emerging technology in tumor treatments.As the focus on tumor treatment research,immunological checkpoint therapy can damage the tumor cells by breaking the immune tolerance and activating the body's own immune system,which make it a promising treatment method.In this paper,the mechanisms of immune activation,immune regulation and immune evasion were described.The action mechanism and clinical application of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) were summarized.The application prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors was discussed.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU) on the immunity of patients with advanced primary liver cancer(PLC).Methods Forty cases of PLC admitted to our institution from Mar.2003 to Dec.2003 were included in this study.Patients were divided into 2 groups and received either HIFU or radio-frequency ablation(RFA) treatment randomly.CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8,NK,IL-2,TNF were chosen to assess the immune status before and after treatment.The results were compared statistically.(Results The) survival rate after HIFU was 80.0%,61.1%,42.9%,33.3% at 3 months,6 months,9 months and 1 year respectively,which was similar to that after RFA treatment.The changes of immunity parameters of CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8,NK,IL-2 and TNF were not significant after HIFU treatment.In addition,the differences of those parameters between HIFU group and RFA group were insignificant.Conclusion There are no detrimental effects on immunity in the early period after HIFU treatment.