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Abstract Objective The present study evaluated the profile of germline mutations present in patients who underwent genetic counseling for risk assessment for breast cancer (BC), ovarian cancer (OC), and endometrial cancer (EC) with a possible hereditary pattern. Methods Medical records of 382 patients who underwent genetic counseling after signing an informed consent form were analyzed. A total of 55.76% of patients (213/382) were symptomatic (personal history of cancer), and 44.24% (169/382) were asymptomatic (absence of the disease). The variables analyzed were age, sex, place of birth, personal or family history of BC, OC, EC, as well as other types of cancer associated with hereditary syndromes. The Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) nomenclature guidelines were used to name the variants, and their biological significance was determined by comparing 11 databases. Results We identified 53 distinct mutations: 29 pathogenic variants, 13 variants of undetermined significance (VUS), and 11 benign. The most frequent mutations were BRCA1 c.470_471delCT, BRCA1 c.4675 + 1G > T, and BRCA2 c.2T> G. Furthermore, 21 variants appear to have been described for the first time in Brazil. In addition to BRCA1/2 mutations, variants in other genes related to hereditary syndromes that predispose to gynecological cancers were found. Conclusion This study allowed a deeper understanding of the main mutations identified in families in the state of Minas Gerais and demonstrates the need to assess the family history of non-gynecological cancer for risk assessment of BC, OC, and EC. Moreover, it is an effort that contributes to population studies to evaluate the cancer risk mutation profile in Brazil.
Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo avaliou o perfil de mutações germinativas presentes em pacientes submetidas a aconselhamento genético para avaliação de risco para câncer de mama (CM), câncer de ovário (OC) e câncer de endométrio (CE) com possível padrão hereditário. Métodos Foram analisados os prontuários de 382 pacientes que realizaram aconselhamento genético após consentimento informado. Um total de 55,76% dos pacientes (213/382) eram sintomáticos (história pessoal de câncer), e 44,24% (169/382) eram assintomáticos (ausência da doença). As variáveis analisadas foram idade, sexo, naturalidade, história pessoal ou familiar de CM, OC, CE bem como outros tipos de câncer associados a síndromes hereditárias. As diretrizes de nomenclatura da Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) foram usadas para nomear as variantes e seu significado biológico foi determinado pela comparação de 11 bancos de dados. Resultados Identificamos 53 mutações distintas: 29 variantes patogênicas, 13 variantes de significado indeterminado e 11 benignas. As mutações mais frequentes foram BRCA1 c.470_471delCT, BRCA1 c.4675 + 1G > T e BRCA2 c.2T > G. Além disso, 21 variantes parecem ter sido descritas pela primeira vez no Brasil. Além das mutações BRCA1/2, foram encontradas variantes em outros genes relacionados a síndromes hereditárias que predispõem a cânceres ginecológicos. Conclusão Este estudo permitiu conhecer melhor as principais mutações identificadas nas famílias do estado de Minas Gerais e demonstra a necessidade de avaliar a história familiar de câncer não ginecológico para avaliação do risco de CM, OC e CE. Além disso, é um esforço que contribui com estudos populacionais para avaliar o perfil de mutações de risco para câncer no Brasil.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Endometrial Neoplasms/prevention & control , Genetic Counseling , Genital Neoplasms, Female/prevention & control , Genetic Diseases, InbornABSTRACT
Abstract: Objective: Describe the prevalence of breast cancer (BC)-associated germline pathogenic variants (PVs) among Mexican patients with triple-negative BC (TNBC). Materials and methods: The spectrum of PVs identified among patients with TNBC who were enrolled in a prospective registry and underwent genetic testing was analyzed. Results: Of 387 patients with invasive TNBC and a median age at diagnosis of 39 years (range 21-72), 113 (29%) were carriers of PVs in BC-susceptibility genes: BRCA1 (79%), BRCA2 (15%), and other (6%: ATM, BRIP1, PALB2, PTEN, RAD51C, and TP53). PV carriers were younger at BC diagnosis (37 vs. 40 years, p=0.004) than non-carriers. Conclusion: A large proportion of TNBC in Mexican patients is associated with germline PVs, the vast majority in BRCA. The incremental yield of PVs in other BC-susceptibility genes was modest, and a stepwise approach starting with BRCA testing may be justified if it is more cost-effective than multigene panel testing.
Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de variantes patógenas (VPs) germinales en genes asociados con cáncer de mama (CM) en pacientes mexicanos con CM triple negativo (CMTN). Material y métodos: Se analizó el espectro de VPs identificadas en pacientes con CMTN que fueron incluidos prospectivamente en un registro y se realizó un estudio genético. Resultados: Se analizó un total de 387 pacientes con una mediana de edad al diagnóstico de 39 años; 113 (29%) eran portadores de VPs en genes de susceptibilidad a CM: BRCA1 (79%), BRCA2(15%), y otros (6%: ATM, BRIP1, PALB2, PTEN, RAD51C y TP53). Los portadores de VPs eran más jóvenes al diagnóstico de CM (37 vs. 40 años, p=0.004). Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de VPs en pacientes mexicanos con CMTN y la mayoría se encuentra en genes BRCA. La realización de pruebas genéticas se puede optimizar mediante la adopción de un proceso escalonado para la detección de VPs.
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Objective:A prospective, multicenter randomized controlled clinical research was conducted to explore the diagnostic value of the new optical staining technology for domestic endoscope, spectral focused imaging (SFI) and variable intelligent staining technology (VIST), for gastric precancerous lesions.Methods:Patients who intended to undergo gastroscopy between August 2020 and May 2021 were randomly divided into the white light group and the new optical staining group at the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. A sequential examination method was applied (white light to new optical staining or new optical staining to white light). The endoscopic diagnostic results and the detection results of Helicobacter pylori ( HP) of the two groups were recorded. At the same time, such five variables as gastric mucosal atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, fold enlargement, nodular gastritis and diffuse redness were evaluated for the risk of gastric cancer in the two groups. Results:A total of 419 cases were enrolled, including 208 cases in the white light group and 211 cases in the new optical staining group. Compared with pathological findings, the detection rates of gastric inflammation, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and advanced cancer lesions in the white light group were 28.9%, 40.4%, 64.9%, 17.8%, 0.5% and 0.5% respectively; while those in the new optical staining group were 30.8%, 42.7%, 62.6%, 15.2%, 2.8% and 0.5%. There were no significant differences in the detection rates between the two groups ( P>0.05). Compared with pathology, the sensitivity, the specificity, the accuracy, the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value for gastric mucosal atrophy in the white light group were 92.9%, 61.3%, 74.0%, 61.9% and 92.7% respectively and those in the new optical staining group (SFI mode) were 94.4%, 64.5%, 77.3%, 66.4% and 94.0% respectively. The above 5 measures for gastric mucosal intestinal metaplasia were 68.1%, 72.6%, 69.7%, 82.1% and 55.2% in the white light group, and 87.1%, 89.9%, 88.2%, 93.5% and 80.7% in the new optical staining group (VIST mode), with significant difference between the two groups ( P<0.05). In terms of HP infection with 13C-urea breath test ( 13C-UBT) results as the gold standard, the above 5 measures were 90.2%, 84.3%, 87.4%, 86.8% and 88.2% in the white light group and 92.6%, 77.1%, 85.4%, 82.2% and 90.1% in the new optical staining group respectively. The proportion of high-risk gastric lesions in the new optical staining group was higher in cases of a gastric cancer risk score≥ 4 ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The new optical staining technology of domestic endoscopy has higher diagnostic value for gastric mucosal intestinal metaplasia. Gastroscopy is helpful for the detection of precancerous lesions with gastric cancer risk score as a tool. The new optical staining technology of domestic endoscopy is similar to imported endoscopy in diagnosing gastric precancerous lesions and HP infection, which is an effective means to detect gastric mucosal precancerous lesions.
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Background Nitrosamines (NAms) are highly carcinogenic and frequently detected in drinking water systems in China, indicating potential human health risk through drinking water. Objective To analyze the distribution of NAms in drinking water in Shanghai and to evaluate relevant human health risk. Methods A total of 94 samples of source water and 120 samples of finished water were collected in February (dry period) and August (wet period) of 2021 from 30 drinking water plants in Shanghai, and eight NAms were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. Cancer risks for different age groups caused by NAms exposure through water were evaluated using Monte Carlo probabilistic method and carcinogens risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Results The concentrations of total NAms in source and finished water were 12.56-65.86 ng·L−1 and 8.52-57.38 ng·L−1, respectively. The average concentration of total NAms was higher in source water (33.50 ng·L−1) than in finished water (22.07 ng·L−1, P<0.05) during dry season, and lower in source water (16.90 ng·L−1) than in finished water (21.02 ng·L−1, P<0.05) during wet season. The average concentration of total NAms in source water during dry season was twice of that during wet season. The positive rate of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the highest (100%) among the eight NAms. The cancer risk of exposure to NAms in finished water in Shanghai was mainly from the ingestion route, which was mostly caused by NDMA. The cancer risk from exposure to NAms in water for children (median=4.32×10−5) was slightly higher than that for adults (median=3.34×10−5) and adolescents (median=2.27×10−5). The cancer risks of exposure to NAms in water for people of different ages were mainly (80% - 95%) at an acceptable level (1×10−6 - 1×10−4). Conclusion NAms contamination is positive in Shanghai’s drinking water and NDMA is the main contaminant. The removal of NAms in water by current water treatment process is season-dependent. The cancer risk of children exposed to NAms in water was slightly higher than that of adults and adolescents, but all at acceptable levels.
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The high rate of cervical cancer in Algeria and the absence of organized screening programs are well shown in this study, which aims to determine the prevalence of cervical cancer and describe the risk factors associated with this alarming prevalence. This retrospective study is based on data collected from medical records and A questionnaire was developed to assess the risk factors (such as: parity, age at first marriage, smoking, oral contraceptive, and Hormonal status) of cervical cancer among the participants. Face to Face interview were conducted with the participants. The result obtained from this study revealed that cervical cancer occupies the fourth place of cancer in the Wilaya of Ain Defla (4,71 %); the results confirm the effect of several risk factors such as early marriage age (below 20 years: 46.66 %), multiparity (53.33%), menopause (66.66 %); taking contraception (53.33%) and smoking in the development of this pathology. The adoption of an early and annual screening program in our region would be very important to us. In addition, the interest of annual screening is to raise women's awareness of this pathology, particularly in isolated regions. (
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Mass Screening , Medical Records , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Parity , Menopause , Smoking , Contraception , DiagnosisABSTRACT
Background Nitrosamines, especially N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are highly carcinogenic and frequently detected in drinking water systems in China, indicating potential human health risk through drinking water. Objective This study aims to analyze the distribution of NDMA in urban drinking water around China and to evaluate relevant human health risk, thus providing recommendations for drinking water safety standards. Methods The database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure was searched using nitrosamines and drinking water as key words in Chinese, and PubMed was searched usingN-nitrosodimethylamine or nitrosodimethylamine or NDMA, drinking water, and China as key words in English for relevant literature published from January 1, 2000 to March 1, 2021. Eligible data were extracted to statistically analyze the spatiotemporal exposure levels of NDMA in raw and finished water serving Chinese cities. According to the health risk assessment model for carcinogens recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the cancer risk via drinking water of NDMA in finished water was evaluated for different age groups and different regions. Results A total of 102 studies were retrieved, 21 of which met the inclusion criteria and were finally included. The NDMA concentrations in 347 raw water samples and 276 finished water samples were extracted and studied, with positive rates of 82.4% and 67.0%, levels of not detected (ND)-141 and ND-67.1 ng·L−1, and the 95th quantiles of 51.4 and 32.1 ng·L−1, respectively. The level of NDMA in raw water was higher than that in finished water in cities of East and North China (P<0.05). East China had the highest average concentrations of NDMA in raw and finished water (21.4 and 9.0 ng·L−1 respectively). In East China, the average concentrations of NDMA in raw and finished water from 2018 to 2019 (5.9 and 6.1 ng·L−1 respectively) were significantly lower than those from 2015 to 2017 (28.7 and 16.5 ng·L−1 respectively) (P<0.05). The average concentration of NDMA in rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams as drinking water sources (20.8 ng·L−1) was significantly higher than that in groundwater sources (8.0 ng·L−1) and in reservoir sources (6.5 ng·L−1) (P<0.05). The average concentration of NDMA in finished water with pre-chlorination (9.4 ng·L−1) was higher than that without (6.0 ng·L−1) (P<0.05). The cancer risk of NDMA through drinking water for children over 1 year old in China decreased with older age, and the risk of infants aged 1~<2 years (2.52×10−4) was 23 times higher than that of adults (1.09×10−5) (P<0.05). Conclusion Raw water pollution is the main source of NDMA in urban drinking water in China, and current water treatment technology can partially remove NDMA. The NDMA level in finished water of East China shows a downward trend in recent two years. The carcinogenic risk of NDMA via drinking water for children is higher than that for adults, and their health risk management needs to be strengthened. The study findings recommend 35 ng·L−1 as the limit of NDMA water quality safety standard in China.
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Breast cancer (BC), a heterogeneous, aggressive illness with high mortality, is essentially a genomic disease. While the high-penetrance genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 play important roles in tumorigenesis, moderate- and low-penetrance genes are also involved. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNA (miRNA) genes have recently been identified as BC risk factors. miRNA genes are currently classified as low-penetrance. SNPs are the most common variations in the human genome. While the role of miRNA SNPs in BC susceptibility has been studied extensively, results have been inconsistent. This review analyzes the results of association studies between miRNA SNPs and BC risk from countries around the world. We conclude that: (a) By continent, the largest proportion of studies to date were conducted in Asia (65.0 %) and the smallest proportion in Africa (1.8 %); (b) Association studies have been completed for 67 different SNPs; (c) 146a, 196a2, 499, 27a, and 423 are the most-studied miRNAs; (d) The SNPs rs2910164 (miRNA-146a), rs11614913 (miRNA-196a2), rs3746444 (miRNA-499) and rs6505162 (miRNA-423) were the most widely associated with increased BC risk; (e) The majority of studies had small samples, which may affect the precision and power of the results; and (f) The effect of an SNP on BC risk depends on the ethnicity of the population. This review also discusses potential explanations for controversial findings.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , MicroRNAs/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/geneticsABSTRACT
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cancer in both incidences and mortality among men in Africa including Nigeria. Evidence suggest that African men present with more advanced disease, signifying that they are highly unscreened group for PCa. This study examined the risk perception and uptake of PCa screening among civil servants in Oyo state secretariat, Ibadan. This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey of 192 male staff of Oyo State Secretariat, selected by simple random sampling technique. Respondents' risk perception and uptake of prostate cancer screening were examined using a structured questionnaire. Pearson's chi-square was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Mean age of respondents was 47.44±5.36 years. Up to 140(73.3%) of respondents were aware of PCa, mainly through literature (29.5%), 53.8% had good knowledge of PCa. However, 78% perceived themselves as not at risk for prostate cancer. For 39.6%, prostate cancer is a myth. While only 15(7.9%) had ever been screened, a greater percentage (92.1%) had never been screened. There is significant association between knowledge and uptake of prostate cancer screening (χ2=3.748, p=0.05) as well as between perception of susceptibility and uptake of prostate cancer screening (χ2=26.093, p=0.00). The risk perception for Prostate Cancer is low among the study cohort. There is need for more public enlightenment to improve awareness and uptake of prostate cancer screening services.
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Humans , Prostatic Neoplasms , Early Detection of Cancer , Perception , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
Introducción: El cáncer de mama es uno de los cánceres más comunes a nivel mundial y en el Perú, por ello es importante que los estudiantes en salud conozcan las medidas preventivas y factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento sobre los factores de riesgo y medidas de prevención para el cáncer de mama en estudiantes de la escuela de medicina de una universidad privada, 2019. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte transversal, se contó con una muestra de 319 estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo en el año 2019,que hayan estado matriculados en alguna de las escuelas profesionales. Se utilizó un cuestionario que constó de 18 preguntas, 5 ítems que abordaron datos sociodemográficos y 13 midieron el nivel de conocimiento sobre los factores de riesgo y medidas de preventivas del cáncer de mama. Se usó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Después de la exclusión, se contó con 292 estudiantes, 72% fueron mujeres. La media de edad fue 20,5. 23,6 % fueron de segundo ciclo. Los factores de riesgo menos conocidos fueron beber alcohol, tener más de 45 años, menarquia antes de los 12 años y menopausia después de los 55 años, asimismo, las medidas de prevención menos conocidas fueron: edad correcta para realizar mamografía 71% y frecuencia para realizar autoexamen 63% en mayor porcentaje. Conclusión: El conocimiento sobre factores de riesgo y medidas de prevención de cáncer de mama fue adecuado.
Introduction: breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and in Peru. Health studentsneed to know preventive measures and risk factors. Objective: to assess the level of knowledge aboutrisk factors and prevention measures for breast cancer in students of the private medical school, 2019.Methods: a quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 319 studentsfrom the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo in 2019, who havebeen enrolled in one of the professional schools. We used a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions, 5items that addressed sociodemographic data, and 13 measured the level of knowledge about risk factorsand preventive measures of breast cancer. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: After exclusion,there were 292 students, 72% were women. The mean age was 20.5, 23.6% were from the second year.The least known risk factors were drinking alcohol, being over 45 years of age, menarche before 12years of age, and menopause after 55 years of age, and the least known prevention measures were:correct age for mammography 71% and frequency for self-examination 63% in a higher percentage.Conclusion: knowledge about risk factors and breast cancer prevention measures was adequate.
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The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of pesticide residues in bovine milk and associated health risks in human. To assess the pesticide residues, a total of 200 milk samples were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Photo Diode Array Detector (PDA).The residues of carbaryl, 4’4’ DDT and deltamethrin pesticides were found in the 27.5%, 11% and 5% milk samples, respectively. The spatial distribution of pesticide residues in milk samples indicated that carbaryl was wide spread over the entire study area. The non-significance differences in mean residual concentrations of all three pesticides in cow and buffalo milk samples were recorded. The human health risk assessment in terms of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health hazard was calculated based on both lower bound [LB (mean residue levels)] and upper bound [UB (95th percentile level)] limits at current levels of pesticides in bovine milk samples. The estimated average daily dietary intake (EADDI) of studied pesticides was found below the acceptable dietary intake (ADI) for both adult and children, at mean as well as 95th percentile upper bound (UB) levels. The values suggesting lower carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk to adult however children are at greater health risk.Keywords: Bovine milk, carbaryl, deltamethrin
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Breast cancer is first ranking malignancies in Iraq. Family history of cancer is an important factor for cancer occurrence and development in next generation. The study aimed to determine the validity of family history of cancer by population-based and clinic-based family registries, evaluate the concurrence of cancer affected by family history in their first-, and second-degree relatives. An observational studies of total 62 relatives membered of 44 Iraqi breast cancer families were included. We conducted study at period between December 2018 and June 2019. Data collected according NCCN Genetic Testing Criteria for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome. Risk ratio (RR) used to evaluating predilection of family cancer risk. We addressed forty-four Iraqi breast cancer families who have sixty-two members with cancer. The age mean±SD was 51.8±12.6, and median=48.5 years. Meanwhile the age mean±SD= 51.6±11.9 years for relatives. M:F ratio equal to 3:1. Sister, mother and aunt/uncle were most common relative affected. Breast cancer represented the most frequent types found in 46.7% of patients. Mothers (RR=1.313), and/or sisters (RR=1.6), lead to increased risk of cancer development in other family members or next generation. The first degree relatives recorded more than the second degree relatives. This is the first study conducting in Iraq dealing with cancer risk at the level of families. The age of patients didn't differ from age at diagnosis, concluding there is no active screening programs run through Iraqi families. Sister, mother and aunt/uncle are the most relatives affect. The 1st-degree relatives more frequent than the 2nd-degree. Breast cancer represented the most common types found members studied. Mothers and sisters have highly risk ratio for developing family cancer among other individuals.
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Family , Genetic Testing , Siblings , Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome/diagnosis , Genetic Background , Medical History Taking/statistics & numerical data , Odds RatioABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is commonly known as an environmental sensor. Polymorphisms in AhR gene have been implicated in susceptibility to cancer. However, the results were controversial. This study was conducted to quantitatively summarize the association between AhR polymorphisms and cancer risk by meta-analysis.@*METHODS@#Relevant reports were searched in four databases (Embase, PubMed, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure). We used pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to evaluate the strength of the association in both standard and cumulative meta-analysis. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis was also performed, and between-study heterogeneity and publication bias were checked.@*RESULTS@#A total of seventeen studies referring to three AhR polymorphisms (rs2066853, rs7796976, and rs2074113) were identified, and 9557 cases and 10038 controls were included. There was no statistically significant association of AhR rs2066853 polymorphism with cancer risk in the overall population, and the negative results were repeated in subgroup analysis by the ethnicity and cancer type. Concerning AhR rs7796976 or rs2074113 polymorphism, no significant correlation was detected. Moreover, these non-significant findings were stable in sensitivity analysis, and the cumulative meta-analysis indicated a trend of no significant link between this three AhR polymorphisms and cancer risk as more data accumulated over time.@*CONCLUSION@#This meta-analysis provides evidence that the rs2066853, rs7796976, or rs2074113 polymorphism in AhR gene is not a susceptible predictor of cancer. Further clinical and functional investigation between AhR polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility are needed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics , Confidence Intervals , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology , Neoplasms/genetics , Odds Ratio , Polymorphism, Genetic , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/geneticsABSTRACT
The article briefly described the frequency of CT scans and the development trend of CT exposure doses in children,and introduced the main method and achievements in the cancer risk evaluation of pediatric CT scans in different time periods.This review will provide the references for optimizing the radiation dose of CT scans.
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The article briefly described the frequency of CT scans and the development trend of CT exposure doses in children, and introduced the main method and achievements in the cancer risk evaluation of pediatric CT scans in different time periods. This review will provide the references for optimizing the radiation dose of CT scans.
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Introduction@#In 2018, a total of 901 new cases of gastric cancer were recorded, of which 64.8% in males and 34.2% in females. The incidence rate of gastric cancer was 28.5 per 100 000 population, which 38.2 for males and 19.2 for females.@*Goal@#We aimed to investigate the associations between some risk factors and gastric cancer among the Mongolian population. @*Materials and Methods@#A case-control study was conducted between November 2017 and September 2019. We selected 120 cases from National cancer center of Mongolia who newly diagnosed gastric cancer. And 120 controls were selected by matching by sex, age and the place of residence. Informed consents were obtained from all subjects. All subjects were personally interviewed with researchers used by a structured questionnaire consisting of 86 questions. The SPSS 21 (version 16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software was used for all analyses.@*Results@#The mean age was 59.2±11.4 (26-85) years. Habits of having dinner after 6.00 pm (OR 1.42, 95%CI 1.11-1.83, p=0.008), having leftover meals (OR 2.22, 95%CI 1.27-3.86, p=0.008), daily consumption of tea with salt (OR 1.97, 95%CI 1.18-3.30, p=0.01), smoking on an empty stomach (OR 2.44, 95%CI 1.11-5.37, p=0.033), weekly consumption of ham and smoked meat (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.17- 2.13, p=0.02), and consumption of fat grease (OR 2.09, 95%CI .03-4.24, p=0.038) were significantly increased gastric cancer risk. In contrast, habit of eating at regular times (OR 0.43, 95%CI 0.25-0.73, p=0.002), chewing thoroughly (OR 0.39, 95%CI 0.23-0.67, p=0.001), cooking meat thoroughly until it’s tender (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.25-0.97, p=0.047), daily consumption of vegetables (OR 0.45, 95%CI 0.27-0.76, p=0.003), and daily consumption of fruit juice (OR 0.36, 95%CI 0.15-0.85, p=0.026) were significantly reduced gastric cancer risk. Furthermore, having first-degree relatives diagnosed with gastric cancer had 2-3 fold higher increased risk of gastric cancer (parents OR 2.88, 95%CI 1.07- 7.78, p=0.038, sibling (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.09-8.81, p=0.036). Also, previous records of the digestive disease increased risk of gastric cancer (OR 3.65, 95%CI 2.10-6.35, p<0.0001).@*Conclusion@#Dietary habits, family history of gastric cancer and previous records of digestive disease were associated with risk of gastric cancer. Thus, prevention effort could be focused on the population with a family history of gastric cancer, changing bad dietary habit and screening precancerous disease of gastric cancer.
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OBJECTIVE@#To distinguish the endoscopic and clinical features of ampullary polyps, to investigate the endoscopic cancer risk factors of ampullary polyps based on the compared differences of benign lesions and adenocarcinoma, and to assess the accuracy of forceps biopsy.@*METHODS@#Authors retrospectively analyzed the data extracted from patients treated with endoscopic papillectomy (EP) from January 2009 to May 2019 in the Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital. Endoscopic pictures and pathology reports were reevaluated and analyzed. Differences between benign and cancer groups were conducted.@*RESULTS@#In the study, 42 cases were involved, 35 to 83 years old, containing 83.3% older than 50 years old patients. The histological types were as follows, 2 for inflammatory polyps (4.8%), 1 for neuroendocrine tumor (2.4%), 1 for hyperplastic polyp (2.4%), 5 for grade Ⅰ adenoma (11.9%), 10 for grade Ⅱ adenoma (23.8%), 4 for grade Ⅲ adenoma (9.5%) and 19 for adenocarcinoma (45.2%), and 90.5% were adenoma or adenocarcinoma. The average age of benign group (inflammatory polyps and adenomas) was (56.7±9.2), which was significantly younger than that of adenocarcinoma group [(66.0±9.8), P=0.004]. Tumor diameter in adenocarcinoma group[(2.3±0.8) cm] was significantly larger than that in benign group[(1.6±0.6) cm, P=0.002]. Benign lesions only showed Yamada type Ⅰ(57.1%)and type Ⅱ(42.9%). The percentage of Yamada type Ⅰ (36.8%)and type Ⅱ(31.6%) in adenocarcinoma group was lower than that in benign group. Moreover, Yamada type Ⅲ (31.5%) was only found in the adenocarcinoma group. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in Yamada types (P=0.046). Most of the benign lesions had clear boundary(18/21, 85.7%). The percentage of clear boundary in adenocarcinoma group (2/19, 10.5%) was significantly lower than that in the benign group (P < 0.001). No significant differences were investigated in color (P=0.353) and surface (P=0.324) between benign and adenocarcinoma lesions. Pooling age, lesion diameter, Yamada type and clear boundary into Logistic regression analysis, only age (OR=1.186, 95%CI 1.025-1.373, P=0.022) and clear boundary (OR=66.218, 95%CI 3.421-1 281.840, P=0.006) were the independent cancer risk factors. Only 2 (10.5%) in the 19 cancer patients had positive biopsy results before EP. As compared with post-EP, 55.3% (21/38) biopsies were under-estimated, including 17 (17/19, 89.5%) adenocarcinomas and 4 (4/10, 40%) grade Ⅱ adenomas.@*CONCLUSION@#adenoma and adenocarcinoma were the major histological type of ampullary po-lyps. Age and unclear boundary were the independent risk factors of ampullary adenocarcinoma. Forceps biopsy was not enough for ampullary polyp differentiation.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Middle Aged , Biopsy , Common Bile Duct Neoplasms/surgery , Polyps , Retrospective Studies , Surgical Instruments , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: In the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2) rs1136201 variant, the presence of the G allele may promote cellular alterations and increase breast cancer risk, in addition to enhanced cellular proliferation, tumor aggressiveness, and metastases. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variant, rs1136201, within the HER2 gene in women from the Northeastern region of Brazil and breast cancer risk. METHODS: The study included 140 women who were divided into two groups, case (breast cancer) and control (without breast cancer), with 70 women in each group. Peripheral blood of each woman was drawn for the study of genomic Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from leukocytes using the genotyping technique by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The GG genotype occurred in 1 woman in both groups (1.4%) (p=0.32), while the AG genotype occurred in 19 (27.2%) and 13 (18.6%) women in the case and control (p=1.00) groups, respectively. No statistically significant difference in GG and AG genotypes was observed between the case and control groups in premenopausal women (p=1.00). Furthermore, no significant difference in genotypes was observed between the groups, among postmenopausal women (p=0.14). CONCLUSION: In this study, the HER2 rs1136201 polymorphism did not show any statistically significant association with breast cancer, both in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Nevertheless, further studies with a larger sample size should be performed to assess the association of HER2 polymorphism with breast cancer risk in women from the Northeastern region of Brazil.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , GenotypeABSTRACT
Background: Several studies have investigated hypopharyngeal cancer (HC) risk in combination with xenobiotic metabolism-related genetic polymorphisms and the burden of alcohol consumption and smoking in European countries but not in East Asian countries. Patients and Methods: This hospital-based case–control study involved 61 male patients with HC and 71 male cancer-free controls. Information on age, body mass index, and alcohol and cigarette consumption was obtained from medical records, a self-completion questionnaire, and a thorough interview by an otolaryngologist. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B), aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), cytochrome P450 A1 (CYP1A1) MspI, CYP1A1 Ile462Val, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by adjustment for age by the Mantel–Haenszel method. Results: The burden of alcohol and cigarette consumption significantly increased the risk of HC and showed a synergistic effect. ADH1B*1/*1 (odds ratio [OR] 7.34) and ALDH2 *1/*2 (OR 13.22) were significant risk factors for HC. Individuals with ADH1B*1/*1 or ALDH2 *1/*2 who consumed alcohol were more susceptible to HC. However, polymorphisms of CYP1A1 gene and GSTs were not significant cancer risk factors in patients with HC. Conclusions: ADH1B*1/*1 and ALDH2 *1/*2 were significant risk factors for HC, while polymorphism of CYP1A1 gene and GSTs was not a significant risk factor for HC. These polymorphisms determined the effects of alcohol and cigarette smoke in addition to burden of alcohol and cigarettes intake on the risk of HC
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Aims:The aim of this research work is to estimate the organ dose distribution and the associated radiation induced cancer risk for some commonly performed Computerized Tomography (CT) examinationsin a tertiary medical facility in South Nigeria.Study Design:The study was designed to estimate the radiologicalimplications of radiation dose that the paediatric patients wereexposed to during routine CT examinations.Place and Duration of Study:Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between August 16, 2011 to August 15 2012.Methodology:Well calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters (LiF-100) were attached to the skin of paediatricpatients such as skull,chest, abdomen, and pelvic in the path of the primary X-ray Original Research Article beam to determine radiation exposure during CT examination. The effective dose was calculated from the equivalent dose obtained from OAUTHC, and the cancer risk associatedwas estimated by multiply age-dependent lifetime cancer mortality risk (per unit dose) with estimated age-dependent doses produced by various CT examinations.Results:Out of 258 paediatric patients scanned the equivalent dose measured for abdominal CT scan ranged from 23.49 -55. 26 mSv; skull CT scan ranged from 10.07 –69.94 mSv and chest CT scan ranged from 8.60 –31.94 mSv. The peak tube voltage (kVp) used range from 80 –140 while the exposure current-time product (mA) range from 30 –300. The abdominal CT scan had the highest cancer risk ranging from digestive 37.5% to lung cancer risk of 0.4%. The risks estimated in this work were higher than the ICRP recommended value. Reducing the millampere-second setting of the equipment for paediatric without significant loss of radiological information will reduce this risk.Conclusion:In this study the estimated cancer risk to paediatric patients undergoing CT is high. This is in keeping with findings in a previous study thus emphasizing the need to standardize and optimize radiation dose in paediatric patients undergoing CT in Nigeria so as to keep cancer risk at the minimum
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Objective@# To analyze the influencing factors for bladder cancer in Taizhou,and to provide evidence for strengthening the prevention and treatment of bladder cancer in Taizhou.@*Methods @#A total of 500 cases of bladder cancer diagnosed in Taizhou Hospital from 2012 to 2017 were selected as a case group,and 504 patients without tumor or urinary system diseases during the same period were selected as a control group. A structured questionnaire was used to retrospectively investigate the demographic information,occupational exposure（whether they were exposed to aromatic amine,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,tobacco,tobacco smoke or heavy metals at work）,healthy behaviors and diets of the two groups one year before admission. A Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for bladder cancer.@*Results @#There was no significant differences in sex,age,ethnicity,education and marital status between the case group and the control group（P > 0.05）. Patients with occupational exposure history accounting for 31.60% in the case group and 24.60% in the control group,for overweight/obesity were 37.60% and 31.74%,for smoking were 55.80% and 46.23%,for high vegetable intake frequency were 43.80% and 52.58%,for high fruit intake frequency were 55.40% and 62.70%,for physical activity were 24.60% and 31.75%,respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that occupational exposure（OR=1.861,95%CI：1.229-2.836）,overweight/obesity（OR=1.374,95%CI：1.021-1.863）,current smoking（OR=1.664,95%CI：1.101-2.503）and previous smoking（OR=1.454,95%CI：1.016-2.066）were the risk factors for bladder cancer. High vegetable intake frequency（OR=0.731,95%CI：0.566-0.947）,high fruit intake frequency（OR=0.659,95%CI：0.463-0.927）and vigorous physical activity（OR=0.566,95%CI：0.403-0.798）were the protective factors for bladder cancer.@*Conclusion @#Occupational exposure,overweight/obesity,current smoking,previous smoking were the risk factors for bladder cancer. High vegetables intake frequency,high fruit intake frequency and vigorous physical activity were the protective factors for bladder cancer.