Una siniestra proposición. Un comentario sobre Cadaver exquisito / A Sinister Proposition. One Comment on Tender Is the Flesh

El artículo propone una interlocución entre el ensayo satírico de Jonathan Swift "Una modesta proposición" (1729) y la novela de Agustina Bazterrica "Cadáver exquisito" (2017). Retomando textos anteriores del autor a propósito del film "Matrix", se aborda la relación entre el lenguaje y la información, la metáfora del capitalismo salvaje, el tratamiento de los restos mortales, el sentido de la descendencia, y fundamentalmente la pregunta sobre la condición humana en los escenarios distópicos que plantean las obras trabajadas

The article proposes a dialogue between the Jonathan Swift's satirical essay "A Modest Proposition" (1729) and the novel by Agustina Bazterrica "Tender Is the Flesh" (2017/2020). Retaking previous texts of the author about the film "Matrix", the article addresses the relationship between language and information, the metaphor of savage capitalism, the treatment of mortal remains,the sense of offspring, and fundamentally the question on the human condition in the scenarios dystopian posed by the texts worked on

Cell cannibalism: a diagnostic and prognostic marker of breast cancer

Background: Cell cannibalism (cytophagocytosis) is defined as a tumor cell within a tumor cell, such that smaller tumor cells are found in the cytoplasm of larger tumor cells with crescent shaped nuclei. Aims and Objectives were to study the cytomorphological characters of cell cannibalism in primary and metastatic breast cancer, to correlate the histologic type and grade of tumors with positive rate of cannibalism and to study the role of Cannibalism as an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer.Methods: The study was conducted during the period of July 2003 to June 2005 in the Department of Surgery and Pathology, JNMCH, Aligarh. A total of 42 cases were included in the study. A minimum of 3 FNAC smears per case were assessed for cytophagocytosis. Presence of metastasis was also noted to establish the cytological grade and aggressiveness of the tumor.Results: Out of 42 cases, significant cannibalistic activity was noted in 30 (71.42%) cases. All grade III (33.4%) breast tumors were found positive for cytophagocytosis (4.28/smear), while the rate was much lower (2.33/smear) in grade II and (1.63/smear) in grade I tumors. LN metastasis was confirmed by histopathological examination in all high grade tumors showing significant cannibalistic activity.Conclusions: Cannibalism in breast carcinoma is an indicator of both the anaplastic grade and invasiveness. The rate of cytophagocytosis may have a prognostic significance.

Amino acid compounds released by the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii during ecdysis: a factor attracting cannibalistic behaviour? / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Ecdysis is a common phenomenon that happens throughout the life phase of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. It is vital to better understand the correlation between cannibalism and biochemical compound that exists during the moulting process. The objective of the present study was to determine the amino acid profile released by M. rosenbergii during the ecdysis process that promotes cannibalism. To accomplish this, changes in amino acid levels (total amino acid (TAA) and free amino acid (FAA)) of tissue muscle, exoskeleton, and sample water of culture medium from the moulting (E-stage) and non-moulting (C-stage) prawns were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Comparison study revealed that among the TAA compounds, proline and sarcosine of tissues from moulting prawn were found at the highest levels. The level of FAA from water that contains moulting prawns (E-stage) was dominated by tryptophan and proline. Significant values obtained in the present study suggested that these amino acid compounds act as a chemical cue to promote cannibalism in M. rosenbergii during ecdysis. The knowledge of compositions and compounds that were released during the moulting process should be helpful for better understanding of the mechanism and chemical cues that play roles on triggering cannibalism, and also for future dietary manipulation to improve feeding efficiencies and feeding management, which indirectly impacts productivity and profitability.

Amino acid compounds released by the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii during ecdysis: a factor attracting cannibalistic behaviour / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Ecdysis is a common phenomenon that happens throughout the life phase of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. It is vital to better understand the correlation between cannibalism and biochemical compound that exists during the moulting process. The objective of the present study was to determine the amino acid profile released by M. rosenbergii during the ecdysis process that promotes cannibalism. To accomplish this, changes in amino acid levels (total amino acid (TAA) and free amino acid (FAA)) of tissue muscle, exoskeleton, and sample water of culture medium from the moulting (E-stage) and non-moulting (C-stage) prawns were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Comparison study revealed that among the TAA compounds, proline and sarcosine of tissues from moulting prawn were found at the highest levels. The level of FAA from water that contains moulting prawns (E-stage) was dominated by tryptophan and proline. Significant values obtained in the present study suggested that these amino acid compounds act as a chemical cue to promote cannibalism in M. rosenbergii during ecdysis. The knowledge of compositions and compounds that were released during the moulting process should be helpful for better understanding of the mechanism and chemical cues that play roles on triggering cannibalism, and also for future dietary manipulation to improve feeding efficiencies and feeding management, which indirectly impacts productivity and profitability.

A new device to autonomously feed individualized mantids on extended periods of time

ABSTRACT Mantises can live for many months, are naturally voracious, and feed invariably on live prey. Many species have a propensity for cannibalism and cannot be kept together for most of their life cycle, which makes large-scale rearing typically time-consuming, thus easily becoming prohibitive. This is particularly true for early instars, because they are the most abundant stage of a developmental cohort. Such limitation hinders research on Mantodea which depend on live individuals, such as behavior, physiology, ontogeny, and others. In this work, a simple, low-maintenance "self-service" device is described, which is greatly effective in reducing the time needed for keeping live, individual, small to medium-sized mantises. Trial and error usage and modifications along eight years lead to many improvements, resulting in a nearly optimal device for its target purpose. The final model allows rearing large numbers of mantises while demanding only a fraction of the time demanded by conventional rearing techniques. Key advantages include prevention of cannibalism, the possibility of monitoring mantises individually, and full functioning autonomy of up to several weeks. The new device has ample potential in stimulating and supporting Mantodea research on diverse areas.

Cell cannibalism in oral cancer: A sign of aggressiveness, de-evolution, and retroversion of multicellularity

Background: According to Darwin's theory of evolution, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors. Dollo's law of irreversibility states that evolution is irreversible. However, cancer cells tend to follow anti-Dollo's law. Unfavorable conditions such as hypoxia, acidic pH and low nutrients cause the cancer cells to switch their lifestyle atavistically in order to survive. They start behaving like a unicellular organism. There is a switch from normal metabolism to Warburg effect and finally cannibalism. Cannibalism is a cell eating cell phenomenon. It is defined as a large cell enclosing a smaller one within its cytoplasm and is known by odd names such as “bird's eye cells” or “signet ring cells.” Smaller tumor cells are found in the cytoplasm of larger tumor cells with crescent-shaped nucleus. Cannibalistic cells (CCs) are a feature of aggressive tumors. These cell types are vulnerable to metastasis. Aim: The aim of this study is to identify CCs in various histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to relate them with the pattern of invasion, lymphocytic response (LR), and mitotic figures (Mfs). The purpose of the article is to establish it as a marker of aggressiveness and metastasis and as an evidence of de-evolution and retroversion of multicellularity. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five histologically confirmed cases of OSCC were studied. Pattern of invasion, LR, number of CCs, and Mfs were recorded on 5 μ hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections. ANOVA and t-test were applied; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: CCs were more in sections with patchy LR, increased Mfs, and grade IV pattern of invasion. Conclusion: With increase in dedifferentiation, tumor cells start behaving like unicellular organisms with cell eating cell characteristics

Death and Survival of Patients with Hansen's Disease in Colonial Korea / 의사학

The purpose of this research is to describe how Hansen's disease patients experienced the modern system of control of Hansen's disease introduced by Japan, and the inimical attitude of society against them in colonial Korea. The study also seeks to reveal the development of the system to eliminate Hansen's disease patients from their home and community to larger society and leprosarium in this era. Sorokdo Charity hospital (SCH), a hospital for Hansen's disease patients, was built in 1916, and vagrant Hansen's disease patients began to be isolated in this hospital beginning in 1917 by the Japanese Government-General of Korea (JGGK). Once the police detained and sent vagrant Hansen's disease patients to SCH, stigma and discrimination against them strengthened in Korean society. Because of strong stigma and discrimination in Korean society, Hansen's disease patients suffered from daily threats of death. First, their family members were not only afraid of the contagiousness of Hansen's disease but also the stigma and discrimination against themselves by community members. If a family had a Hansen's disease patient, the rest of community members would discriminate against the entire family. Furthermore, because Hansen's disease patients were excluded from any economic livelihood such as getting a job, the existence of the patients was a big burden for their families. Therefore, many patients left their homes and began their vagrancy. The patients who could not leave their homes committed suicide or were killed by their family members. The victims of such deaths were usually women, who were at the lower position in the family hierarchy. In the strong Confucian society in Korea, more female patients were killed by themselves than male patients. Moreover, all of patients victims in the murder were women. This shows that the stigma and discrimination against Hansen's disease patients within their families were stronger against women than men. Strong stigma and discrimination made the patients rely on superstition such as cannibalism. Patients believed that there were not any effective medicine. There were a few reports of patients who were cured, and many were treated with chaulmoogra oil in the modern Hansen's disease hospitals. Eating human flesh was known as a folk remedy for Hansen's disease. As such, patients began to kill healthy people, usually children, to eat their flesh. Increased stigma led to increased victims. Hansen's disease patients who left their homes faced many threats during their vagrancy. For survival, they established their own organizations in the late 1920's. The patients who were rejected to be hospitalized in the Western Hansen's disease hospital at Busan, Daegu, and Yeosu organized self-help organizations. The purpose of these organizations was first to secure the medicine supply of chaulmoogra oil. However, as stigma and discrimination strengthened, these organizations formed by Hansen's disease patients demanded the Japanese Government-General of Korea to send and segregate them on Sorok island. They did not know the situation of the inside of this island because news media described it as a haven for patients, and very few patients were discharged from this island to tell the truth. On this island, several hundreds of patients were killed by compulsory heavy labor, starvation, and violence. They were not treated as patients, but as something to be eliminated. Under strong suppression on this island, the patients resisted first by escaping this island. However, in 1937, some patients tried to kill a Korean staff but failed. Attempted murderers were all put in the jail, also located on this island. In 1941, a patient murdered another patient who had harassed other patients, and in 1942, Chunsang Lee, a patient, killed the director of Sorok island. These instances show that there was a system to eliminate Hansen's disease patients in colonial Korea.

Association between molecular markers and behavioral phenotypes in the immatures of a butterfly

Abstract Newly hatched caterpillars of the butterfly Heliconius erato phyllis routinely cannibalize eggs. In a manifestation of kin recognition they cannibalize sibling eggs less frequently than unrelated eggs. Previous work has estimated the heritability of kin recognition in H. erato phyllis to lie between 14 and 48%. It has furthermore been shown that the inheritance of kin recognition is compatible with a quantitative model with a threshold. Here we present the results of a preliminary study, in which we tested for associations between behavioral kin recognition phenotypes and AFLP and SSR markers. We implemented two experimental approaches: (1) a cannibalism test using sibling eggs only, which allowed for only two behavioral outcomes (cannibal and non-cannibal), and (2) a cannibalism test using two sibling eggs and one unrelated egg, which allowed four outcomes [cannibal who does not recognize siblings, cannibal who recognizes siblings, "super-cannibal" (cannibal of both eggs), and "super non-cannibal" (does not cannibalize eggs at all)]. Single-marker analyses were performed using χ2 tests and logistic regression with null markers as covariates. Results of the χ2 tests identified 72 associations for experimental design 1 and 73 associations for design 2. Logistic regression analysis of the markers found to be significant in the χ2 test resulted in 20 associations for design 1 and 11 associations for design 2. Experiment 2 identified markers that were more frequently present or absent in cannibals who recognize siblings and super non-cannibals; i.e. in both phenotypes capable of kin recognition.

As contradições da sobrevivência humana / Contradictions of human survival

Tendo como base as investigações psicanalíticas sobre a fase oral canibalística, este artigo procura abordar as contradições antropológicas, psicopatológicas e estéticas do canibalismo. Para tanto, discute o filme de Peter Greenaway, O cozinheiro, o ladrão, sua esposa e seu amante, o drama de Ugolino della Gherasdesca, no Canto XXXIII do Inferno, na Divina Comédia, e o "canibalismo olfativo" de Jean Baptiste Grenouille no livro O perfume, de Patrick Suskind. Apresenta, finalmente, um resumo das teorias do psicanalista Volfgango Lusetti sobre a ideação predatória-persecutória como modelo básico do comportamento humano.

Taking as background psychoanalytical investigations about the oral-cannibalistic phase, the article aim is to stress the contradictions of cannibalism in anthropological, psychopathological and aesthetic terms. It discusses Peter Greenaway's film The cook, the thief, his wife and her lover, Ugolino's drama in XXXIII Canto of Hell in Dante's Divine comedy and the "olfactory cannibalism" in the book The perfume of Patrick Suskind. It mentions, finally, a summary of psychoanalytical theories of Volfgango Lusetti about predatory-persecutory ideation as a basic model for human behavior.

Primer caso de canibalismo registrado para el gecko de Lima, Phyllodactylus sentosus (Reptilia, Phyllodactylidae)

Se reporta un caso de canibalismo en el gecko de Lima, Phyllodactylus sentosus Dixon & Huey, 1970 donde un macho adulto devoró a un juvenil. Tras una búsqueda de literatura, no se encontró casos reportados en otras especies del mismo género, por lo que se considera que este es el primer reporte de canibalismo en Phyllodactylus

We report a case of cannibalism for the Lima leaf-toed gecko, Phyllodactylus sentosus, in which an adult male devoured a juvenile. No reported cases were found in other species of the same genus, so we consider that this is the first report of cannibalism in Phyllodactylus

Cytological Evaluation And Significance Of Cell Cannibalism In Effusions And Urine Cytology

Cell cannibalism is believed to be an indicator of high-grade aggressive cancers with increased metastatic potential. It denotes both anaplastic grade and invasiveness and is valuable in assessing tumor behavior. The present study was a 2-year retrospective and 1-year prospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Jammu. PAP and MGG stained smears of effusions and urinary cytology were evaluated for cannibalism. Cannibalism was assessed by parameters like cellularity of cannibalism, diameter of cannibalistic cells, chromatin pattern and background of the smears. Of 350 cases evaluated, 260 (74.2%) were benign and 90 (25.8%) were malignant. Cannibalism was absent in all benign cases. Cannibalism was present in 14 ascitic fluids, 7 pleural fluids, 1 pericardial fluid and 3 cases of urine cytology. Comparison of distribution of cannibalism in effusions and urine did not yield statistically significant result (X2 = 0.8678 and p >0.05). Comparison of other parameters between effusions and urine samples also did not yield significant results. We conclude that cytological parameters of cellular cannibalism are better observed in malignant effusions than in urine cytology but did not reach statistical significance. Cannibalism can be assessed morphologically in malignant body fluids and is an indicator of increased tumour growth.

Devoração ou hospitalidade? / Devour or show hospitality? / Dévoration ou Hospitalité? / ¿Devoración u hospitalidad?

Nosso objetivo é elaborar uma relação entre a antropofagia de Oswald de Andrade e a questão da alteridade em Michel Foucault. Essas duas experiências salientam que a literatura possui uma relação secreta com aquilo que é absolutamente outro. Andrade sustenta que a antropofagia tem um sentido ambivalente na sua relação com o outro: rivalidade e identificação. Segundo Foucault, a experiência do dehors, experiência - limite da qual testemunha a literatura, é uma outra forma de encontrar um lugar de "hospedagem" para o outro, o que foi excluído pela razão ocidental.

Our goal is to establish a relationship between Oswald de Andrade's anthropophagy and Michel Foucault's otherness. These two experiences show that literature has a secret relationship with what is absolutely other. Andrade assumes that cannibalism has an ambivalent sense in its relationship with the other: rivalry and identification. According to Foucault, the experience of outside (dehors), limiting the experience that literature witnesses, is another way of finding a place for "hosting" the other, a trend that has been excluded by Western reasoning.

Notre objectif est d'élaborer le rapport entre l'anthropophagie d'Oswald de Andrade et l'altérité de Foucault. Ces deux expériences soulignent que la littérature entretient un rapport secret avec ce qui est absolument autre. Andrade soutient que l'anthropophagie possède un sens ambivalent dans son rapport à l'autre: rivalité et identification. Selon Foucault, l'expérience du dehors, expérience limite dont témoigne la littérature, est une façon différente de trouver un lieu ®d'hospitalité¼ pour l'autre, ce qui a été exclu par la raison occidentale.

Nuestro objetivo es elaborar una relación entre la antropofagia de Oswald de Andrade y la cuestión de la alteridad en Michel Foucault. Estas dos experiencias destacan que la literatura tiene una relación secreta con eso que es absolutamente otro. Andrade sostiene que el canibalismo tiene un sentido ambivalente en su relación con el otro: rivalidad e identificación. Según Foucault, la experiencia del afuera (dehors), es una experiencia limite de la cual la literatura es testimonia, es otra forma de encontrar un lugar de "hospitalidad" para el otro, el que fue excluido por la razón occidental.

Influence of tail biting on weight gain, lesions and condemnations at slaughter of finishing pigs / Influência do canibalismo de cauda no ganho de peso, lesões e condenações ao bate de suínos em terminação

The present study assessed the association of tail-biting lesions in finishing pigs with weight gain, occurrence of locomotion or respiratory disorders and abscesses during finishing period, and carcass condemnation at slaughter. The study was carried out on 4 different farms. For each animal with a tail biting lesion, two control pigs were selected. The total number of animals in the study was 312, with 104 of them being tail-bitten. Tail lesions were classified according to the degree of severity into four scores: score 0 -normal tail withou lesion; score 1-3 - increasing lesion severity, and score 4 - healed lesions. Overall, the occurrence of severe tail lesions (score 3) varied from 55 to 73% of tail-bitten pigs among farms. On all farms, healing of tail lesions was observed in 95% to 100% of the animals at the evaluation performed within 41-43 days after the commencement of the study. In two out of the four evaluated farms, pigs with score of 3 showed lower weight gain (P<0.05) compared with score 0 pigs. Before slaughter, the occurrence of locomotion problems and nodules/abscesses was associated (P<0.05) with the presence of tail-biting lesions. At slaughter, tail-biting lesions were associated (P<0.05) with the presence of abscesses, lung lesions (pleuritis and embolic pneumonia) or arthritis in carcasses. Carcass condemnation was associated with the presence of tail-biting lesions (P<0.05). Overall, carcass condemnation rate was 21.4%, of which animals with tail-biting lesions accounted for 66.7% of condemnations. Among the animals diagnosed with cannibalism at farm level, only two had not healed their lesions at slaughter. The fact that there were a lot of carcass condemnations, despite the fact that tail-bitten animals had no more active lesions, suggests that different situations may be observed between the field and slaughter, reinforcing the need to analyze pigs both at farm and slaughter to allow proper assessment of losses related to tail biting. Collectively, the observations of the present study show that complications associated with tail-biting found in slaughterhouses are probably underestimating field prevalence.

O presente estudo avaliou a associação das lesões de canibalismo de cauda em suínos de terminação com o ganho de peso, ocorrência de problemas locomotores ou respiratórios e abscessos durante a fase de terminação, e condenação de carcaças ao abate. O estudo foi realizado em quatro granjas comerciais de suínos. Para cada animal com lesão de canibalismo de cauda, outros dois suínos na mesma baia foram selecionados como controle, totalizando 312 animais avaliados. As lesões de cauda foram classificadas de acordo com o grau de severidade em quatro escores: score 0 - cauda normal, sem lesão; escores de 1 a 3 - de acordo com o aumento da severidade da lesão, e escore 4 - lesões cicatrizadas. No total, suínos com lesões severas (escore 3) corresponderam a 55-73% dos animais com lesão de caudofagia. Em todas as granjas, a cicatrização das lesões de cauda foi observada em 95% a 100% dos animais na avaliação realizada entre 41-43 dias após o início do estudo. Animais com escore 3 apresentaram menor ganho de peso (P<0,05) quando comparados com animais de escore 0, em duas das quatro granjas avaliadas. Antes do abate, a ocorrência de problemas locomotores e de nódulos/abscessos foi associada (P<0,05) com a presença de lesões de caudofagia. Ao abate, as lesões de canibalismo de cauda foram associadas (P<0,05) com a presença de abscessos, lesões pulmonares (pleurite e pneumonia embólica) ou artrite na carcaça. A condenação de carcaça foi associada com a presença de lesões de canibalismo de cauda (P<0,05). A taxa de condenação de carcaças foi de 21,4%, sendo que os animais com lesões de canibalismo de cauda corresponderam a 66,7% dessas condenações. Dos animais diagnosticados com canibalismo de cauda, somente dois apresentavam lesões ativas ao abate. O aumento do número de condenações no abate nos lotes estudados sugere que diferentes situações sanitárias podem ser observadas a campo e ao abate, reforçando a necessidade de analisar os animais na granja e ao abate, a fim de permitir uma avaliação precisa das perdas associadas ao canibalismo de cauda. Coletivamente, as observações do presente estudo sugerem que as complicações associadas com o canibalismo da cauda verificadas no abate provavelmente representam uma subestimativa da prevalência encontrada nas granjas.

Matricídio, seguido de canibalismo e automutilação de pênis e mão em paciente esquizofrênico motivado por delírios religiosos / Matricide, followed by cannibalism and self-mutilation of penis and hand in a schizophrenic patient motivated by religious delusions

INTRODUÇÃO: A automutilação em pacientes psiquiátricos ocorre, sobretudo, associada a psicoses esquizofrênicas ou tóxicas, podendo estar relacionada a crenças religiosas, impulsividade, abuso de substâncias e outros sintomas psicóticos como alucinações ou delírios. MÉTODO: Relatamos o caso de um jovem de 22 anos que cometeu matricídio, seguido de canibalismo e automutilação do pênis e mão direita em primeiro surto psicótico, motivado por delírio religioso. RESULTADOS: Relatos de mutilação genital e olhos em pacientes esquizofrênicos são encontrados na literatura médica, contudo são raríssimos os casos que cometeram tais atos em primeiro surto psicótico. O matricídio é menos frequente que o parricídio e o agressor é geralmente filho homem. CONCLUSÃO: Trata-se de um caso grave, complexo e possivelmente o primeiro caso descrito na literatura de matricídio seguido de canibalismo e automutilação do pênis e mão.

INTRODUCTION: Self-mutilation in psychiatric patients is primarily associated with schizophrenic or toxic psychoses and may be related to religious delusion, impulsivity, substance abuse or other psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions. METHOD: We report the case of a twenty-two-year-old who, motivated by religious delusion, committed matricide, followed by cannibalization and mutilation of the penis and right hand in his first psychotic episode. RESULTS: Reports of mutilation of genitals and eyes in schizophrenic patients are found in medical literature; however, there are few cases where such acts were committed in the first psychotic episode. Matricide is generally less common than patricide, and the offender is usually the male son. CONCLUSION: This is a case that is severe, complex, and possibly the first case described in the literature of matricide followed by cannibalism and mutilation of the penis and hand.

Nota sobre Eros em O banquete de Platão / Note on Eros in Plato’s Symposium

Este texto tenta resumir o modo pelo qual Platão abre o horizonte do fenômeno erótico, enquadrando-o entre a poesia e a filosofia, inscrevendo- -o no plano político e mostrando que não se trata apenas de amor no sentido comum do termo, mas de uma ânsia por superação de nossa mortalidade e procura pelo belo e pelo saber, que não exclui aspectos tragicômicos como a rebeldia e uma desastrada aquisição de onipotência.

This paper attempts to summarize Plato’s approach to eroticism. It seeks to show that Plato’s starting point lies between poetry and philosophy, but reaches out to the political level, thus expanding the concept. Plato thus shows that eroticism is not reducible to love in the day-to-day meaning of the word, but rather a striving to overcome our mortal condition. Thus understood, erotic love is associated with our search for beauty and knowledge; oftentimes it comprises tragicomic aspects such as a sense of rebellion and a belief in one’s omnipotence which can end in disaster.

Absence of kin discrimination in cannibalistic Anuran tadpoles of the frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin).

Kin discrimination was tested in the cannibalistic H. tigerinus tadpoles to know whether cannibalism is selectively directed towards non-kin members or it is indiscriminate. The association choice tests were conducted using satiated as well as starved subjects with the assumption that they will associate near non-sibs rather than near sibs with the intention of preferentially cannibalizing them. However, test tadpoles, fed or starved showed a random association choice with sibs and non-sibs, as in the end-bias stimulus blank tests. Therefore it is suggested that cannibalistic H. tigerinus tadpoles do not discriminate sibs from non-sibs and cannibalize on both rather indiscriminately.

Effects of sex, host-plant deprivation and presence of conspecific immatures on the cannibalistic behavior of wild Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)

Effects of sex, host-plant deprivation and presence of conspecific immatures on the cannibalistic behavior of wild Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). The specialist cabbage caterpillar Ascia monuste orseis (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) feeds on plants of the Brassicaceae family, but may eventually ingest conspecific eggs and larvae during the larval stage. The present study examines feeding behavior of 4th and 5th instar cabbage caterpillars in relation to sex, host-plant deprivation and presence of conspecifics. We recorded number of egg ingested per larvae, developmental indices and duration of feeding, exploratory and resting behavior. Kale deprived caterpillars presented high rates of cannibalism, development delay and decreased fecundity. Cannibalism rates were not influenced by the sex of the larvae. In general, the presence of conspecific eggs did not interfere with the frequency and duration of the categorical behavioral events. We conclude that food availability is a strong factor influencing the extent to which A. monuste orseis caterpillars cannibalize.

Influência do sexo, da privação de plantas hospedeiras e da presença de imaturos coespecíficos no comportamento canibal de Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) selvagens. A curuquerê-da-couve, A. monuste orseis (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), alimenta-se de plantas da família Brassicaceae, mas ingere ovos e larvas coespecíficos, quando disponíveis, durante a fase larval. O comportamento alimentar de lagartas de 4º e 5º ínstares foi estudado em relação ao sexo e à privação de alimento afetando as taxas de canibalismo, e a presença de ovos coespecíficos afetando o comportamento alimentar. Foram mensurados: número de ovos ingeridos/larva, tempo de desenvolvimento, tamanho do adulto, fecundidade e duração dos comportamentos de alimentação, exploração e repouso. Lagartas privadas de couve apresentaram altas taxas de canibalismo, atraso no desenvolvimento e diminuição do número de oócitos. As taxas de canibalismo não foram influenciadas pelo sexo da larva. De um modo geral, a presença de ovos coespecíficos não interferiu na duração e na freqüência dos comportamentos de repouso, exploratório e alimentar. Concluímos que a disponibilidade de alimento é um fator que influencia fortemente na extensão do canibalismo por lagartas de A. monuste orseis.

Manejo de la primera alimentación de dorada Brycon sinuensis ofreciendo larvas de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae / First feeding of Dorada (Brycon sinuensis) with Bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) larvae / Manejo da primeira alimentação de dorada Brycon sinuensis forneciendo larvas de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la densidad de presas en la larvicultura de dorada Brycon sinuensis, para lo cual fueron ofrecidas, durante 24 horas, cuatro proporciones presa-predador 0:1 (T1), 1:1 (T2), 2:1 (T3) y 4:1 (T4) al inicio de la alimentación exógena. Como presa fueron utilizadas larvas recién eclosionadas de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae, suministradas por una sola vez. Las larvas de dorada se pesaron y se midieron al inicio y al final del experimento para estimar ganancia en peso (Gp), ganancia en longitud (Gl) y tasa de crecimiento específico (G); también se calculó la sobrevivencia (S), resistencia al estrés (Re), mortalidad natural (Mn) y por canibalismo (Mc). Los mayores valores de Gp (3.9 ± 0.4 mg) y G se registraron en T4 (5.8 ± 0.4%/h), presentando diferencia significativa con los demás tratamientos (p<0.05); mientras que los mayores registros de Gl se presentaron en T2, T3 y T4 (2.0-2.4 mm), sin presentarse diferencia significativa entre estos tratamientos (p>0.05); pero si con relación a T1. Cuando se alimentó con dos (T3=84.2%) y cuatro larvas forrajeras por cada larva de dorada (T4=86.7%) se observaron las mayores sobrevivencias; mientras que la menor se obtuvo cuando no se suministraron larvas forrajeras (T1=51.8%); encontrándose en ese tratamiento la mayor mortalidad por canibalismo (46.3%). Asimismo, las menores mortalidades por canibalismo se presentaron cuando se ofrecieron entre dos (T3=12.7%) y cuatro larvas forrajeras por cada larva de dorada (T4=12.0%). La mortalidad natural fue baja y osciló entre 1.3% (T4) y 3.2% (T3) sin observarse diferencia significativa (p>0.05). Los valores de la prueba de Re oscilaron entre 86.7 ± 10.3% (T1) y 95.0 ± 5.5% (T3) sin observarse diferencia significativa (p>0.05). Estos resultados indican que suministrar entre dos y cuatro larvas forrajeras como primera alimentación en dorada reduce el canibalismo y ofrece mejores resultados de sobrevivencia y crecimiento durante la larvicultura.

This study evaluated several predator-prey ratios on Dorada (Brycon sinuensis) larviculture. The onset of exogenous feeding using four predator-prey ratios 0:1 (T1), 1:1 (T2), 2:1 (T3) and 4:1 (T4) was studied. The preys used were newly hatched Bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) larvae, which were fed just once. The Dorada larvae were weighed and measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The variables measured were weight gain (Wg), length gain (Gl), specific growth rate (G), survival (S), stress resistance (Rs), natural mortality (Nm) and cannibalism mortality (Mc). The T4 had the highest Wg (3.9 ± 0.4 mg) and G (5.8 ± 0.4%/h). Survivability was increased when feeding two (T3 = 84.2%) and four forage larvae for each Dorada larvae (T4 = 86.7%). The lowest survivability was observed when no forage larvae were fed (T1 = 51.8%), coinciding with the greatest mortality from cannibalism (46.3%). The lowest mortality from cannibalism occurred when two (T3 = 12.7%) to four forage larvae per Dorada larvae (T4 = 12.0%) were offered. Natural mortality was low, ranging between 1.3% (T4) and 3.2% (T3) (p> 0.05). The test values of Rs ranged from 86.7 ± 10.3% (T1) and 95.0 ± 5.5% (T3) (p>0.05). These results indicate that offering between two and four forage larvae as first feeding to Dorada larvae reduces cannibalism and offers the best results for survival and growth during larviculture.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da densidade de presas na larvicultura de Dorada Brycon sinuensis, para o qual foram fornecidas, durante 24 horas, quatro diferente proporção presa-predador 0:1 (T1), 1:1 (T2), 2:1 (T3) e 4:1 (T4) ao inicio da alimentação exógena. Como presa foram utilizadas larvas recém eclodidas de Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae, as cuais foram fornecidas por uma única vez. As larvas de Dorada foram pesadas e medidas ao inicio e final do experimento para calcular ganho de peso (Gp), ganho de comprimento (Gl) e taxa de crescimento específico (G); também foi calculada a supervivência (S), resistência ao estresse (Re), mortalidade natural (Mn) y mortalidade pelo canibalismo (Mc). Os maiores valores de Gp (3.9 ± 0.4 mg) e G (5.8 ± 0.4%/h) foram registradas no T4, apresentando diferença com os demais tratamentos (p<0.05); entanto que os maiores registros de Gl (2.0-2.4 mm) apresentaram se entre os tratamentos T2, T3 e T4 sem apresentar se diferença significativa entre estes (p>0.05); mas sim com relação a T1. Quando foi alimentado com duas (T3 = 84.2%) e quatro larvas forrageiras por cada larva de dorada (T4 = 86.7%) foram observadas as maiores supervivências; ainda que a menor obteve se quando não foram fornecidas larvas forrageiras (T1 = 51.8%); foi encontrado nesse tratamento a maior mortalidade pelo canibalismo (46.3%). Assim mesmo, as menores mortalidades por canibalismo apresentaram-se quando foram fornecidas entre duas (T3 = 12.7%) e quatro larvas forrageiras por cada larva de Dorada (T4 = 12.0%). A mortalidade natural foi baixa e oscilou entre 1.3% (T4) e 3.2% (T3) sem diferença significativa (p>0.05). Os valores do teste de Re estiveram entre 86.7 ± 10.3% (T1) e 95.0 ± 5.5% (T3) sem diferença significativa (p>0.05). Estes resultados indicam que fornecer entre duas e quatro larvas forrajeiras como primeira alimentação em larvas de Dorada diminui o canibalismo e oferece melhores resultados de supervivência e crescimento durante a larvicultura.

Feeding dynamics of Cichla kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 introduced into an artificial lake in southeastern Brazil

The objective of this study was to characterize the seasonally of the diet of Cichla kelberi in an artificial lake in Leme-SP, determining the food items and their relation to the sex and gonadal maturity of the fish sampled. The diet of C. kelberi presents a dynamic in three different periods: winter months were characterized by low feeding activity and a high concentration of undetermined fish; increase in feeding activity occurred in the spring, with Tilapia sp. being the dominant food item; and a high rate of cannibalism was observed in the summer and early fall. The plasticity in the composition of the diet was marked by quantity of prey available during the different periods of the year, and the reproductive period.

O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar sazonalmente a dieta de Cichla kelberi em um lago artificial em Leme-SP, determinando os itens alimentares e as relações com os sexos e com a maturação gonadal dos exemplares amostrados. A dieta de C. kelberi apresenta uma dinâmica em três diferentes períodos: os meses de inverno foram caracterizados por baixa atividade alimentar e alta concentração de peixes indeterminados, durante a primavera ocorreu um aumento na atividade alimentar, sendo Tilapia sp. o item alimentar dominante e durante o verão e início do outono foi evidenciada alta taxa de canibalismo. A plasticidade na composição da dieta foi marcada pela quantidade de presas disponíveis durante os períodos do ano e pelo período reprodutivo.

Triazole Schiff base derivative induces cannibalism of SMMC-7721 cells in vitro / 解剖学报

ObjectiveTo a nalyze the morphologic features of SMMC-7721 cannibalistic cells that induced by triazole Schiff base derivative(LH-37) in vitro. Methods The SMMC-7721 cells (1×10~4/ml)were cultured in the medium containing of 1×10~(-5) mol/L LH-37 for 24h,48h.The character of cells was detected by Papanicolaou and Wright′s Staining. Immunohistochemical method was used to observe the cleaved Caspase-3 positive cells. The ultrastructure of cannibalism cells was observed by JEM 100CX-II transmission electronic microscope. Results Microscopic analysis demonstrated the complete internalization of one cell within another. We noted that some cannibalistic cells in small aggregates appeared to be inside of large vacuoles, suggesting that they were internalized within a neighboring cell. The proportion of cannibalistic cells were increased after SMMC-7721 cells were cultured in the presence of LH-37 for 48 hours. The proportion of the cannibalistic cells in control and LH-37 group was 0.47% and 5.23% respectively . Many internalized cells were positive for cleaved caspase-3 staining . Ultrastructural analysis of engulfed cells from 24 hours exhibited evidence of live-cell internalization consistent with cannibalism, The most common fate for internalized cells was death after treatment with LH-37 for 48 hours, as evidenced by nuclear degradation and the eventual disappearance of some cells within the enveloping cell . Conclusion The data presented indicate that LH-37 can lead to an increase of cannibalism in human hepatocarcinoma cell in vitro.