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Objective To examine the construction and operation of the schistosomiasis diagnostic network platform in Hunan Province, so as to provide insights into the improvements of the schistosomiasis diagnostic network laboratory system in the province. Methods According to the criteria and requirements for the construction of the county-level schistosomiasis diagnostic network laboratory in China, the establishment and operation of the laboratory were assessed using self-assessment and field review in national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Hunan Province. Results A total of 41 county-level schistosomiasis diagnostic network laboratories were built in national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Hunan Province, and 36 met the requirements for the construction of the national schistosomiasis diagnostic network laboratory in China, which were approved for inclusion in the province-level schistosomiasis diagnostic network laboratory. During the six inter-laboratory comparisons performed by the national schistosomiasis diagnostic reference center of China, full consistency was achieved by 3 county-level schistosomiasis diagnostic network laboratories in Hunan Province, and the coincidence rates for re-review of serological and pathogenic detection samples were 98.40% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion The county-level schistosomiasis diagnostic network laboratory system has been preliminarily built and under effective operation in Hunan Province; however, the building capability remains to be improved.
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To understand the current status of professional staff and capacity building among schistosomiasis control institutions in Yunnan Province, the data pertaining to the current status of professional staff and capacity building were captured from the schistosomiasis control institutions at all levels in Yunnan Province. There were 20 schistosomiasis control institutions at a level of above county in Yunnan Province, with 411 employees, and there were 11 institutions with an independent legal personality, with a mean building area of 69.83 m2 per capita. Among all institutions, the number of posts was 382, and the actual number of employees was 360, with 22 job vacancies. The mean age of professional staff was 41.6 years at a province level, 44.1 years at a city level and 42.4 years at a county level, and there were no professionals at ages of < 30 years in city-level institutions. Of all professionals, there were 45.76% with a college degree or below, and 54.26% with a bachelor degree or higher, and 16.55%, 24.57% and 39.90% had senior, moderate and primary professional titles, with mean ages of 49.10, 44.37 years and 38.36 years, respectively. The results of the cross-sectional study demonstrate that there are problems of job vacancy, population aging and low education levels in schistosomiasis control institutions in Yunnan Province. Therefore, the capability building and professional quality should be further improved in schistosomiasis control institutions to meet the requirements of schistosomiasis control activities in Yunnan Province.
ABSTRACT
To understand the current status of professional staff and capacity building among schistosomiasis control institutions in Yunnan Province, the data pertaining to the current status of professional staff and capacity building were captured from the schistosomiasis control institutions at all levels in Yunnan Province. There were 20 schistosomiasis control institutions at a level of above county in Yunnan Province, with 411 employees, and there were 11 institutions with an independent legal personality, with a mean building area of 69.83 m2 per capita. Among all institutions, the number of posts was 382, and the actual number of employees was 360, with 22 job vacancies. The mean age of professional staff was 41.6 years at a province level, 44.1 years at a city level and 42.4 years at a county level, and there were no professionals at ages of < 30 years in city-level institutions. Of all professionals, there were 45.76% with a college degree or below, and 54.26% with a bachelor degree or higher, and 16.55%, 24.57% and 39.90% had senior, moderate and primary professional titles, with mean ages of 49.10, 44.37 years and 38.36 years, respectively. The results of the cross-sectional study demonstrate that there are problems of job vacancy, population aging and low education levels in schistosomiasis control institutions in Yunnan Province. Therefore, the capability building and professional quality should be further improved in schistosomiasis control institutions to meet the requirements of schistosomiasis control activities in Yunnan Province.
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ABSTRACT Unsafe abortion is a problem of public health, rights and social justice, particularly so for women living in developing countries. Consequently, public health is called upon to protect dignity, promote the exercise of rights and create the right conditions to ensure that women can have control over their own reproductive autonomy. The article analyses three schools of distributive justice, examines their strengths and contradictions, and concludes that capability building, with its resulting social justice, that derives from these, would be the ideal approach to the issue of abortion in medium and low income countries; and that, for a public health system intent of achieving the highest degree of health and wellbeing, it secures the basic material conditions required for capabilities to flourish becoming the best alternative for greater participation in the construction of individual life projects; it would consider the reality of the people in their sociocultural environments and would allow to pull the female world out of the private realm to allow a public debate on these matters and prevent them from being considered as "natural" unchangeable aspects of human relations. This would ensure greater relevance in terms of meeting the needs of each population. The article also highlights that the social justice that characterises this approach will not come from the top, from the State, but requires collective participation, where movements that oppose hegemony play a very important role and are active in building their own capabilities.
RESUMEN El aborto inseguro se considera un problema de salud pública, de derechos y de justicia social. Esto es particularmente certero para las mujeres que viven en países en vías de desarrollo, por lo que se requiere de una salud pública que defienda la dignidad, fomente el ejercicio de los derechos y genere las condiciones necesarias para que las mujeres sean dueñas de su autonomía reproductiva. El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar tres corrientes de justicia distributiva, examina sus fortalezas y contradicciones, y concluye que el desarrollo de capacidades y la justicia social que de este se derivan sería ideal para afrontar de mejor manera el tema del aborto en los países de medianos y bajos ingresos, y, para una salud pública que pretende el mayor grado de salud y bienestar posibles, asegura la satisfacción de todas las condiciones materiales básicas para el florecimiento de las capacidades y, por ende, sería la mejor alternativa para una mayor participación en la construcción de vidas propias; tendría presente la realidad que viven las personas en sus entornos socioculturales, y posibilitaría sacar del espacio privado el mundo femenino, permitir el debate público sobre dichas cuestiones e impedir que sigan siendo consideradas como cuestiones "naturales" e inmutables de las relaciones humanas, lo que garantizaría una mayor pertinencia en la satisfacción de las necesidades de cada población. También recalca que la justicia social que caracteriza a este enfoque no llegará de arriba, del Estado, sino que requiere de una construcción colectiva, donde los movimientos contrahegemónicos juegan un papel muy importante y hacen parte de la propia construcción de capacidades.
Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Social Justice , Public Health , Ethical Theory , Abortion , Human RightsABSTRACT
Objective To understand the professional theory, prevention and control practice, experimental diagnosis and other technical skills of parasitic diseases among technicians of all levels of disease control and prevention institutions, so as to provide the evidence for strengthening the capacity building of Chinese professional personnel. Methods According to the method of recommendation at all levels, the subjects from disease control and prevention institutions at province, prefecture or county levels were chosen to assess the theory of parasitic diseases and test operation skills by using the method of answering the questions together with on-site operations in China. A database was built consisting of subjects’ basic information and assessment scores. By using the method of hierarchical classification, the scores by gender, age, professional title, institutions and places of participants were analyzed. Results A total of 124 professions in prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases in 31 provinces (cities and regions) were evaluated in China. The average total score of all the subjects was 125.0 ± 35.2, with a passing rate of 54.8%. The average scores of male subjects and female subjects were 120.8 ± 34.2 and 126.6 ± 35.4 respectively; the average scores of the subjects aged under 30 years, between 30 and 40 years, and above 40 years were 125.6 ± 33.6, 124.9 ± 35.8, and 119.3 ± 45.9 respectively; the average scores of persons with junior, intermediate and senior professional titles were 119.8 ± 35.8, 136.0 ± 32.5 and 127.1 ± 40.9 respectively. The average theoretical assessment score of all the subjects was 67.4 ± 15.6, with a passing rate of 68.5%. The average practical skill assessment score of all the subjects was 57.6 ± 21.8, with a passing rate of 46.0%. The average detection rates of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae in endemic and non-endemic areas were 64.1%, 72.8%, 57.0%, 58.3% and 35.9%, 46.9%, 33.3%, 43.8%, respectively. The detection ability of professionals in endemic areas was significantly higher than that in non-endemic areas (χ2 = 767.10, 462.12, 134.97 and 360.80, respectively, all P < 0.01). The total detection rate of schistosome eggs was 48.7%, and the detection rates of schistosome eggs were 67.4% and 36.8% in endemic and non-endemic areas, respectively. The detection ability of professionals in endemic areas was significantly higher than that in non-endemic areas (χ2 = 817.74, P < 0.01). The detection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis were 85.7%, 78.6%, 91.7%, and 61.8%, 23.5% and 74.4% in the technicians in southern region and northern region of China, showing significant differences (χ2 = 622.58, 301.70 and 588.71, respectively, all P < 0.01). Conclusions The overall results of the subjects are good, but the technical operation capability of them is relatively low. Therefore, the specific training based on daily work needs should be enhanced. In addition, we should attach importance to talent cultivation and technical reserve, and strengthen the construction of the team, so as to meet the needs of the prevention and control of parasitic diseases.
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Objective To understand the professional theory, prevention and control practice, experimental diagnosis and other technical skills of parasitic diseases among technicians of all levels of disease control and prevention institutions, so as to provide the evidence for strengthening the capacity building of Chinese professional personnel. Methods According to the method of recommendation at all levels, the subjects from disease control and prevention institutions at province, prefecture or county levels were chosen to assess the theory of parasitic diseases and test operation skills by using the method of answering the questions together with on-site operations in China. A database was built consisting of subjects’ basic information and assessment scores. By using the method of hierarchical classification, the scores by gender, age, professional title, institutions and places of participants were analyzed. Results A total of 124 professions in prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases in 31 provinces (cities and regions) were evaluated in China. The average total score of all the subjects was 125.0 ± 35.2, with a passing rate of 54.8%. The average scores of male subjects and female subjects were 120.8 ± 34.2 and 126.6 ± 35.4 respectively; the average scores of the subjects aged under 30 years, between 30 and 40 years, and above 40 years were 125.6 ± 33.6, 124.9 ± 35.8, and 119.3 ± 45.9 respectively; the average scores of persons with junior, intermediate and senior professional titles were 119.8 ± 35.8, 136.0 ± 32.5 and 127.1 ± 40.9 respectively. The average theoretical assessment score of all the subjects was 67.4 ± 15.6, with a passing rate of 68.5%. The average practical skill assessment score of all the subjects was 57.6 ± 21.8, with a passing rate of 46.0%. The average detection rates of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae in endemic and non-endemic areas were 64.1%, 72.8%, 57.0%, 58.3% and 35.9%, 46.9%, 33.3%, 43.8%, respectively. The detection ability of professionals in endemic areas was significantly higher than that in non-endemic areas (χ2 = 767.10, 462.12, 134.97 and 360.80, respectively, all P < 0.01). The total detection rate of schistosome eggs was 48.7%, and the detection rates of schistosome eggs were 67.4% and 36.8% in endemic and non-endemic areas, respectively. The detection ability of professionals in endemic areas was significantly higher than that in non-endemic areas (χ2 = 817.74, P < 0.01). The detection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis were 85.7%, 78.6%, 91.7%, and 61.8%, 23.5% and 74.4% in the technicians in southern region and northern region of China, showing significant differences (χ2 = 622.58, 301.70 and 588.71, respectively, all P < 0.01). Conclusions The overall results of the subjects are good, but the technical operation capability of them is relatively low. Therefore, the specific training based on daily work needs should be enhanced. In addition, we should attach importance to talent cultivation and technical reserve, and strengthen the construction of the team, so as to meet the needs of the prevention and control of parasitic diseases.
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Objective To investigate the capabilities of Plasmodium microscopic examinations of professional staff in medi-cal institutions in Wuxi City,so as to provide evidences for improving malaria control and elimination work in the future. Meth-ods The data of questionnaires for laboratorial staff in charge of Plasmodium microscopic examinations were collected and ana-lyzed in the medical institutions in Wuxi City in 2016,and the influencing factors related to the capabilities of Plasmodium mi-croscopic examinations were analyzed by the method of logistic regression. Results Totally 54 laboratorial workers in 54 medi-cal institutions in Wuxi City were investigated,16 of them were male,and 38 were female,and the ratio of male to female was 0.42:1. Among the 54 laboratorial workers,12 persons(22.22％)had the experience of detecting Plasmodium in the work. The multivariable analysis showed the ability to detect Plasmodium was associated with male laboratorial workers(adjusted OR =0.11,95％CI:0.02-0.53),laboratorial workers with intermediate or higher professional titles(adjusted OR=5.31,95％CI:1.04-27.19)and laboratorial workers from county and township medical institutions(adjusted OR=0.04,95％CI:0.01-0.98). Conclusions All of the medical institutions in Wuxi City have the capability of microscopic examinations of Plasmodium. How-ever,the ability of laboratorial staff in primary hospitals still should be improved.
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The biological threat is an important component of national security threats .Developed countries attach great importance to biodefense capability building .This paper analyzed the particularity of biological threats , explained the necessi-ty of biosecurity strategic research and development in China , and proposed establishing an integrated biodefense system .
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Biosecurity is an important component of national security and an important guarantee for national revival and the realization of China's dream.However China is facing increasingly serious biological threats .Biosecurity capability build-ing has some problem .For exanyple ,people have a vague idea about the relationship between different biological threats ,the duties and rights of civil-military integration development , the balance between sustainable development and emergency pre-vention and control capacity-building, multidisciplinary convergence of biosecurity capacity-building, and about ways to break down the technological blockade and market monopoly by the United States and other developed countries .
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Biosecurity is defined as effectively responding to biological damage associated with various destructive fac -tors and threats ,maintaining and protecting national interests ,security and public health in the era of globalization .This pa-per analyzes the overall situation of biosecurity capability building since the SARS outbreak in 2003 before concluding that remarkable progress has been made in China , but the gap remains great compared with the need of national security envi -ronment and the capacity building of developed countries .This paper outlines four considcrations regarding the development of biosecurity research strategic planning and offer eight tips on strengthening research on biosecurity technology in China .