Reproductive rights of women with intellectual disability in India.

The reproductive rights of women with intellectual disability (WID) are a matter of concern for all stakeholders, including the woman herself, caregivers, guardians and her treating physicians. The judicial system often calls upon psychiatrists to opine regarding the “capacity to consent” of a WID to procedures such as medical termination of pregnancy and permanent sterilisation. Apart from physical and obstetric examinations, assessment of mental status and intelligence quotient (IQ) are also carried out to facilitate an understanding of the above issue. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, (RPwD) and the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017, elucidate what constitutes free and informed consent as well as how to assess capacity. The assessment process of “capacity to consent” to reproductive system procedures among WID is important and can guide clinicians. Before assessing capacity, the treating physicians should educate a WID with appropriate information on the proposed procedure, its risks and benefits through various means of communication and then evaluate the “capacity to consent” to the procedure. This article summarises the provisions of the existing legislations on the reproductive rights of WID and puts forward guidance for clinicians on how to approach the issue.

Regular assessment is an effective approach to maintaining the capacity of prevention of re-establishment from imported malaria in China / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

After achieving malaria elimination, preventing re-establishment from imported malaria and consolidating malaria elimination achievements are top priorities of the national malaria control program in China. Due to the long-term existence of overseas imported malaria cases and incomplete eradication of local epidemic conditions, there are multiple challenges for prevention of re-establishment from imported malaria in China. Hereby, we propose that regular assessment is an effective approach to maintaining the capability of prevention of re-establishment from imported malaria, and describe the purpose, significance, management and implementation of the capability assessment for prevention of re-establishment from imported malaria, so as to provide insights into the formulation and adjustment of malaria control strategies during the post-elimination phase.

Índice de capacidade para o trabalho de enfermeiros hospitalares na vigência da pandemia de COVID-19 / Work ability index of hospital nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic

Uma das principais razões relatadas como determinantes da escassez e evasão dos trabalhadores de saúde no mundo todo refere-se às condições inadequadas de trabalho, especialmente para a enfermagem, bem como as exigências, organização, execução, remuneração e o ambiente de trabalho. Estas precárias condições laborais são responsáveis pelo aparecimento de doenças e estão expressas pelo alto nível de absenteísmo no trabalho. A pandemia do Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave Coronavírus 2 (SARS-Cov2) potencializou os riscos de adoecimento dos profissionais, pois a atuação destes em ambientes expostos ao SARS-CoV-2 e as fragilidades estruturais, às quais esses profissionais estão suscetíveis hoje em dia, têm aumentado consideravelmente uma série de desafios físicos, psicológicos e emocionais. Ocorre também um maior aumento da carga de trabalho, muitas vezes decorrentes do déficit de profissionais já anterior à pandemia. O Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho (ICT) é uma ferramenta que pode contribuir para melhor entendimento dessa situação. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o ICT dos enfermeiros hospitalares que atuam em unidades COVID-19 e não COVID-19. Trata-se de estudo transversal analítico, com abordagem quantitativa dos dados, desenvolvido em um hospital de ensino, de grande porte, do interior do Estado de São Paulo. A população foi constituída por todos os enfermeiros alocados nas unidades clínica-cirúrgicas e de terapia intensiva da instituição, e divididos em dois grupos: enfermeiros que trabalharam em unidades com atendimento a pacientes COVID-19 e enfermeiros que atuaram em unidades onde não ocorreu internação de pacientes acometidos por esta patologia, sendo esta uma das variáveis analisadas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um formulário contendo dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e ocupacionais e de um questionário autoaplicável do ICT. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva para análise e tratamento dos dados e o modelo de regressão logística para avaliar a associação do ICT com variáveis sócio demográficas e ocupacionais. Participaram do estudo 100 enfermeiros, sendo predominante a idade até 39 anos (63%), sexo feminino (81%), solteiro (52%) e com tempo de trabalho na profissão inferior a 24 meses (46%). Quanto a classificação ICT, 68 profissionais obtiveram uma classificação ótima ou boa, considerada a adequada, sendo que destes, 37 atuaram nas unidades de atendimento a pacientes com COVID-19. Dos 32 enfermeiros que obtiveram uma classificação moderado ou baixo, considerada inadequada, 20 atuavam nas unidades não COVID-19. Nenhuma variável independente apresentou evidência estatística de associação, porém, tempo na instituição, tempo na profissão e horas de trabalho semanal mostraram alguma tendência. O conjunto de achados descritos neste estudo pode contribuir para o aprimoramento das discussões sobre o ICT, envolvendo a situação de saúde dos trabalhadores da saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19

One of the main reasons reported as determinants of the shortage and evasion of health workers worldwide refers to inadequate working conditions, especially for nursing, as well as the requirements, organization, execution, remuneration and the work environment. These precarious working conditions are responsible for the emergence of diseases and are expressed by the high level of absenteeism at work. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2) pandemic increased the risks of illness for professionals, as their performance in environments exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and the structural weaknesses to which these professionals are susceptible today, have considerably increased a number of physical, psychological and emotional challenges. There is also a greater increase in the workload, often resulting from the shortage of professionals already before the pandemic. The Work Ability Index (WAI) is a tool that can contribute to a better understanding of this situation. The objective of this study was to identify the WAI of hospital nurses working in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 units. This is an analytical cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach to the data, developed in a large teaching hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The population consisted of all nurses allocated to the clinical-surgical and intensive care units of the institution, and divided into two groups: nurses who worked in units with care for COVID-19 patients and nurses who worked in units where there was no hospitalization of patients affected by this pathology, being this one of the analyzed variables. Data were collected using a form containing socioeconomic, demographic and occupational data and a self-administered WAI questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis and treatment and the logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association of WAI with sociodemographic and occupational variables. A total of 100 nurses participated in the study, the predominant age being up to 39 years (63%), female (81%), single (52%) and with less than 24 months of experience in the profession (46%). Regarding the WAI classification, 68 professionals obtained an excellent or good classification, considered adequate, and of these, 37 worked in the care units for patients with COVID-19. Of the 32 nurses who obtained a moderate or low rating, considered inadequate, 20 worked in non-COVID-19 units. No independent variable showed statistical evidence of association, however, time in the institution, time in the profession and weekly working hours showed some tendency. The set of findings described in this study can contribute to the improvement of discussions on the WAI, involving the health situation of health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Índice de capacidad de trabajo en enfermeras en atención primaria de salud, Lima-Perú / Work capacity index in nurses in primary health care, Lima-Perú

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el índice de capacidad de trabajo estimado por los profesionales de enfermería en atención primaria de salud. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo-descriptivo de corte transversal. Participaron 72 enfermeras y se utilizó un instrumento conformado por información general y el índice de capacidad de trabajo, el cual fue validado por medio de juicio de expertos y prueba piloto, resultando un coeficiente de 0,741 de alfa de Cronbach. Se cumplió con la entrega del consentimiento informado y se usó la estadística descriptiva y el chi-cuadrado para el análisis de datos. Resultados: El índice de capacidad de trabajo fue excelente para 37,5 %, bueno para 43,1 %, moderado para 194 % y ningún participante estimó un índice bajo, además, estadísticamente se evidenció que el número de hijos presenta una asociación significativa con el índice (chi-cuadrado = 14798, p = 0,022). Conclusión: Prevalece un índice de capacidad de trabajo bueno; por lo tanto, se sugiere el respaldo de medidas para la mejora o mantenimiento de la capacidad laboral.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar o índice de capacidade de trabalho estimado pelos profissionais de enfermagem em atendimento primário de saúde. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo-descritivo de corte transversal. Participaram 72 enfermeiras e utilizou-se um instrumento formado pela informação geral e o índice de capacidade de trabalho, que foi validado por meio do julgamento de especialistas e teste-piloto. O resultado foi um coeficiente de 0,741 de alfa de Cronbach. Cumpriu-se com a entrega do consentimento informado e utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e o qui-quadrado para a análise de dados. Resultados: O índice de capacidade foi excelente para 37,5 %, bom para 43,1 %, moderado para 19,4 % e nenhum participante estimou um índice baixo, além disso, estatística-mente ficou evidente que o número de filhos apresenta uma associação significativa com o índice (qui-quadrado = 14.798, p = 0,022). Conclusão: Prevalece um índice de trabalho bom; portanto, sugere-se o respaldo de medidas para melhorar ou manter a capacidade laboral.

Abstract Objective: To determine the estimated work capacity index estimated by nursing professionals in primary health care. Methodology: Quantitative-descriptive cross-sectional study. Seventy-two nurses participated, and an instrument consisting of general information and the working capacity index was used, which was validated through expert judgment and pilot testing, resulting in a coefficient of 0.741 Cronbach's alpha. The delivery of informed consent was fulfilled, and the descriptive statistic and chi-square were used for data analysis. Results: The working capacity index was considered excellent for 37.5 %, good for 43.1 %, moderated to 19.4 % and no participant estimated a low rate; moreover, it was shown statistically that the number of children has a significant association with the index (chi-square = 14.798, p = 0.022). Conclusion: A good working capacity index prevails; therefore, it is suggested to support measures for the improvement or maintenance of work capacity.

Study on the Informed Consent Right of Patients with Mental Disorders / 中国医学伦理学

Mental Health Law has specify the mental disorder patients’ informed consent right,but in practice, the problems,the mental health status of patients, namely the families’ right of subrogation exercise,“loss of self-control or deny having mental disorder”, have prevented the exercising of informed consent right. Therefore,it is necessary to effectively solve this plight of rebuilding a harmonious relationship between doctors and patients,estab-lishing mentally disordered patients’ right to advance directives, especially choosing the instrument of assessing the individual’ s capacity to consent.

The research of logistic regression model and correlations between blood plasma melatonin (MLT) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) with index of skin type of the body, cardiovascular system, biological age and adaptive capacity assessment of relatively healthy people in Uvs province / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

BackgroundIn Mongolia scientists have been doing research about skin disease and process of aging. Howeverthere has not enough study material about skin aging process which is the key indicator of aging andhow that affect to Mongolian people.GoalMain purpose is to study correlations between main index of skin type of the body, cardiovascularsystem, biological age, epidermal growth factor and blood plasma melatonin, within the people of Uvsprovincial center as they are relatively healthy people.Material and MethodsResearch works were done using cross sectional study model in years 2015-2016, within randomlychosen 400 citizens of Ulaangom city, counted to be relatively healthy people. Research model includes41 questionnaires, examination and blood plasma samples.Basic indexes of the body, cardiovascular system and respiratory functions were chosen by biomarkers,biological age is determined by V.P.Voytenko’s 4th version method and adaptive capacity assessment isdetermined by R.M.Baevskii’s multi-repeating regression method.Main skin type parameters such as porosity, wrinkles, pigmentation, elastics and aging is determined bythe “BOOMTECH skin diagnosis” digital equipment made in the Republic of Korea.The blood plasma MLT and EGF were measured by the method of ELISA analysis ELISA made in thelaboratory of the “AVITSENNA Science and Technology center”.The study material analysis carried out an analysis using logistic regression analysis and Pearson’scorrelation coefficient with SPSS 23.0 software.ResultThere’s an inverse weak correlation between blood plasma MLT and EGF with body wealth characteristicsof Uvs province citizens. It shows that when the blood plasma MLT and EGF decreases the body weight,body height and body weight index increase tendency.In women the decrease of blood plasma MLT and EGF also decreases the body height and body weightindex.Research on correlation between cardiovascular system and blood plasma MLT and EGF shows thatdecrease of blood plasma MLT causes in increased arterial pressures in both sexual groups, decreasedEGF in women causes decreased arterial pressure.Correlation study between skin main characteristics and blood plasma MLT and EGF shows thatdecreased blood plasma EGF in men resulted in decreased skin wrinkles, porosity, elasticity and skin aging index, in women decreased skin pigmentation and elasticity, and increased skin wrinkles, porosity and aging index in women.Research study of correlation between biological age and adaptive capacity assessment with the blood plasma MLT and EGF shows that decreased MLT and EGF in men results in increased biological age characteristics. In other words, the early aging is caused.The logistical regression analyses made using blood plasma melatonin, skin porosity, biological age,body height and sex as the risk parameters of Pearson coefficient and chi-squared parameter. Above model resulted in skin porosity and blood plasma MLT’s are becoming independent variable assessing the skin aging.Conclusions:1. The decreased MLT and EGF’s are resulted in increased body weight, body height and body weight index in men and decreased body height, body weight index in women.2. Decreased blood plasma MLT resulted in increased arterial pressure in both sexual groups and decreased EGF resulted in decreased arterial pressure in women.3. The decreased blood plasma MLT and EGF results in decreased skin wrinkles, porosity, elasticityand skin aging parameter with the increased skin pigmentation in men, as it results in decreasedskin pigmentation, elasticity and skin porosity parameters with the increased skin aging degree in women.4. When epidermal growth factor and blood plasma melatonin is decreased in men it results in increased biological age, but depends directly to the adaptive capacity assessment.5. Skin porosity and blood plasma melatonin were becoming independent variable to assess skin aging.

Review of medical surge capacity for catastrophic events / 中华医院管理杂志

Following an introduction to the concept of medical surge capacity against catastrophic events,the paper made a systematic examination of the studies on the definition and classification of the capacity,surge capacity assessment,and surge capacity planning from the aspects of management science.On this basis,the authors call for medical surge capacity optimization and resource allocation study,in light of the guideline of multi-disciplinary study,development and evolution principles of such events,as well as the operation management thinking and mathematical modeling approach.These efforts will enable medical institutions in their emergency means against such events.

Evaluación de competencia: [revisión] / Competence assessment: [review]

El reconocimiento de los derechos del paciente y el ejercicio de su autonomía para decidir acerca de los procedimientos de diagnostico y tratamiento propuestos debe manifestarse en el consentimiento informado, para que este sea valido debe realizarlo un paciente competente. Este se realiza en las entrevistas cotidianas, algunos elementos para apoyar al clínico en su evaluación se sugieren de la revisión de la literatura.

The recognition of patient rights and the exercise of their autonomy to decide about the diagnosis and treatment procedures proposed to be expressed in informed consent for it to be valid should be performed by a competent patient. This is done in daily interviews, some elements to support the clinical evaluation suggests the literature review.