ABSTRACT
Abstract The objective of this work was to perform the phytochemical characterization, to determine total phenols, antioxidant (AAO%) and antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extracts of carambola. The phytochemical study was carried out through a qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents and quantitative determination of the phenol content By the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Qualitative and quantitative antioxidant tests were performed using the DPPH method (2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazila) and iron reduction (FRAP). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution in 96-well plates. The presence of pyrogallic tannins, steroids and saponins has been identified. The highest total phenol content, quantified in the samples, was found in the stem bark (0.0866 mgEAG/g) and in the fruit (0.0734 mgEAG/g). In the antioxidant evaluation, the extracts of the green fruit bagasse (AAO% 71.9%,) and stem bark at 50 μg/mL (AAO% 94%) with CE50 23.7 μg/mL. Leaf extracts, stem bark, ripe fruit bagasse and green fruit bagasse presented MICs of 100 μg/mL against multiresistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a caracterização fitoquímica, determinar fenóis totais, potencial antioxidante (AAO%) e antimicrobiano dos extratos etanólicos de carambola O estudo fitoquímico foi realizado por meio de análise qualitativa dos constituintes químicos e determinação quantitativa do teor de fenóis totais pelo teste de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os testes antioxidantes qualitativos e quantitativos foram realizados pelo método do DPPH (2,2 difenil-1- picril-hidrazila) e redução do ferro (FRAP). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada por microdiluição em placas de 96 poços. Foi identificada a presença de taninos pirogálicos, esteroides e saponinas. O maior teor de fenóis totais, quantificado nas amostras, foi encontrado na casca do caule (0,0866 mg EAG/g) e no fruto (0,0734 mg EAG/g). Na avaliação antioxidante destacaram-se a 500 µg/mL os extratos do bagaço do fruto verde (AAO% 71,9%,), e casca do caule a 50 µg/mL (AAO% 94%) com CE50 23,7 µg/mL. Os extratos das folhas, casca do caule, bagaço do fruto maduro e bagaço do fruto verde apresentaram CIM de 100 µg/mL contra bactérias e fungos patogênicos multirresistentes.
Subject(s)
Oxalidaceae , Averrhoa , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Abstract Bactrocera carambolae is a quarantine pest present in Brazil and today represents the main phytosanitary barrier to the export of the fresh fruits produced in the country. The effect of soil classes and moisture on the pupation depth and pupal viability of this insect was evaluated. Soils with three textural classes (sandy, sandy clay loam and clay loam) and four moisture levels (0%, 30%, 60% and 90% of field capacity of each soil) were used, for a total of 12 treatments with six repetitions. The pupation depths varied from the surface to 5 cm. The soil class was the most significant variable regarding the pupal development of B. carambolae. The moisture level did not have a significant effect on the pupation depth or pupal emergence, but there was a strong effect of the interaction of soil texture and moisture on the pupal viability, with an increase in emergence with higher moisture in the clay loam and sandy clay loam soils.
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ABSTRACT: Despite the fact that cold storage and modified atmosphere techniques have already been studied for fresh cut Star fruit, little has been done considering the whole fruit. Besides that, each cultivar has its peculiarities, so the efficiency of combined postharvest treatments should be studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 8.5 µm thick and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 33 µm thick associated with cold storage (10 ± 1 °C and 5 ± 1 °C / 85 ± 5% RH) on the conservation of 'Malasia' Star fruit. Storage at 25 oC maintained Star fruit overall quality, regardless of the film type, up to four days. The weight loss was higher in fruit packed with PVC, but this fact was not noticed by the sensory analysis. The storage in 5 and 10 oC did not caused chilling injury but fruit presented retention of yellow color development and firmness reduction; these aspects were positively assessed by the sensory analysis. The film type did not influence the conservation of the fruit. The storage at 5 and 10 °C, regardless of the package film, prolonged 'Malasia' star fruit shelf life up to 16 days, followed by two days at 25 °C.
RESUMO: Apesar das técnicas de armazenamento refrigerado e atmosfera modificada já terem sido estudadas para carambolas processadas, pouco foi feito considerando a fruta inteira. Além disso, cada cultivar possui peculiaridades, dessa forma a eficiência dos tratamentos pós-colheita combinados deve ser estudada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cloreto de polivinila (PVC), 8,5 µm de espessura e polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), 33 µm de espessura associados ao armazenamento refrigerado (10 ± 1 °C e 5 ± 1 °C / 85 ± 5% de UR) na conservação da carambola Malasia. O armazenamento a 25 °C manteve a qualidade da carambola, independentemente do tipo de filme, até quatro dias. A perda de massa foi maior nos frutos embalados em PVC, mas esta não foi percebida pela análise sensorial. As temperaturas de armazenamento de 5 e 10 °C não causaram dano de frio, mas os frutos apresentaram retenção no desenvolvimento da coloração amarela e na redução da firmeza; esses aspectos foram avaliados positivamente na análise sensorial. O tipo de filme não influenciou a conservação do fruto. O armazenamento a 5 e 10 °C, independente do filme da embalagem, prolongou a vida útil da carambola 'Malasia' até 16 dias, seguido por dois dias a 25 °C.
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ABSTRACT Bactrocera carambolae is a quarantine pest found in Brazil, restricted to the states of Amapá, Pará and Roraima. This fruit fly can potentially cause extensive socioeconomic and environmental damage in the country, if it disperse into areas where fruit is grown for exporting. The objective of this work was to study the biology of B. carambolae on fruits of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) and Eugenia stipitata McVaugh (Myrtaceae). The following parameters were investigated: duration of egg-larva, pupal, egg-adult, pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods, pupal weight and viability, sex ratio, fecundity, fertility and longevity. All parameters except pupal weight, oviposition and post-oviposition period, egg fertility and sex ratio were influenced by the host plant on which the larvae were reared. The carambola fruit fly completes its development on all those hosts studied here, with the highest fecundities on A. carambola and P. guajava.
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ABSTRACT Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae), native of Southeast Asia, is present in Brazil but restricted to Amapá, Pará and Roraima, where it has quarantine pest status. The possible dispersion to other fruit producing regions of Brazil could cause damages, including for exportation, due to quarantine restrictions imposed by fruit importing countries. The objective of this work was to describe the biological parameters and calculate the fertility life table of B. carambolae on grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The mean number of punctures and the mean number of eggs per female on grapes were 1.48 ± 0.05 and 9.87 ± 0.36, respectively. The mean number puparia per fruit was 0.1 ± 0.02 (grape) and 0.5 ± 0.10 (acerola). The pupal viability was 82.4% (grape) and 70.6% (acerola). The mean time ± SE of one generation, in days, was 25.8 ± 1.10 (grape) and 19.7 ± 0.21 (acerola). The mean fecundity was 1663.8 ± 501.01 (grape) and 206.9 ± 26.21 (acerola) with eggs viability of 5.6% (grape) and 12.5% (acerola). The mean longevity, in days, was 77.3 ± 12.13 on grape and 82.4 ± 4.24 on acerola. The study found that B. carambolae completes its biological cycle on grape and on acerola leaving offspring.
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ABSTRACT Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock is a quarantine pest present in Brazil and is the main phytosanitary barrier for the export of fresh fruits from that country. In this work, we evaluated the effect of Amazonian isolates of Metarhizium on kill larvae, pupae, and adults of B. carambolae in soil applications. The mortality of larvae and pupae in sterile soil treated with Metarhizium anisopliae was 70 %. In addition, 100 % of the adults that emerged from this substrate died up to five days later. This isolate caused the mortality of larvae and pupae in non-sterile soil, but its effect was more evident after adult emergence (70 % mortality up to ten days after emergence). Metarhizium robertsii was effective in killing larvae and pupae of the pest, especially in non-sterile soil, and caused a 60 % reduction in adult survival 50 days after emergence. These results indicated the possible use of these isolates for the control of B. carambolae, suggesting the possibility of using this biocontrol mode as another alternative in controlling this quarantine pest.
RESUMEN Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock es una plaga cuarentenaria presente en Brasil y es la principal barrera fitosanitaria para la exportación de frutas frescas de este país. En este trabajo, evaluamos el efecto de los aislados amazónicos de Metarhizium para matar larvas, pupas y adultos de B. carambolae en aplicaciones de suelo. La mortalidad de larvas y pupas en suelo estéril tratado con Metarhizium anisopliae fue del 70 %. Además, el 100 % de los adultos que emergieron de este sustrato murieron hasta cinco días después. Este aislado causó la mortalidad de larvas y pupas en suelo no estéril, pero su efecto fue más evidente después de la emergencia del adulto (70 % de mortalidad hasta diez días después de la emergencia). Metarhizium robertsii fue eficaz para matar larvas y pupas de la plaga, especialmente en suelos no estériles, y causó una reducción del 60 % en la supervivencia de los adultos 50 días después de la emergencia. Estos resultados indican que es posible el uso de estos aislados para el control de B. carambolae, lo que sugiere la posibilidad de utilizar este modo de control biológico como otra alternativa para controlar esta plaga cuarentenaria.
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Abstract Averrhoa bilimbi L. and A. carambola L., Oxalidaceae, are the only two species of the genus Averrhoa L. Their leaves are widely used in folk medicine as an adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes. Some species may contain, for example, calcium oxalate crystals, which may lead to risk in its use when there is predisposition of individuals with reduced renal activity. Therefore, there are still few studies on the content of oxalic acid present in them, highlighting the importance of this investigation. The objective of this work was to conduct a comparative anatomical and histochemical study between the species and determining its content of oxalic acid. Semipermanent histological slides were prepared, following common plant anatomy procedures, for analysis of the leaflets in optical microscopy, polarization and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. To determine the total, soluble and insoluble oxalate content was used titration with potassium permanganate. The anatomical characterization allowed identifying the characters useful in the differentiation of the species. The histochemistry revealed the location of the metabolites. Chemical microanalyses demonstrated that the crystals are of calcium oxalate. A. carambola presented the highest levels of total oxalate and soluble oxalate. The study assists in the identification and quality control of A. bilimbi and A. carambola and brings new data on its oxalic acid content, which are important, in view of the medicinal use of the species.
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Aim To investigate the effect of extract of Averrhoa carambola L. root (EACR) on carbon tetra-chloride (CCl4) induced acute hepatic injury in mice. Methods Both NS and the treatment protocol were administered via intragastric gavage (i. g. ) for seven days. Each group of mice were intraperitineally injected with 0. 15% CCl4 to establish an acute liver injury model except for the normal group. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin-1 (IL-1 ) , interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) , nialondialehyde ( MDA ) , glutathione ( GSH ) , and glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) in the liver tissues were measured. The protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), nuclear factor-kappa B ( NF- kB) , caspase-3 were measured by western blot. The histopathological changes were detected by HE staining. Results After prctreatment with EACR, the levels of AST, ALT, 11,-1, IL-6 in serum as well as MDA in the liver markedly decreased, whereas the activities of SOD, GSH and GSH-Px increased. The protein expressions of TNF-ot, NF-kB and caspase-3 were significantly down-regulated in EACR groups. HE staining also showed that the injury of liver was mitigated after administration of EACR. Conclusions EACR can prevent CC14 induced acute hepatic injury in mice. The mechanism may be related to attenuating the free radicals and inhibiting the lipid peroxidation.
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Aim To investigate the therapeutic effects of benzoquinone of Averrhoa carambola L. root (BACR) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and its mechanism. Methods The diabetic model was induced by intravenous injection of STZ in mice. Drugs were intragastrically administered to mice for 21 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the change of body weight were measured every 7 days. The levels of the total cholesterol (TC) , triglyceride (TG) and low-density lIPoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lIPoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) , inter-leukin-IP(IL-lp) in serum and uperoxide dismutase (SOD) , malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in liver tissues were measured after administration. The pathological changes of liver tissues were observed by HE staining. The expression of Tolllike receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) , nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) were observed by immunohistochemistry. Result Compared with model group, the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, MCP-1, IL-1 p in serum as well as MDA in liver markedly decreased in BACR groups while HDL-C lev-el, the activities of SOD and GSH-Px increased. HE staining showed that BACR improved the pathological condition of liver tissues. The protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-kB were obviously up-regulated. Conclusions BACR could reduce blood glucose, blood lIPid on diabetes mellitus, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors and enhancing antioxidant capacity.
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Abstract The objective of this work was to perform the phytochemical characterization, to determine total phenols, antioxidant (AAO%) and antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extracts of carambola. The phytochemical study was carried out through a qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents and quantitative determination of the phenol content By the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Qualitative and quantitative antioxidant tests were performed using the DPPH method (2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazila) and iron reduction (FRAP). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution in 96-well plates. The presence of pyrogallic tannins, steroids and saponins has been identified. The highest total phenol content, quantified in the samples, was found in the stem bark (0.0866 mgEAG/g) and in the fruit (0.0734 mgEAG/g). In the antioxidant evaluation, the extracts of the green fruit bagasse (AAO% 71.9%,) and stem bark at 50 g/mL (AAO% 94%) with CE50 23.7 g/mL. Leaf extracts, stem bark, ripe fruit bagasse and green fruit bagasse presented MICs of 100 g/mL against multiresistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a caracterização fitoquímica, determinar fenóis totais, potencial antioxidante (AAO%) e antimicrobiano dos extratos etanólicos de carambola O estudo fitoquímico foi realizado por meio de análise qualitativa dos constituintes químicos e determinação quantitativa do teor de fenóis totais pelo teste de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os testes antioxidantes qualitativos e quantitativos foram realizados pelo método do DPPH (2,2 difenil-1- picril-hidrazila) e redução do ferro (FRAP). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada por microdiluição em placas de 96 poços. Foi identificada a presença de taninos pirogálicos, esteroides e saponinas. O maior teor de fenóis totais, quantificado nas amostras, foi encontrado na casca do caule (0,0866 mg EAG/g) e no fruto (0,0734 mg EAG/g). Na avaliação antioxidante destacaram-se a 500 µg/mL os extratos do bagaço do fruto verde (AAO% 71,9%,), e casca do caule a 50 µg/mL (AAO% 94%) com CE50 23,7 µg/mL. Os extratos das folhas, casca do caule, bagaço do fruto maduro e bagaço do fruto verde apresentaram CIM de 100 µg/mL contra bactérias e fungos patogênicos multirresistentes.
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Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), commonly known as star fruit bears a great significance in traditional medicine. Traditionally, A. carambola was used in ailments such as arthralgia, chronic headache, boils and pyodermas, colds, cough, epistaxis, spermatorrhea, fever, food poisoning, gastroenteritis, malaria, malarial splenomegaly, oliguria, postpartum edema, sore throat, subcalorism and traumatic injury. Pharmacological investigations on A. carambola have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor and anti-ulcer activities. In addition, the plant possesses hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. Phytochemical investigations have shown the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. This review is an effort to update the pharmacological activities and clinical studies on A. carambola.
Averrhoa carambola L. (Familia: Oxalidaceae), comúnmente conocida como fruta de la estrella tiene una gran importancia en la medicina tradicional. La Medicina Tradicional reporta el uso de A. carambola en dolencias tales como: artralgia, dolor de cabeza crónico, forúnculos y piodermas, resfriados, tos, epistaxis, espermatorrea, fiebre, intoxicación alimentaria, gastroenteritis, malaria, paludismo, esplenomegalia malárica, oliguria, edema post-parto, dolor de garganta , subcalorismo y lesiones traumáticas. Investigaciones farmacológicas en A. carambola han demostrado efectos anti-inflamatorios, antimicrobianos, antitumorales, antifúngicas, y actividades anti-úlcera, hipocolesterolémico, hipoglucemiante, hipotensor, nefrotóxicos, y efectos neurotóxicos y cronotrópicos negativos. Proyecciones preliminares fitoquímicas han demostrado la presencia de saponinas, taninos, alcaloides y flavonoides. Esta revisión constituye un esfuerzo para actualizar las actividades farmacológicas y estudios clínicos sobre A. carambola.
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Fruit/chemistry , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Fruit/chemistry , Medicine, TraditionalABSTRACT
The liquid-liquid partitioning of a crude hydroalcoholic extract of Averrhoa carambola L., Oxalidaceae, leaves led to the isolation of a sterol and three flavone C-glycosides. From the n-hexane fraction β-sitosterol was isolated and from the ethyl acetate fraction apigenin-6-C-β-L-fucopyranoside (1) and apigenin6-C-(2"-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-L-fucopyranoside (2) were obtained. Apigenin6-C-(2"-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) was isolated from the n-butanol fraction. Compound 3 is new, while 1 and 2 have been previously isolated from A. carambola. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing power of iron (III) to iron (II) ions. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed the most antioxidant activity. As evaluated by ability of the sample to scavenge DPPH the IC50 values were 90.92 and 124.48 µg/ mL, respectively. In the assay of reducing power these fractions presented 135.64 and 125.12 of ascorbic acid equivalents, respectively. The antioxidant activity exhibited a significant relationship with the phenolic content (r² = 0.997), but a poor relationship with the flavonoids content (r² = 0.424). The n-hexane fraction was the only fraction to present good toxicity using A. salina with LC50 800.2 µg/mL.
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The fresh fruits of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) are used in jelly making, for garnishing salads and to prepare drinks. In some Asian countries, the green mature fruit is relished and consumed fresh and used in pickle preparations. In the present work the physical and chemical properties of carambola fruits were studied at different maturity stages. The fruits were characterized for physical properties like length, diameter, fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content. The fruits were also analyzed for soluble protein, total sugars, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, amino acid, pectin and chlorophyll. The composition of fruit varied widely during maturation. The length, diameter, fresh weight and dry weight increased as fruit mature and ripen. The pH of the fruit increased with maturity. The contents of reducing sugars, total sugars, soluble protein, amino acid and oxalic acid increased with maturity. Total chlorophyll content increased from young to half ripe fruit but in full ripe fruit it decreased significantly.
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Objetivos: avaliar o efeito da infusão das folhas da planta Averrhoa carambola nos níveis glicêmicos de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: este ensaio clínico estudou 22 pacientes, divididos em grupo teste (11 pacientes que fizeram uso do chá das folhas de Averrhoa carambola) e grupo controle (11 pacientes sem uso do chá), que foram acompanhados durante um período de três meses. Para avaliar os níveis glicêmicos, foi feita dosagem sanguínea em intervalos de 15 dias. Resultados: após três meses, os níveis de glicose sanguínea do grupo que ingeriu o chá das folhas de Averrhoa carambola não diferiram dos níveis do grupo teste. Durante o período da pesquisa a função renal foi monitorada através da dosagem sérica de creatinina, que se mostrou inalterada nos dois grupos. Conclusões: não foram detectados efeitos da ingestão de infusão das folhas da planta Averrhoa carambola nos níveis glicêmicos de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2.
Aims: To evaluate the effect of Averrhoa carambola infusion in blood glucose levels of patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Methods: This clinical trial studied 22 patients, divided in test group (11 patients who drank the tea of Averrhoa carambola leaves) and control group (11 patients who did not drink the tea), which were monitored over a period of three months. To analyze the blood glucose levels, blood dosage was done every 15 days. Results: After three months, the blood glucose levels in the group that ingested the tea of leaves of Averrhoa carambola did not differ from those of the test group. During the trial period the renal function was monitored by seric creatinine dosage, which remained unchanged in both groups. Conclusions: This study did not detect effects of the tea of Averrhoa carambola leaves on blood glucose levels of patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Tea , Creatinine , /therapy , Blood GlucoseABSTRACT
Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito do estiolamento, da incisão na base da estaca e do tratamento com ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de caramboleira. As estacas foram padronizadas com um par de folhas inteiras e 12 cm de comprimento. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 4, onde os fatores estudados foram técnicas aplicadas nas estacas (estiolamento, ferimento na base e controle) e diferentes concentrações de AIB (0; 3.000; 6.000 e 9.000 mg L-1). As estacas lenhosas foram utilizadas como tratamento-controle. O estiolamento foi realizado 45 dias antes da retirada da estaca no ramo, envolvendo-se a base da futura estaca com fita plástica preta. A incisão na base da estaca foi realizada no preparo das mesmas, através de dois cortes na base. As estacas foram mantidas em câmara de nebulização intermitente e, após 75 dias, avaliaram-se as porcentagens de estacas enraizadas, de estacas vivas, de formação de calos e o número de raízes emitidas por estaca. Concluiu-se que as técnicas de estiolamento e ferimento na base da estaca, e a aplicação de AIB não induziram a formação de raízes em estacas lenhosas de caramboleira.
The aim of this work was to verify the influence of shading, lesion in cutting bases and application of Indolbutyric acid (IBA) in the rooting of star fruit hardwood cuttings. The cuttings were padronized with three buds, two leaves, and 12 cm of length. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the factorial scheme 3 x 4, where the studied factors were the cutting types (shaded hardwood, hardwood with lesion on the base, and hardwood, considered the control) and different concentration of IBA (0; 3,000; 6,000, and 9,000 mg L-1). The shading started 45 days before removing the cuttings from the branch, wrapping up the base of the future cuttings with black plastic tape. The incision on the base of the cuttings was performed at the moment they were removed from the branch, through two cuts on the base. The cuttings were maintained in a chamber under intermittent mist and after 75 days, the rooting percentage, survival percentage, callus formation percentage and length roots per cuttings were evaluated. It was concluded that hardwood cuttings without the treatments of shading and lesion on the base and application of IBA showed the best results of rooting.
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Comercialmente, o método mais utilizado na propagação da caramboleira (Averrhoa carambola L.) é a enxertia, que pode ser realizada por borbulhia ou garfagem. Porém, esse método apresenta algumas características que podem tornar a produção de mudas onerosa, exigindo mão-de-obra especializada e maiores custos quando comparado com o método de estaquia. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, verificar a influência dos tipos de estacas (apical e mediana) e da idade biológica da planta (juvenil e adulta) na capacidade de formação de raízes adventícias em estacas de caramboleira. Estacas herbáceas de caramboleira foram coletadas de ramos de plantas juvenis (1 ano) e adultas (15 anos), padronizadas com um par de folhas inteiras e 12 cm de comprimento. Em seguida foram colocadas em bandejas de poliestireno contendo como substrato vermiculita média, em câmara de nebulização intermitente com 50 por cento de sombreamento. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, onde os fatores estudados foram tipos de estacas (apical e mediana) e idade biológica da planta (juvenil e adulta). Após 70 dias, avaliaram-se as porcentagens de estacas enraizadas, estacas vivas, estacas brotadas e o número de raízes emitidas por estaca. O tipo de estaca não influenciou em nenhuma das variáveis analisadas. Concluiu-se que as estacas juvenis de caramboleira se mostraram mais eficientes na formação de raízes adventícias (47 por cento), quando comparadas com as estacas retiradas de plantas com idade biológica adulta.
Commercially, the most used method in the star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) propagation is the grafting, that may be accomplished by budding or cleft grafting. However, this method presents some characteristics that may turn the plantlets production onerous, demanding professional work and larger costs when compared with cutting methods. This paper was carried out with the aim of verifying the influence of the types of cuttings (top and median) and biological age (juvenile and adult) in the capacity of formation of adventitious roots in star fruits cuttings. Star fruits herbaceous cuttings were collected from juvenile branches (1 year) and adults (15 years), padronized with two leaves and 12 cm of length. Later the cuttings were placed in polyethylene trays containing vermiculite as substrate, in intermittent mist chamber with 50 percent of shading. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the factorial 2 x 2, where the studied factors were types of cuttings (top and median) and biological age of cuttings (juvenile and adult). After 70 days, the rooting, survival and sprouts percentage and number of roots emitted by cutting were evaluated. None of the variables analyzed were affected by the type of cuttings. One concluded that star fruits juvenile cuttings showed to be more efficient in the formation of adventitious roots (47 percent) when compared with the cuttings collected from plants with adult biological age.
ABSTRACT
It was previously showed that aqueous leaf extract (AqEx) of Averrhoa carambola depresses the guinea pig atrial inotropism. Therefore, experiments were carried out on guineapig left atrium and on pituitary GH3 cells in order to evaluate the effect of AqEx on the cellular calcium infl ux. The atrium was mounted in an organ chamber (5 mL, Tyrode, 27 ± 0.1 °C, 95% O2, 5 % CO2), stretched to 10 mN, and paced at 2 Hz (0.5 ms, 400 V) and GH3 cells were submitted to a whole cell voltage clamp confi guration. In the atrium, the AqEx (1500 μg/mL) shifted to the right the concentration-effect curve of the positive inotropic effect produced by (±) BAY K 8644, an L-type calcium channel agonist. The AqEx increased EC50 (concentration required to promote 50% of the maximum effect) of the inotropic effect of BAY K 8644 from 7.8 ± 0.38 to 115.1 ± 0.44 nM (N = 3; p < 0.05). In GH3 cells assayed with 500 μg/mL of AqEx, the L-type calcium inward current declined 30 % (from 282 to 190 pA). Nevertheless, the extract did not change the voltage correspondent to the peak current. These data suggest that, at least in part, the negative inotropic effect of AqEx on the guinea pig atrium is due to a reduction of the L-type calcium current.
Em estudo prévio mostrou-se que o extrato aquoso das folhas de Averrhoacarambola (ExAq) reduziu o inotropismo atrial da cobaia. Por isso, este trabalho avaliou se o ExAq interfere com o infl uxo de cálcio através da membrana celular. A investigação foi conduzidaem átrio esquerdo de cobaia, montado em cuba (5 mL, Tyrode, 27 ± 0,1 °C, 95 % O2, 5 % CO2), estirado para uma tensão de repouso de 10 mN e submetido a uma estimulação de 2 Hz (0,5 ms, 400 V). O efeito do ExAq sobre a entrada de cálcio nas células foi avaliado em átrio de cobaia e em células GH3, estas submetidas a patch clamp na confi guração whole cell. No átrio, o ExAq (1500 μg /mL) deslocou para direita a curva concentração-efeito do (±) BAY K 8644 (agonista dos canais de cálcio tipo-L), aumentando a CE50 (concentração capaz de produzir 50 % do efeito máximo) de 7,8 ± 0,38 para 115,1 ± 0,44 nM (N = 3, p < 0,05). Em células GH3, este extrato (500 μg /mL) reduziu de 282 para 190 pA (30 %) a corrente de cálcio, sem contudo alterar a voltagem de pico da curva desta corrente. Estes resultados mostram que, pelo menos em parte, o efeito inotrópico negativo do ExAq em átrio de cobaia se deve a uma diminuição do infl uxo de cálcio pelos canais tipo-L.
ABSTRACT
O efeito do tratamento via oral (20 mg/kg x day) com extrato hidroalcoólico de folhas de Averrhoa carambola L. (EHFC) sobre a glicemia de jejum (15 h) foi examinada ao compararmos ratos que receberam veículo (Grupo controle) ou EHFC (Grupo EHFC) durante 15 dias. O grupo EHFC apresentou menor glicemia de jejum (p<0,05). Em contraste, o grupo EHFC apresentou maior (p<0,05) produção hepática glicose a partir de L-alanina (5 mM). Este efeito foi mediado, pelo menos parcialmente, pela ativação do catabolismo da L-alanina, inferido pela maior produção hepática de uréia (p<0,05) e L-lactato (p<0,05). Diferente da L-alanina, a produção hepática de glicose a partir de L-glutamina (5 mM), L-lactato (2 mM) e glicerol (2 mM) no grupo EHFC foi similar ao grupo controle. Adicionalmente, o efeito do tratamento com EHFC sobre a captação de glicose no músculo soleus, inferida pela incorporação de [14C]-glicose em glicogênio (síntese de glicogênio) e produção de [14C]-lactato foi investigada, verificando-se resultados semelhantes nos dois grupos. Assim, concluiu-se que a redução da glicemia de jejum promovida pelo tratamento com EHFC não foi mediada por inibição da gliconeogenese hepática e/ou aumento da captação muscular de glicose.
The effect of the oral treatment (20 mg/kg x day) with the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Averrhoa carambola L. (HELAC) on fasting glycemia (15 h) was examined. For this purpose, rats that received vehicle (Control group) or HELAC (HELAC group) during 15 days were compared. HELAC group showed lower fasting glycemia (p<0.05). In contrast, livers from HELAC group showed higher (p<0.05) glucose production from L-alanine (5 mM). This effect was mediated, at least part of it, by an activation of the catabolism of L-alanine inferred by the increased hepatic urea (p<0.05) and L-lactate (p<0.05) production. Differently of L-alanine, the glucose production from L-glutamine (5 mM), L-lactate (2 mM) and glycerol (2 mM) was similar (Control group vs. HELAC group). In addition, the HELAC treatment did not change the glucose uptake in soleus muscles, inferred by the incorporation of [14C]-glucose to glycogen (glycogen synthesis) and [14C]-lactate production. Thus, we can conclude that the reduction of fasting glycemia promoted by the treatment with HELAC was not mediated by an inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and/or an increased glucose uptake by muscles.
ABSTRACT
O presente trabalho visou conhecer as espécies de moscas-das-frutas associadas à carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) em três municípios do Estado do Piauí, bem como determinar a freqüência e o índice de infestação desses insetos. Os frutos foram coletados durante os meses de agosto e setembro de 2005, colocados em bandejas plásticas com solo esterilizado, armazenados em gaiolas metálicas e deixados em temperatura ambiente no laboratório. Até a emergência dos adultos, estes foram acondicionados em frascos contendo álcool 70% e posteriormente identificados em nível de espécie. O maior índice de infestação (moscas/fruto) de C. capitata ocorreu no município de Altos (3,66), seguido pelos municípiosde Teresina e Parnaíba que apresentaram índice de infestação de 2,18 e 0,016, respectivamente. C. capitata foi a espécie mais freqüente em todos os municípios, apresentando freqüências de 100%, 96,5%, 100% em Teresina, Altos e Parnaíba, respectivamente. Ceratitis capitata é registrada pela primeira vez em frutos de carambola nos municípios piauienses de Teresina, Altos e Parnaíba. Anastrepha fraterculus é registrada pela primeira vez no município de Altos. A. fraterculus e C. capitata ocorrem simultaneamente em frutos de carambola.
The present work aims to register the occurrence of the fruit flies associated to star fruit (Averrhoacarambola L.) in three counties of the state of Piaui, as well as to determine the frequency and the indexof infestation of these insects. The fruits had been collected during the months of August and September2005, and had been placed in plastic trays with sterilized soil, stored in metal cages, and left inenvironmental temperature at the laboratory. Until emergency, the adults had been kept in bottles withalcohol 70% and later identified in the species level. The biggest index of infestation (flies/fruit) of C.capitata has occurred in the county of Altos (3.66), followed by Teresina and Parnaiba that had presentedindex of infestation of 2.18 and 0.016, respectively. C. capitata was the most frequent species in all thecounties, presenting frequencies of 100%, 96.5%, and 100% in Teresina, Altos and Parnaiba, respectively.Ceratitis capitata is registered for the first time in star fruit in Teresina, Altos and Parnaiba, state of thePiaui. Anastrepha fraterculus is registered for the first time in the county of Altos. A. fraterculus and C.capitata occur simultaneously in star fruits.
Subject(s)
Ceratitis capitata , Diptera , Fruit , TephritidaeABSTRACT
O estado nutricional de plantas cultivadas em solução nutritiva pode ser influenciado pelo tipo de solução utilizada, afetando desta forma seu adequado crescimento. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a exigência nutricional de porta-enxertos de caramboleira, cultivados em quatro diferentes soluções nutritivas. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, tendo como tratamentos as quatro soluções. Como solução padrão foi utilizada a de Hoagland & Arnon, comparada à outras três soluções. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de casa-de-vegetação, em recipientes plásticos com 8 L de capacidade. Após 150 dias do transplantio, foram determinados a matéria seca e o teor de nutrientes, inferindo-se o conteúdo dos macronutrientes na planta. Com esses resultados calculou-se os índices: eficiência de absorção; eficiência de transporte e eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes. As soluções nutritivas de Sarruge, de Castellane & Araújo e de Furlani foram semelhantes na produção de matéria seca das plantas de caramboleira. O uso da solução nutritiva de Hoagland & Arnon resultou em menor produção de matéria seca das caramboleiras, e, também, menor eficiência de utilização de Ca e Mg pelas plantas. A eficiência de transporte dos nutrientes foi a mais afetada pelas soluções nutritivas utilizadas, enquanto a eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes sofreu pouca variação em função das soluções empregadas.
The nutritional status of plants cultivated in nutrient solutions way be influenced by the solution which would affect its growth plants. The present essay was undergone to assess the nutritional demands of root stock for star fruit trees, cultivated in four different nutritional solutions. An completely experimental design was used with three repetitions, with four different nutrient solutions as treatments. The Hoagland & Arnon solution was used as standard and was the control wich was with compared three other solutions. The experiment was carrie out under green house conditions, using 8 L pot. After 150 days of transplantation, dry material and macro nutrient levels were determined. The following indicators were calculated: absorption efficiency; transportation efficiency, and efficiency of nutrient use. The Sarruge, the Castellane & Araújo, and the Furlani nutrient solutions were similar to accumulation of dry material in the star fruit plants. The use of the Hoagland & Arnon solution resulted in lower material dry production in and also lower of Ca and Mg use. Nutrient transportation efficiency was the indicator most affected by the different nutritional solutions used, while efficiency of nutrient use showed small variation when comparing the solutions.