Biomarker responses (serum biochemistry) in pregnant female wistar rats and histopathology of their neonates exposed prenatally to pesticides

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects on health of pregnant female rats exposed to pesticides glyphosate and carbendazim. Glyphosate is used as herbicide and carbendazim as a fungicide; all are commercially available readily for various agricultural and domestic purposes. The hypothesis tested in this investigation is that pesticide exposure during pregnancy causes changes in biomarker responses like serum glucose level, total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, SGOT, SGPT, and billirubin level. Significant changes were observed in all above biomarker responses, when compared with the reference. Histopathology of skin and kidney of rat neonates showed marked damage. Degenerative changes and vacuolization with eroded capsule were observed in kidney sample and thinning of epidermis in skin sample was seen in pesticides exposed neonates of rats. The serum biochemistry and histopathological findings are valuable markers for observing the changes caused by pesticide exposure.

Report on outbreak and in vitro management of leaf spots disease caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. on oil palm seedlings in nurseries in Ghana

Aims@#Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is the most productive and the highest yielding edible oil crop in the world and economic crop cultivated in Ghana. In September 2017, an outbreak of leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. on oil palm seedlings was reported for the first time in Ghana. The disease incidence reached 85%, assuming an epidemic situation. This study is geared towards developing appropriate management strategies by identifying phytopathogenic fungi that caused leaf spot on oil palm seedlings. @*Methodology and results@#Ten symptomatic leaves were picked per plot into sterilized plastic Ziploc bags and brought to laboratory. The leaves were washed under running tap water, cut into 1 cm pieces each, surface-sterilized with 10% sodium hypochlorite solution, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water and blotted on tissue paper (Gonthier et al., 2001). The sterilized samples were transferred aseptically onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate containing 0.5 mg/L of chloramphenicol and subcultured till pure culture was obtained. The result showed pure white colony which was concentric, cottony and velvety with slimy black dots of conidia mass on the tip of aerial mycelia. The fungus isolated and identified from the lesions on the leaf was Pestalotiopsis sp. and its pathogenicity confirmed. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The result from the study concludes that Pestalotiopsis sp. could infect E. guineensis, which developed the same symptoms observed naturally in the field after inoculation. The fungus was identified based on morphological characteristics.

Study on Inclusion Behavior of Carbendazim with Cyclodextrins / 分析化学

Hydrophobic medicine carbendazim,come into inclusion compounds with β-cyclodextrin(β-CD),2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD (2-Hp-β-CD) and 2,6-dimethyl-β-CD(Me-β-CD),were made by solvent method.By investigating the inclusion behaviors of these three cyclodextrins combined with carbendazim using 1H NMR,2D rotating frame overhause effect spectroscopy (ROESY) and diffusion ordered spectroscopy,the possible ways of combinations and the recognition ratio of this three inclusion compounds,Dβ-CD=2.516×10-10m2/s,D2-Hp-β-CD=1.676×10-10m2/s,DMe-β-CD=2.046×10-10m2/s,were obtained.According to X-ray power diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis,infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron spectroscopy characterization,it was found that the characteristic diffraction peaks changed after carbendazim and cyclodextrin formed into inclusion compounds,and the characteristic diffraction peak of carbendazim at 10.4°,21.2°,25.8°,31.5°(2θ) lost or disappear.The pyrolysis temperature of carbendazim was 197.5℃,and would be higher than 260℃ after it formed inclusion complex.The infrared spectrum also showed that the oscillation peaks of inner cyclodextrin cavum apparently reduced after carbendazim combined,which demonstrated that the position of water molecules inside cyclodextrin cavum were occupied by the carbendazim molecules.With the help of SEM,the appearances of inclusion were different from a single carbendazim molecule,which manifested a new structure appeared.

Biodegradation of the fungicide carbendazim by bacteria from Coriandrum sativum L rhizosphere / Biodegradação do agrotóxico carbendazim por bactérias da rizosfera de Coriandrum sativum L

The biocidal agrochemicals commonly used in agriculture can remain in the soil, affecting the environmental conditions and causing serious risks to health. Knowing that soil microorganisms, especially those from the rhizosphere, can degrade environmental xenobiotics, it was evaluated the potential of bacteria isolated from Coriandrum sativum L. rhizosphere to biodegrade carbendazim (MBC), a fungicide extensively used by agriculturists from rural farming communities in Manaus, Amazonas. Cultures carried out in medium containing carbendazim as a sole carbon source enabled the isolation of 80 bacteria, in the established conditions. Assays to determine degradation potential allowed the selection of the two elite isolates identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. and Ochrobactrum sp. Quantitative assays with each strain individually or in consortium, were carried out using minimal salt medium added with carbendazim (250 µg mL-1) and incubated at 30°C, under agitation (125 rpm) for 21 days. Samples used in the biodegradation test were HPLC analyzed for final fungicide quantitation. The Stenotrophomonas sp. strain was more efficient (68.9%) to degrade carbendazim and showed no toxicity in tests with Artemia salina.

Agrotóxicos são comumente utilizados na produção agrícola, podendo persistir no solo, afetar a qualidade do ambiente e causar sérios riscos à saúde. Sabendo-se que micro-organismos do solo, principalmente aqueles da rizosfera, podem degradar produtos xenobióticos avaliou-se o potencial de bactérias isoladas da rizosfera de Coriandrum sativum L. em degradar carbendazim, um fungicida usado extensivamente em comunidades de agricultores rurais em Manaus, Amazonas. Procedimentos de cultivo em meio, contendo carbendazim como única fonte de carbono, mostraram que 80 bactérias cresceram nas condições estabelecidas. Ensaios de eficiência de degradação permitiram a seleção dos dois melhores isolados que foram identificados como Stenotrophomonas sp. e Ochrobactrum sp. Os ensaios quantitativos, com cada cepa individualmente e com as duas em consórcio, foram conduzidos em meio mínimo contendo sais, acrescido de carbendazim (250 µg mL-1) e incubados a 30°C, 125 rpm, por 21 dias. A quantificação final do fungicida nas amostras do ensaio de biodegradação foi realizada em HPLC. A linhagem Stenotrophomonas sp. apresentou maior eficiência, degradando 68,9% do total de carbendazim e não apresentou toxicidade nos testes realizados com Artemia salina.

Determination of Residual Carbendazim in Honeysuckle Flowers by LC-MS/MS / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of carbendazim in honeysuckle flowers by LC-MS/MS. Methods:The sample was extracted by acetic ether. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ionization elec-trospray ( ESI) mode using selection ion monitoring ( SIM) . The transition m/z 192→160 was used to quantify carbendazim. Results:The method had a satisfactory linearity within the range of 50-5 000 ng·ml-1 for carbendazim (r=0. 999 4), the limit of detection (LOD) was 2. 0 ng·ml-1, and the mean recovery was 93. 2%. Conclusion:The method of LC-MS/MS is sensitive, simple and ac-curate,which is proved to be suitable for the determination of carbendazim in honeysuckle flowers.

Effect of fenugreek seed extract on carbendazim-inhibited spermatogenesis in albino rats.

Carbendazim is a carbamate fungicide used in control of various fungal pathogens.Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) is a leguminous plant cultivated in several Asian and African countries and its seeds are used as herbal medicine. In the present work the effect of aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds on carbendazim-induced testicular toxicity in albino rats was studied. Treating rats with carbendazim induced significant decrease in testis weights, diameters and germinal epithelial heights of the seminiferous tubules. Histological results revealed degeneration of seminiferous tubules and reduction of spermatogenic cells. Moreover, carbendazim caused elevation of testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Animals treated with carbendazim and fenugreek showed improvement in the histomorphological and histopathological changes observed in animals treated with carbendazim. In addition fenugreek treatment leads to a significant decrease in the level of MDA and increase in the activity of SOD and CAT. It is concluded that fenugreek extract can improve the testicular toxicity of carbendazim and this effect may be attributed to its antioxidant properties.

Individual and combined biochemical and histological effect of Cypermethrin and Carbendazim in male albino rats.

Cypermethrin (CYP) and Carbendazim (CAR) are synthetic pesticides that have been in use for more than a decade. A study of a low-dose exposure of these pesticides in rat administered different doses of each of these compounds, individually and in combination, followed by investigation of the biochemical and histological status of the rat brain, will highlight early enzymatic and histological changes that generally accompanied a toxic response in the animal. Thus, even though CYP was used at 5, 10, 25 and 50mM, for durations of 12 and 24hr in the different groups of rats, results of the study indicate that simultaneous with changes in enzyme activity, histological sections of specific rat brain yielded observations suggestive of degenerating tissue morphology and architecture even at the low-dose levels.. Tissue specific changes in the activities of these marker enzymes were suggestive of the lack of tissue resistance to pyrethroids or carbamates.

The impact of fungicides on Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson epizootics and on populations of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on soybean / Impacto de fungicidas sobre epizootias de Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson e sobre populações de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), em soja

The fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson is one of the most important natural enemies of soybean caterpillars, mainly under humid weather conditions. Outbreaks of the fungus Microsphaera diffusa Cooke & Peck have demanded fungicide applications on soybeans, which could result in outbreaks of noctuid populations by reduction of the natural inocula of N. rileyi. The recommended fungicides have shown to be detrimental to beneficial fungi, reducing infection, delaying epizootics, and resulting in increased host population densities. In laboratory assays, benomyl, difenoconazole, sulphur and carbendazim affected conidial germination of N. rileyi, being the latter less deleterious. To assess the impact of fungicides used to control M. diffusa, on N. rileyi, two tests were carried on, spraying difenoconazole (75 g a.i./ha) and benomyl (262.5 g a.i./ha) on soybean plots. In the 1997/98 trial, fungicide was sprayed once on soybean plants at R1-R2 developmental stages. In the 1998/99 test, two applications were made, when plants were at V5 and V7 developmental stages, respectively. The number of VBC larvae was significantly higher in the fungicide treated plots than in the control plots. In the 1997/98 test, benomyl treated plots resulted in higher populations of VBC than in the control or in the difenoconazole plots. In the 1998/99 test, VBC population was higher from 7 to 12 days after the first application, and remained high until 19 days after the second application. In general, fungicide treatments delayed the begining of N. rileyi epizootics from 2 to 14 days.

O fungo Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson é um dos inimigos naturais mais importantes de lagartas da soja, principalmente em condições de tempo úmido. Surtos de oídio têm demandado a aplicação de fungicidas na soja, especialmente nas etapas iniciais do ciclo agrícola, época na qual a interferência sobre N. rileyi pode favorecer a ocorrência de lagarta por redução do inóculo desse fungo. Ensaios de laboratório mostraram que benomil, difenoconazole, enxofre e carbendazim reduziram a germinação de N. rileyi sendo o último menos deletério. Para avaliar o impacto dos fungicidas utilizados no controle do oídio sobre N. rileyi, foram realizadas aplicações com difenoconazole (75 g i.a./ha) ou benomil (262,5 g i.a./ha) em parcelas de soja. No ensaio realizado em 1997/1998 foi realizada apenas uma aplicação de fungicida, estando as plantas no estágio R1-R2. No ensaio realizado em 1998/99 realizaram-se duas aplicações, espaçadas de 19 dias, quando as plantas estavam nos estágios V5 e V7, respectivamente. O número de lagartas foi significativamente maior nas parcelas tratadas com os fungicidas que nas parcelas testemunhas. Em 1997/98, a parcela tratada com benomil apresentou população mais elevada da lagarta-da-soja que nas parcelas testemunhas ou na tratada com difenoconazole. Em 1998/99, a população da lagarta-da-soja foi maior entre o sétimo e décimo segundo dia após a primeira aplicação, e continuou alta até o décimo nono dia após a segunda aplicação. Os fungicidas causaram um atraso de 2 a 14 dias na iniciação da epizootia de N. rileyi.

Characteristics of Double Fungicide Resistant Strains of Venturia inaequalis

Penconazole-resistant and cabendazim-resistant mutants of Venturiu inaequalis were developed by chemical (MNNG) mutagenesis. Protoplasts of these mutants were isolated and fused using polyethylene glycol as the fusogen. Fusants were classified into parental, non-parental and recombinant types. The recombinants were resistant to penconazole and carbendazim. The double resistant strains were stable and exhibited pathogenicity on fungicide-sprayed and unsprayed apple twigs.

Tissue culture and rapid propagation of medicinal plant Stemona japonica / 中草药

Object To apply the technique of tissue culture to the rapid propagation of Stemona japo-nica (Bl.) Miq. and lay a foundation for the rapid propagation of its improved breeds. Methods The explants used for culture were stem segments with axillary bud of S. japonica. The media were MS basal media containing different plant hormones. Results The results of the study indicated that shoots could be induced successfully in MS medium supplement with 6-BA 3.0 mg/L and IBA 0.2 mg/L, and the better medium for bud multiplication and root inducement were MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+IBA 0.3 mg/L and MS+IBA 2.0 mg/L+AgNO 3 0.5 mg/L respectively. After 30 days' culture, the rate of rooting reached over 50%. The survival rate of transplanting was raised obviously by using 20 mg/L carbendazim treatment. Conclusion The primary plant regeneration system of S. japonica has been established, which makes the industrial production possible.

Determination of Carbendazim in Fruits Using Novel Activated Carbon Fiber Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To establish a method for determination of carbendazim(MBC) in fruits by using novel activated carbon fiber SMPE coupled with GC.Methods Carbendazim(MBC) in the fruits was determined by homemade activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction(ACF-SPME) coupled with GC-ECD.The conditions were optimized.Results The linear range was 1-100 ?g/L.The detection limit was 0.002 ?g/L.The recovery rates were 89%-95% with the relative standard deviation(RSD) was 5.6%.This method had successfully been applied to the determination of MBC in the fruits.Conclusion This method reveals a lower detection limit,high accuracy and needs no organic solvent,it is suitable for the determination of MBC in fruit.