ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Las actividades académicas, como los congresos, son muy importantes para la investigación y el desarrollo; sin embargo, las emisiones de carbono derivadas de la realización de eventos presenciales han mostrado estar muy por encima de las que producen eventos en línea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar las emisiones generadas por el 5º Congreso Nacional y 1º Internacional de Ciencias Ambientales "Las Ciencias Ambientales en el Antropoceno", celebrado virtualmente, en su mayor parte. Se estimaron las emisiones del uso directo de computadores y de software (emisiones de los computadores, emisiones de la transferencia de los datos) y las emisiones de otras fuentes (reuniones de los organizadores, búsquedas y visitas a la página Web, uso de monitores externos y lámparas), así como las emisiones evitadas por transporte aéreo y terrestre. El congreso emitió 4,8 tCO2eq y evitó 33 tCO2eq. El desarrollo de eventos online o híbridos es más sostenible ambientalmente y podría ser más accesibles, a un mayor número de personas.
ABSTRACT Academic activities such as conferences are very important for research and development, however, carbon emissions derived from face-to-face events have been shown to be much higher than those produced by online events. The aim of this work was to estimate CO2 emissions generated by the 5th National Congress and 1st International Congress of Environmental Sciences "Environmental Sciences in the Anthropocene". Emissions from direct use of computers and software (emissions from computers, emissions from data transfer) and emissions from other sources (meetings of the organizers, searches and visits to the website, use of external monitors and lamps), as well as emissions avoided by air and land transport. The congress emitted 4.8 tCO2eq and avoided 33 tCO2eq. The development of online or hybrid events is more environmentally sustainable and could be more accessible to a greater number of people.
ABSTRACT
The spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Amazon is heterogeneous with a temporal and spatial variation, especially in relation to the different vegetation types of this biome. Biomass estimated in this region varies significantly depending on the applied approach and the data set used for modeling it. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate three different geostatistical techniques to estimate the spatial distribution of aboveground biomass (AGB). The selected techniques were: 1) ordinary least-squares regression (OLS), 2) geographically weighted regression (GWR) and, 3) geographically weighted regression - kriging (GWR-K). These techniques were applied to the same field dataset, using the same environmental variables derived from cartographic information and high-resolution remote sensing data (RapidEye). This study was developed in the Amazon rainforest from Sucumbíos - Ecuador. The results of this study showed that the GWR-K, a hybrid technique, provided statistically satisfactory estimates with the lowest prediction error compared to the other two techniques. Furthermore, we observed that 75% of the AGB was explained by the combination of remote sensing data and environmental variables, where the forest types are the most important variable for estimating AGB. It should be noted that while the use of high-resolution images significantly improves the estimation of the spatial distribution of AGB, the processing of this information requires high computational demand.
A distribuição espacial da biomassa na Amazônia é heterogênea, variando temporalmente e espacialmente em relação aos diferentes tipos de formações vegetais abrangidas por este bioma. Estimativas de biomassa nesta região variam significativamente dependendo da abordagem aplicada e do conjunto de dados utilizados para sua modelagem. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar três diferentes técnicas geoestatísticas na estimativa da distribuição espacial da biomassa acima do solo (BAS). As técnicas escolhidas foram: 1) regressão por mínimos quadrados ordinários (OLS), 2) regressão geograficamente ponderada (RGP) e, 3) regressão geograficamente ponderada - krigagem (RGP-K). Estas técnicas foram aplicadas sobre um mesmo conjunto de dados de campo, utilizando as mesmas variáveis ambientais decorrentes de dados cartográficos e de sensoriamento remoto de alta resolução espacial (RapidEye). Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na floresta amazônica da província de Sucumbíos no Equador. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a RGP-K, sendo uma técnica híbrida, forneceu estimativas estatisticamente satisfatórias com menor erro de predição em comparação com as outras duas técnicas. Além disso, observou-se que 75% da BAS foi explicada pela combinação de dados de sensoriamento remoto e variáveis ambientais, sendo os tipos de formações vegetais a variável de maior importância para estimar BAS. Cabe ressaltar que, embora o uso de imagens de alta resolução espacial melhora significativamente a estimativa da distribuição espacial da BAS, o processamento desta informação requer alta demanda computacional.
Subject(s)
Biomass , Soil Characteristics , Amazonian Ecosystem , Regression Analysis , Remote Sensing TechnologyABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the cluster effect of urban health care expenditure and the impact of carbon emissions. Methods:Calculating spatial correlation Moran index and building spatial panel econometric model. Results: There are significant spillover effects of health care expenditure from 2007 and 2010; per capita carbon emissions, per capita income and age structure significantly affect health care expenditure. Conclusions:It is needed to pay more attention to environmental protection.
ABSTRACT
Se presenta la información más reciente acerca del cambio climático y su relación con la salud humana. La evolución del tema ha sido investigada en detalle mediante el seguimiento de la prensa del período diciembre 2009 a mayo 2010, en continuación de una serie de estudios anteriores. Comprobamos que todavía no se da, ni en el mundo ni en nuestro país, un quiebre favorable de la tendencia que lleva hacia una catástrofe ambiental y sanitaria. Persiste el riesgo de la eventual construcción de centrales nucleares y de grandes represas. Sin embargo, el progreso en el conocimiento y conciencia del problema, por un lado, y el desarrollo de las tecnologías limpias y seguras de generación energética, por otro, ofrecen todavía una posibilidad de control social de los factores negativos en juego, posibilidad que reside en el campo de las políticas estatales, en las cuales es urgente que intervenga el sector de la salud. Pero la situación es muy urgente. La opinión pública chilena debe influir sobre el gobierno para que éste perfeccione y aplique los instrumentos legales y financieros de que dispone y el país desempeñe el rol que le corresponde en el concierto internacional.
This paper is based on the most up to date information on climate change and its relationship with human health. Events in this field have been followed through the news in the press, during the period December 2009 till May 2010, in continuation of a series of previous publications. We do not find a significant change, either in the world or in Chile, of the trends leading to an environmental and sanitary catastrophe. The risk of the eventual installation of nuclear power and of large dams is ever present. Nevertheless, progress regarding the awareness of the issue, on one hand, and the development of clean and safe energy generation technologies, still offer a possibility for social and political control of the negative influences at work. This possibility lies in the political system, and it is urgent that the health sector commits itself to a definite role therein. The need for action is urgent. National public opinion must act on the government so that its legal and financial instruments are applied in practice and so that the country may perform its pertinent duties in the international arena.