ABSTRACT
@#Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma, ZR) and Jiangtan (Carbonized Zingiberis Rhizoma, CZR) have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a rich history in the treatment of various ailments. While ZR and CZR obviously stem from the same botanical source, their attributes, chemical compositions, pharmacological behaviors, and clinical applications are different owing to variations in the extent of drying and processing they undergo. In this paper, data pertaining to ZR and CZR were retrieved from databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. These sources were scrutinized to elucidate the distinctions between ZR and CZR arising from carbonization processing in terms of their ethnopharmacology, quality control, chemical compositions, biological activities, pharmacological mechanisms, and clinical uses. In this study, a total of 56 chemical constituents were identified and isolated from ZR and CZR, which primarily encompassed volatile oils, gingerols, and diphenylheptane compounds. CZR's pharmacological effects include hemostatic, anti-oxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and other biological activities. ZR has pungent and warm properties. It is a Yang-supplementing herbal medicine for ailments exacerbated by cold or damp climatic influences. CZR is a product of ZR after undergoing high temperature, with diminished intensity of its pungent and warm attributes. This change leads to a more gradual treatment efficacy, renowned hemostatic effects and its ability to gently invigorate the spleen and effectively alleviate diarrhea. Currently, research on the pharmacological mechanism of CZR is mainly focused on the effects of CZR on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Although the healing effect of CZR has long been known, and some correlation has been found between the changing composition and the changing color of the decoctions, people still lack relatively clear processing mechanisms to reflect the characteristics and specific quality standards of the ingredients of CZR's hemostatic effect. This review provides a systematic summary on quality control, chemical composition, ethnopharmacology, and pharmacology of CZR, offering novel perspectives for advancing the exploration of additional carbonized herbal medicine and fostering their application in clinical settings
ABSTRACT
In this work, lemon and onion biomasses commonly found in street markets are for the first time used to develop a facile, fast and low-cost one-step microwave-assisted carbonization method for synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots (CDs). The structure and optical properties of CDs were investigated by TEM, XRD, XRF, UV-Vis, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. CDs displayed satisfactory optical pro-prieties, a high quantum yield of 23.6％, and excellent water solubility, and the particle size was 4.23-8.22 nm with an average diameter of 6.15 nm. An efficient fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the CDs and riboflavin was achieved with CDs acting as donor and riboflavin as acceptor. A linear relationship between FRET and the riboflavin concentration from 0.10 to 3.0 μg/mL was observed, allowing the development of an accurate and fast analytical method to determine this vitamin in multivitamin/mineral supplements. Despite the potential interferences in these supplements, CDs were selective for riboflavin under optimized conditions. A paired t-test at a 95％ confidence level indicated no statistically significant difference between the proposed and the reference methods. Recovery test presented values ranged from 96.0％ to 101.4％. The limit of detection and relative standard deviation were estimated at 1.0 ng/mL and <2.6％ (n = 3), respectively. CDs were successfully synthesized in a domestic microwave oven (1450 W, 6 min), presenting satisfactory parameters when compared with results of other studies reported in the literature, suggesting that the proposed method is a potentially useful method for the synthesis of CDs and determination of riboflavin.
ABSTRACT
O estudo objetivou analisar a viabilidade econômica da produção de acácia-negra e carvão vegetal em Brochier, Maratá, Paverama e Poço das Antas. Os subsídios foram obtidos com aplicação de questionários in loco. Os critérios econômicos utilizados foram: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Valor Presente Líquido Infinito (VPL inf.). Valor Anual Equivalente (VAE), Valor Esperado da Terra (VET), Relação Benefício Custo (B/C), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Custo Médio de Produção (CMPr). A taxa média de atratividade utilizada foi de 6,8% a.a. Os dados de produção de madeira foram oriundos de SCHNEIDER et al. (2000). Assim, o plantio de acácia-negra consorciada com milho mostrou-se viável, apresentando maior atratividade no Índice de Sítio 18: VPL de R$ 2529,22 ha-1, VET de R$ 384,91 ha-1, VPL infinito de R$ 506,37 ha-1, TIR de 18,91% e CMPr de R$ 36,44 m-3. A produção de carvão vegetal mostrou-se mais viável nos fornos Brochier (CMPr de R$ 0,32 m-3 e B/C de 1,94).
The study aimed to analyze the feasibility and the economic production of black wattle and charcoal in Brochier, Maratá, Paverama and Poço das Antas Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Subsidies were obtained with in loco questionnaires . The economic criteria used were: Net Present Value (NPV), Infinite Net Present Value (NPV inf.), Annual Equivalent Value (VAE), Expected Value of Earth (VET), Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C), internal rate of return (IRR) and average cost of production (CMPr). The average rate of attractiveness used was 6.8% p.a. The wood production data obtained was from SCHNEIDER et al. (2000). Thus, planting black acacia intercropped with maize proved to be viable, showing greater attractiveness in the 18 place index : NPV of R$ 2529,22 ha-1 VET of R$ 384.91 ha-1, VPL inf. of R$ 506.37 ha-1, TIR of 18.91% and CMPr of R$ 36.44 m-3. Charcoal production proved to be more feasible in the ovens Brochier (CMPr of R$ 0,32 m-3 and B/C of 1,94).
ABSTRACT
Charcoal is an important energy raw material and its properties are influenced by the wood's anatomical and chemical composition and the production process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical characteristics, calorific power and volatiles and ash content of carbonized wood from Byrsonima spicata, Calophyllum brasiliense, Cecropia sciadophylla, Cochlospermum orinocense and Schefflera morototoni. The calorific power varied from 26,878 to 31,117 kJ kg-1; the content of volatile materials ranged from 20.9 to 31.7%; ash content ranged from 0.1 to 3.8%; and carbon content varied from 68.2 to 75.3%. Anatomical structures of charcoal can be used for species identification. The studied species are not indicated for charcoal production because the levels of ash and volatile compounds are higher than those recommended for charcoal produced for household use. In addition, the calorific power and level of carbon content are insufficient for use in the steel industry.
O carvão vegetal é um importante insumo energético, sendo suas propriedades influenciadas pela composição anatômica e química da madeira utilizada e pelo processo de produção. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características anatômicas, poder calorífico e o conteúdo de voláteis e cinzas da madeira carbonizada de Byrsonima spicata, Calophyllum brasiliense, Cecropia sciadophylla, Cochlospermum orinocense e Schefflera morototoni. O poder calorífico variou de 26.878 a 31.117 kJ kg-1; o teor de voláteis variou de 20,9 a 31,76%; o teor de cinzas variou de 0,1 a 3,8% e o teor de carbono no carvão ficou entre 68,2 e 75,3%. A estrutura anatômica do carvão pode ser utilizada na identificação de espécies. As espécies estudadas não são indicadas para a produção de carvão, pois o teor de cinzas e materiais voláteis é superior ao indicado para carvão produzido para uso doméstico. Além disso, porque o poder calorífico e o teor de carbono do carvão são insuficientes para uso na indústria siderúrgica.
ABSTRACT
Methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from strychnos potatorum seed was investigated under various experimental conditions. Batch mode experiments and equilibrium isotherm studies were conducted to assess the potential of the above activated carbon for the removal of Methylene blue from aqueous solution by varying the following three parameters: initial concentration of Methylene blue dye solution, adsorbent dose on the uptake of dye from the solution, and pH. The equilibrium data obtained were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.
ABSTRACT
Se obtuvieron carbonizados de origen vegetal a escala de laboratorio a partir de madera de Eucalyptus globullus, con diferentes condiciones de carbonización. Los carbonizados se caracterizaron fisicoquímicamente mediante análisis próximo, elemental, índice de yodo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, adsorción de fosfato y pH. Los resultados muestran que los carbonizados obtenidos a 450 °C, con una velocidad de calentamiento de 1,0 °C/min, y con 60 min como tiempo de residencia, presentan un mejor comportamiento en cuanto a la capacidad de intercambio catiónico y adsorción de sales, propiedades importantes para la generación de antroposoles.
Chars of vegetable origin were obtained at laboratory scale starting from Eucalyptus globullus wood, with different carbonization conditions. The chars were characterized physicochemically by proximate and ultimate analysis and determination of iodine index, capacity of cationic exchange, phosphate adsorption and pH. The results show that the chars obtained at 450 °C, with a rate of heating of 1.0 °C/min and with a residence time of 60 min, present better behavior in terms of cationic exchange capacity and adsorption of salts capacity, important properties for the generation of anthroposoils.