Asociación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables y la capacidad cardio-vascular en población universitaria de 18 a 29 años / Association of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and functional capacity in university populations aged 18 to 29

Contexto. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial; el tabaquismo, sedentarismo y hábitos alimenticios son los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables. Objetivo. Identificar el nivel de riesgo cardiovascular que presentan los estudiantes universitarios y, establecer la asociación de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables con la capacidad cardio-vascular determinada mediante la "caminata de seis minutos".Material y Métodos. Estudio observacional, transversal, de campo, no experimental y correlacional. La población fue de 421 sujetos y la muestra de 229 estudiantes universitarios (adultos jóvenes) de ambos géneros (30,6% masculino, 69,4% femenino), de 18 a 29 años. Los sujetos analizados se encuentran a 2.850m de altitud. El muestreo fue probabilístico estratificado proporcional. Las técnicas aplicadas fue-ron: la encuesta, diseñada a partir del cuestionario base: "Instrumento STEPS de la OMS", Cuestionario de Identificación de los Trastornos Debidos al Consumo de Alcohol y Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física; y la "caminata de seis minutos". Los instrumentos usados tienen validación internacional. Resultados. El 93% de los sujetos presentan uno o más factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables; los predominantes fueron: consumo de alcohol (84,7%) y sedentarismo (81,7%). El 62% presentan riesgo cardiovascular moderado. El nivel de riesgo cardiovascular tiene una correlación débil con el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) (r=0.20); existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de actividad física y VO2 (p=0,02). Discusión. Los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables identificados fueron el consumo de alcohol y el sedentarismo; no existió asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables con la capacidad cardiovascular; pero la capacidad cardiovascular tiene relación estadísticamente significativa con el nivel de actividad física.

Context. Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death worldwide; smoking, sedentary lifestyle and eating habits are the main modicable cardiovascular risk factors.Objective. To identify the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors presented by university students and, establish the association between cardiovascular modificable risk factors and the cardiovascular capa-city determined by the "six minute walk". Material and Methods. Observational, cross-sectional, field, non-experimental and correlational study. The population was 421 subjects and the sample was 229 university students (young adults) of both genders (30.6% male, 69.4% female), from 18 to 29 years old. The subjects analyzed are located at an altitude of 2,850m. Sampling was proportional stratified probabilistic. The techniques applied were: the survey, designed based on the basic questionnaire: "WHO STEPS Instrument", Questionnaire for the Identification of Disorders Due to Alcohol Consumption and International Questionnaire on Physical Activity; and the "six minute walk". The instruments used have international validation.Results. 93% of the subjects present one or more modifiable cardiovascular risk factors; the predomi-nant ones were: alcohol consumption (84.7%) and sedentary lifestyle (81.7%). 62% present moderate cardiovascular risk. The level of cardiovascular risk has a weak correlation with oxygen consumption (VO2) (r=0.20); there is a statistically significant relationship between the level of physical activity and VO2 (p=0.02).Discussion. The main modifiable cardiovascular risk factors identified were alcohol consumption and a sedentary lifestyle; there was no statistically significant association between modifiable cardiovascular risk factors with cardiovascular capacity; but cardiovascular capacity has a statistically significant rela-tionship with the level of physical activity

Research on the association between sex hormone binding globulin and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in community elderly population / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To explore the correlation between sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in community elderly population.Methods In 2014,1916 elderly people (796 males,and 1 120 females) were selected from Baoshan District Friendship Community,Shanghai.We collected basic epidemiological data and fasting venous blood samples to carry out the detection of biomarkers,and then calculated their ten-year Framingham risk score.In this study,obesity,systolic blood pressure,fasting blood glucose,lipid concentration,and high-sensitive C-reactive protein were considered as CVD risk factors;Framingham risk score was considered as a CVD event prediction risk score.We analyzed the correlations of these factors with SHBG.Results SHBG mean values in the population with a history of CVD were lower than those without a history of CVD (P＜0.001).The correlation coefficient between male SHBG and waist circumference,hip circumference,BMI,systolic pressure,cholesterol,triglycerides,high density lipoprotein cholesterol,apolipoprotein A,high sensitive C-reactive protein were-0.312,-0.307,-0.266,-0.113,0.155,-0.277,0.510,0.394 and-0.130,respectively (P＜0.01).The correlation coefficient between female SHBG and waist circumference,hip circumference,BMI,fasting glucose,cholesterol,triglycerides,high density lipoprotein cholesterol,apolipoprotein A,high-sensitive C-reactive protein were-0.236,-0.248,-0.168,-0.183,0.135,-0.264,0.445,0.358 and-0.295,respectively (P＜0.001).The decrease of SHBG level was consistent with the increase of Framingham score (κ =0.062,P＜0.001).Elevated level of SHBG would reduce the risk of CVD in ten years (P＜0.01).Conclusions There was a negative correlation between baseline SHBG level and CVD risk factors,positive correlation between baseline SHBG level and CVD protection factors in community elderly population;lower SHBG level indicated higher risk of developing CVD events.

Could Low Birth Weight be Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescence? / Poderia o baixo peso ao nascimento ser associado com risco cardiovascular na adolescência?

Abstract Purpose Previous studies have shown that low birth weight (LBW) is associated with cardiovascular risk in late adulthood. Recent studies in adolescents suggest that modifiable factors may have greater influence on increased cardiovascular risk. This study aims to investigate the association between LBW and changes in anthropometric and biochemical risk factors during adolescence in a population with low average socioeconomic status. Methods In a retrospective double cohort, data of birth weight were extracted from hospital records of children born on the same day between 1992 and 2002. According to the World Health Organization, we classified the children as having LBW or normal birth weight. A total of 172 subjects among children, adolescents and adults were researched. We measured anthropometric and clinical data, lipid profile and glucose after an overnight fasting. The low and normal weight groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U, Fischer exact, Chi-square (2) and Student's t tests. Results Pregnant women with preeclampsia delivered more newborns with LBW (p< 0.001). Anthropometric and clinical parameters were similar between groups. No differences were found in the family history of cardiovascular diseases (p= 0.1), family incomes (p= 0.8) and maternal school education (p= 0.8) between groups. Conclusion In this study, LBW did not increase cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents. We observed absence of association between low birth weight and poor health outcomes among adolescents with low socioeconomic status from an urban city in the Brazilian northeast.

Resumo Objetivo Estudos mostram que o baixo peso ao nascer está associado ao risco cardiovascular na idade adulta. Estudos recentes em adolescentes sugerem que fatores modificáveis podem ter grande influência no aumento do risco cardiovascular. Este estudo busca investigar a associação entre baixo peso ao nascer com mudanças nos fatores de risco antropométricos e bioquímicos durante a adolescência em uma população com baixo nível socioeconômico. Métodos Em um estudo retrospectivo de coorte, dados de peso ao nascimento foram extraídos de registros de hospitais, de crianças que nasceram no mesmo dia, entre 1992 e 2002. De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, classificamos as crianças como baixo peso e peso normal. Um total de 172 pessoas, com idades entre 10 e 20 anos, foram pesquisadas. Avaliamos dados clínicos e antropométricos, perfil lipídico e glicemia de jejum. Os grupos de baixo peso e de peso normal foram comparados pelos testes de Mann-Whitney, Exato de Fisher, Qui-quadrado e t-Student. Resultados Gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia tiveram mais partos de recém-nascidos com baixo peso (p< 0,001). Parâmetros clínicos e antropométricos foram similares em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença na história familiar de doença cardiovascular (p= 0,1), renda familiar (p= 0,8) e nível educacional materno (p= 0,8) entre os grupos. Conclusão Neste estudo, o baixo peso ao nascimento não aumentou o risco de doença cardiovascular na adolescência. Observou-se ausência de associação entre o baixo peso ao nascer e adversos resultados de saúde entre os adolescentes com baixo nível socioeconômico de um centro urbano no Nordeste brasileiro.

Analysis of Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Nurses with High Job Stress in Kunming / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To analyze the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among nurses with high job stress in a Kunming tertiary hospital. Method The health data from 46 nurses who had gotten a medical examination between August 1 and November 30,2013 in the first people's hospital retrospectively analyzed .Results 76%of 46 nurses enrolled in this study had inordinately CVD risk factors,the top prevalence of CVD risk factors was dyslipidemia (58.9%),followed by hyperviscosity (45.5%),electrocardiographic abnormality (30.8%),overweight (19.2%),and hypertension (9.2%) . Moreover,there was significant differences of CVD risk factors among different departments ( <0.05),which the overall prevalence rate being highest among nurses working in the operating room. Conclusion The nurses with high job stress from tertiary hospital have high risks of CVD,therefore intervention measures should be taken to reduce the risk of CVD.

Prehypertension in Jamaica: a review of data from recent studies / Prehipertensión en Jamaica: revisión de datos de estudios recientes

Prehypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg in patients not on medication for hypertension. Recent studies have shown that prehypertension has a high prevalence in both western and eastern countries and is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, incident CVD and CVD mortality. We reviewed data from ongoing epidemiological studies in Jamaica in order to provide an update on the prevalence and predictors of prehypertension in Jamaica. Studies included were the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Surveys (2000-2001 and 2007-2008), the Jamaica Youth Risk and Resiliency Behaviour Survey 2006, the 1986 Jamaica Birth Cohort Study and the Spanish Town Cohort Study. The prevalence of prehypertension in the most recent national survey was 35% (95% CI 33, 38%). Prevalence was higher in men compared to women (42% versus 29%). Jamaicans with prehypertension were more likely to have other CVD risk factors and were three times more likely to develop hypertension compared with persons with a normal blood pressure. Prevalence was also high among youth, particularly males. Longitudinal analysis from the 1986 birth cohort suggested that prehypertnsion may be more common in persons with low birthweight or short birth length. Physicians and public health practitioners should recognize the increased CVD risk associated with prehypertension and should begin to institute CVD prevention measures in persons with prehypertension. Sex differences and the early onset of prehypertension in men require further exploration.

La prehipertensión se define como una tensión arterial sistólica de 120-139 mmHg o tensión arterial diastólica de 80-89 mmHg en pacientes que no se hallan bajo medicación a causa de hipertensión. Estudios recientes han mostrado que la hipertensión tiene una alta prevalencia tanto en los países occidentales como en los orientales, hallándose asociada con factores de riesgo de la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), ECV incidente y la mortalidad por ECV. Se examinan los datos de los estudios epidemiológicos en curso en Jamaica para ofrecer una actualización acerca de la prevalencia y los predictores de la prehipertensión en Jamaica. Los estudios incluidos fueron las encuestas sobre salud y estilo de vida Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Surveys (2000-2001 y 2007-2008), la encuesta Jamaica Youth Risk and Resiliency Behaviour Survey 2006 sobre las conductas de resiliencia y riesgo de los jóvenes, el estudio de cohorte 1986 Jamaica Birth Cohort Study sobre los nacimientos, y finalmente el llamado Spanish Town Cohort Study. La prevalencia de la prehipertensión en la encuesta nacional más reciente fue de 35% (95% CI 33, 38%). La prevalencia fue más alta en los hombres en comparación con las mujeres (42% frente a 29%). Los jamaicanos con prehipertensión presentaban una mayor probabilidad de tener otros factores de riesgo de ECV, y tenían una probabilidad tres veces mayor de desarrollar hipertensión en comparación con las personas de presión arterial normal. La prevalencia fue también alta entre los jóvenes, particularmente entre los varones. El análisis longitudinal de la cohorte de nacimientos de 1986 sugirió que la hipertensión puede ser más común en las personas con bajo peso al nacer o corta longitud al nacer. Los médicos y los practicantes de salud pública deben reconocer el aumento de riesgo de ECV asociado con la prehipertensión, y deben empezar a instituir medidas de prevención de ECV en personas con prehipertensión. Las diferencias de sexo y el comienzo temprano de la prehipertensión en los hombres requieren ser explorada ulteriormente.

Association of Plasma Osteoprotegerin with Adiponectin and Difference according to Obesity in Men with Metabolic Syndrome / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) plays a core role in bone reformation by antagonizing the effect of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and mediates vascular calcification in cardiovascular disease patients. Thus, we aimed to examine the relationship between serum OPG levels and cardiovascular factors and inflammatory markers in metabolic syndrome patients (MS). This cross-sectional study included 96 men who visited the diet clinic between May and July 2011. Patients were classified into 2 groups based on NCEP-ATP guidelines: normal and with MS (n = 50 and 46, respectively). Physical measurements, biochemical assay were measured. Serum OPG and IL-6, diponectin and hs-CRP were assessed. MS were aged 50.02 +/- 10.85 years, and normal patients 52.07 +/- 9.56 years, with no significant differences. Significant differences were not observed in BMI between the 2 groups. Moreover, significant differences were not observed in serum OPG, however, the serum OPG level (4.41 +/- 1.86 pmol/L) differed significantly between an overweight MS (BMI > 25) and normal patients. OPG was correlated to age (r = 0.410, p = 0.000), HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.209, p = 0.015), and log adiponectin (r = 0.175, p = 0.042). Multiple regression analyses using the enter method showed that age (beta = 0.412, p = 0.000) and BMI (beta = 0.265, p = 0.000) considerably affected OPG. In conclusion, out study showed that serum OPG levels are correlated with cardiovascular risk factors, such as BMI, HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in MS and adiponectin, suggesting that serum OPG has potential as a cardiovascular disease indicator and predictor.

Odds ratio on cardiovascular risk factors of obesity defined by waist and body mass index / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To compare the odds ratio of waist circumference (WC) and/or body mass index (BMI) on cardiovascular risk factors. Methods Data on a cross-sectional study involving 41 087 adults (19 567 male, 21 520 female) from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were examined. According to the obesity definition of the Chinese Working Group on Obesity for Children (WGOC) (BMI, 24 and 28 kg/m2; WC, male 85 cm, female 80 cm), the study population were divided into 9 groups. The prevalence and odds ratio (OR) of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were compared among these 9 groups. Variation and standard β were indexes being used to compare the likelihood of BMI and/or WC on CVD risk factors. Results Within each of the BMI categories, with few exceptions, indices levels on CVD risk factors were significantly increased (decreased for HDL-C levels) with the increase of WC, and vice versa. After adjusting the effects of age, sex, income, education, sedentary activity and dietary factors, the ORs of hypertension in adults with higher WC within each of the BMI categories were higher than adults with lower WC, and the ORs of hypertension in adults with higher BMI within each of the WC categories were higher than adults with lower BMI. Similar trends were found for high fast plasma glucose (FPG) and dyslipidemia. The variation in CVD risk factors explained only by WC and BMI were quite similar,but slightly larger when combined WC with BMI. Standard β was higher on BMI when predicting systolic BP and was higher on WC when predicting TG, TC and HDL-C. Conclusion BMI and WC were independently associated with the risk factors on CVD.To combine the BMI and WC, the results could accurately evaluate the risk of CVD, thus to provide substantive evidence that the WGOC cutoff points for the WC might help in identifying those population under increased risk.

Clinical predictability of the waist-to-hip ratio in assessing the risk factors of cardiovascular disease among public servants in Shijiazhuang city / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To assess the clinical predictability of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) among female civil servants who had experienced risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Methods Data was gathered from 4153 female civil servants aged 21-91 y working at universities who were enrolled in health screening centre at the Second Hospital Attached to Hebei Medical University, in 2006. WHR quartiles were determined as: <0.80, 0.80-<0.84, 0.84-<0.90 and ≥0.90. Subjects were placed into high-risk categories for cardiovascular disease on the basis of national health reference on range norms of protocol including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Results Participants had an increased likelihood of hypertension (systolic blood pressure) , dyslipidemia (elevated triacylglycerol and descending HDL-C) and diabetes mellitus at WHR≥0.84. All aforementioned variables had a significant odds ratio at WHR ≥0.84. This trend was further persisted after adjustment had been made on smoking, age, and BMI. Descended HDL-C was observed at the 0.80≤WHR<0.84 when compared with WHR< 0.80. Conclusion These data indicated an upward shift in the critical threshold for WHR to ≥0.84. Above which point, there was an elevation of risk factors on cardiovascular diseases among all the female civil servants. The trend persisted regardless of smoking, BMI <or ≥28 and at what age group, among the civil servants population.

Clinical significance of lowering the cut-point of impaired fasting glucose: in view of the extent and severity of angiographic coronary artery disease and the cardiovascular risk factors / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To evaluate the rationale of lowering the cutoff value of impaired fasting glucose(IFG)by studying the extent and severity of angiographic coronary artery disease(CAD)and the cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with different fasting plasma glucose(FPG)levels. Methods A total of 911 consecutive patients who had undergone coronary angiography were selected according to inclusion criteria. The subjects were studied in view of the extent and severity of angiographic CAD and the cardiovascular risk factors with different FPG levels. Results (1) Compared with the group of FPG<5.6mmol/L, the numbers of diseased vessels in the group with FPG 5.6-6.0mmol/L were significantly increased(P<0.05)after adjustment of age, sex and other influencing factors; the group with FPG 6.1-6.9mmol/L had both raised number of diseased vessels and the CAD Gensini cumulative index(P<0.01). (2) The prevalences of overweight, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, metabolic syndrome were progressively increasing with graded FPG levels. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was significantly increased with FPG level at 5.0-5.6mmol/L(P<0.05),and the prevalences of metabolic syndrome and other components were significantly elevated with FPG level at 5.6-6.0mmol/L(P<0.05). Conclusion (1) The extent and severity of angiographic CAD were increased with increased FPG even in prediabetic period. The risk of angiographic CAD became increased significantly with FPG at 5.6-6.0mmol/L level. (2) The cardiovascular disease(CVD)risk was also increased with increasing FPG even in prediabetic period. The phenomenon of clustering of CVD risk factors was found at FPG 5.6mmol/L.

The Association of Insulin Resistance with Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Dietary Factors in Korean Type 2 DM Patients

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Korean type 2 diabetes patients. The subjects were 429 (male :218, female :211 )type 2 DM patients visited DM clinic, and they were classified into quartiles based on KITT index (%/min, Insulin Tolerance Test ). Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics, and dietary intakes by Food Frequency Questionnaire were assessed. The means of waist circumference, fat mass, percent body fat and abdominal fat thickness were significantly higher in the lowest quartile (the most insulin resistant group )than in the highest quartile (the least insulin resistant group )of KITT index (%/min )(p < 0.05 ). For hematological values, the lowest quartile showed significantly higher fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide, insulin, triglyceride, ApoB/apoA-1 ratio and C-reactive protein compared to the highest quartile (p < 0.05 ). Moreover, KITT index (%/min )was negatively correlated with waist circumference, fat mass, percent body fat, abdominal fat thickness and fasting blood concentrations of glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, ApoB/apoA-1 ratio and C-reactive protein (p < 0.05 ). Nutrient intakes were not significantly different among the quartile groups of KITT index (%/min )and also not correlated with insulin resistance, however, they showed correlation with obesity parameters (BMI, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, vat mass, abdominal fat thickness ), which were strongly associated with insulin resistance. In conclusion, cardiovascular disease risk would be higher as the insulin resistance grows in Korean type 2 DM patients, and nutrient intakes would affect to the insulin resistance through the effect on anthropometric parameters.

Adiponectin gene SNP 276G --> T, nutrient intakes, and cardiovascular disease risk in Korean type 2 DM patients

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in adiponectin gene has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study was performed to investigate the association of SNP 276G-->T at adiponectin gene with CVD risk factors in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. The subjects were 351 type 2 DM patients visited a DM clinic in Seoul, and the patients with known CVD were excluded. The adiponectin SNP 276G-->T was analyzed and dietary intakes were assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. The prevalence of G/G, G/T, and T/T genotype was 47.6%, 43.3%, and 9.1%, respectively. Male subjects with T/T genotype showed significantly lower level of adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol and significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP) level compared to G/G and G/T genotypes. In G/G genotype, protein intake was negatively correlated to body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, and there were positive correlation between carbohydrate intake and BMI, waist-hip ratio, and ApoB/apoA-1 ratio in G/T genotype. However, in T/T genotype, there was no significant association between macronutrient intakes and anthropometric and hematological values. In conclusion, CVD risk would be high in type 2 DM patients with T/T genotype, and the association of macronutrient intakes with anthropometric and hematologic factors was different among the three adiponectin genotypes. These results may imply the need for different dietary management regime according to adiponectin genotype to lower CVD complications in Korean type 2 DM patients.

Occupational Stress on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases and Metabolic Syndrome / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between occupational stress and cardiovascular risk factors including metabolic syndrome in a working population. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted among Koreans working in several industries. They were questioned about: demographic factors, marital status, education, personal history, alcohol intake, smoking, and physical activity , while their occupational stress was assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS). The subjects were measured for height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDLcholesterol. Regression analyses to determine the relationships between occupational stressors using KOSS and cardiovascular risk factors were performed using multivariate models with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 2,097 workers (1,770 men and 327 women) were included. Multiple logistic regression analysis (socio-demographics and potential confounders) demonstrated a positive association between high interpersonal conflicts and hypertension, a negative association between high job insecurity and diabetes and no association between any KOSS subscale and metabolic syndrome and obesity. Multiple linear regression, adjusted for socio-demographics and potential confounders demonstrated a negative association between low HDL-cholesterol and poor physical environments, high job demand and poor job insecurity and no association between lipid profiles and other KOSS sub-scales. CONCLUSIONS: A few KOSS sub-scales such as interpersonal conflicts showed a positive association with hypertension in Korean workers. Neverthelsss, some measures of occupational stress showed a negative association with diabetes and HDL-cholesterol in cross-sectional population-based survey. We therefore decided to conclude this association by longitudinal study.

The clinical significance of lowering the cut-point of impaired fasting glucose:in view of cardiovascular risk factors / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To evaluate the rationale of lowering the cutoff value of normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) by studying the cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with different FPG levels and different glucose tolerance states. Methods A population-based survey of diabetes was undertaken in 1994, data from 15564 Chinese adults (age≥25) who adopted 75 g-oral glucose tolerance test were analyzed. Results (1) The frequencies of BMI≥25 kg/m 2 , hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, metabolic syndrome were increasing with graded FPG levels at a 0.56 mmol/L interval. FPG at 5.0-5.6 mmol/L level overweight frequency elevated significantly (P=0.001), and FPG at 5.6-6.1 mmol/L level the metabolic syndrome and other components also elevated (P