Evaluación de la percepción de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres posterior a un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca / Perception of cardiovascular risk in women after a rehabilitation program

RESUMEN: Introducción: La rehabilitación cardíaca después de padecer un evento cardiovascular (CV) grave es un proceso en el cual el paciente establece una relación cercana con el equipo médico, brindando la oportunidad de conocer factores psicosociales que influyeron en el desenlace cardíaco y los eventuales aprendizajes de la experiencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la percepción sobre su propia salud de mujeres que participaron de un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca. Método: Se invitó a participar a 35 mujeres de 35 a 75 años con diverso nivel educativo, ingreso familiar y situación laboral. Los datos se recolectaron por medio de entrevistas presenciales semiestructuradas. Resultados: A pesar de haber pasado por un proceso de rehabilitación posterior a un evento CV las mujeres mencionaron en forma mayoritaria al cáncer de mama como la principal eventual causa de muerte. En relación con los factores de riesgo de CV, el más nombrado fue el estrés (57%), aunque solo el 29% de las entrevistadas realizó con posterioridad actividades orientadas a su manejo y control. En cuanto a las motivaciones más frecuentes para realizar cambios de hábitos, destacaron el cuidado de la familia (29%), el vivir más (26%) y el deseo de sentirse mejor (23%). Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de una educación más integral en la mujer durante la rehabilitación, promoviendo no solo hábitos más saludables desde el punto de vista físico, sino también psicológico. Se sugiere integrar el manejo del estrés en los programas de prevención y rehabilitación CV.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: After suffering a serious cardiovascular event (CV), cardiac rehabilitation is a process in which the patient establishes a close relationship with the medical team, providing an opportunity to learn about psychosocial factors that influence cardiac outcome and eventual learnings from the experience. The objective of this study was to learn about women´s perception of their own health after participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Method: 35 women from 35 to 75 years of age with varying educational level, household income and employment status were invited to participate. Data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Results: Women mentioned breast cancer as the leading cause of death (60%) despite having gone through a post-CV rehabilitation process. Stress was mentioned as the main CV risk factor (57%). Only 29% of responders subsequently carried out activities aimed at their management and control. The most common motivations for making changes in habits, were family care (29%), living longer (26%) and a desire to feel better (23%). Conclusion: These results suggest the need for a more comprehensive education in women during rehabilitation, promoting not only healthier habits from a physical but also from a psychological points of view. The introduction of stress management into CV prevention and rehabilitation programs is suggested.

Salutogenesis and cardiovascular health in adults: a scoping review / Salutogênese e saúde cardiovascular em adultos: uma revisão exploratória / Salutogénesis y salud cardiovascular en adultos: scoping review

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify and synthesize evidence that relates the salutogenic theory proposed by Antonovsky with cardiovascular disease in adults. Methods: we conducted a scoping review as proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. Bibliographic databases were searched for original research articles about salutogenesis and cardiovascular health. The search yielded 29 studies that met the previously defined inclusion criteria. The results were evaluated and summarized in the form of a narrative. Results: the findings of the studies pointed to a correlation among a strong sense of coherence, high quality of life and a greater likelihood of adopting healthy behaviors. Furthermore, the articles showed that social support improves perceived health and well-being of adults with cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: as a central concept of the salutogenic theory, a sense of coherence represents a topic of interest for nursing professionals. Through their interventions, nurses can strengthen and improve people's skills in the quest for and maintenance of their own health.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar e sintetizar as evidências que relacionam a teoria salutogênica proposta pelo Antonosvsky com doenças cardiovasculares em adultos. Métodos: realizou-se uma revisão exploratória da literatura de acordo com a proposta de Arksey e O'Malley e identificou-se artigos de pesquisa originais sobre a salutogênese e a saúde cardiovascular por meio de bases de dados bibliográficas. Desses, 29 cumpriram com os critérios de inclusão previamente definidos. Os resultados foram avaliados e sintetizados em uma narrativa. Resultados: os resultados demonstram uma correlação entre um forte sentido de coerência, melhor qualidade de vida e maior tendência de adotar condutas saudáveis, além de evidenciarem que o apoio social melhora a percepção de saúde e o bem-estar de adultos com doenças cardiovasculares. Conclusões: o sentido de coerência como conceito central da teoria salutogênica representa um tema de interesse para profissionais de enfermagem. Por meio de intervenções, estes podem fortalecer e melhorar as capacidades das pessoas na busca e manutenção de sua própria saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar y sintetizar la evidencia que relaciona la teoría salutogénica propuesta por Antonovsky con enfermedad cardiovascular en personas adultas. Métodos: se llevó a cabo un scoping review según lo propuesto por Arksey y O'Malley, se identificaron artículos de investigación originales sobre salutogénesis y salud cardiovascular a través de bases de datos bibliográficas, de los cuales 29 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión definidos previamente. Los resultados fueron evaluados y sintetizados en una narrativa. Resultados: los hallazgos demuestran relación entre un fuerte sentido de coherencia, con una alta calidad de vida y mayor tendencia a adoptar conductas saludables, además evidencian que el apoyo social mejora la percepción de la salud y el bienestar de las personas adultas con enfermedad cardiovascular. Conclusiones: el sentido de coherencia como concepto central de la teoría salutogénica representa un tema de interés para los profesionales de enfermería quienes, a través de intervenciones, podrán fortalecer y mejorar las capacidades de las personas para la búsqueda y mantenimiento de su propia salud.

Concordancia entre el índice de salud cardiovascular ideal y el índice Fuster-BEWAT / Concordance between the ideal cardiovascular health score and the Fuster-BEWAT score

RESUMEN Introducción: Cinco indicadores de salud cardiovascular: presión arterial, actividad física, índice de masa corporal, consumo de fruta y verdura y fumar tabaco, pueden ser suficientes para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en individuos sanos a través del índice de Fuster BEWAT. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados de los índices de Fuster BEWAT y el de salud cardiovascular ideal para determinar la salud. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el servicio de Atención Primaria del Hospital Manuel Fajardo Rivero de Santa Clara, en el período enero-junio de 2019, se valoró el estado de salud cardiovascular de 347 individuos sanos, sin antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular con edades comprendidas entre 40 y 59 años. Se usó el índice de Kappa de Cohen para determinar la concordancia entre el índice de salud cardiovascular ideal y el índice Fuster-BEWAT. Resultados: La escasa actividad física (79,8%), la dieta no balanceada (74,9 %) y la presión arterial no controlada fueron los peores marcadores encontrados. Solo un 15,3% de los hombres y mujeres analizados cumplían con el estado ideal para todos los marcadores del índice de Fuster BEWAT y 17,8% del índice de salud cardiovascular ideal. La concordancia obtenida entre ambos índices, a través del coeficiente Kappa de Cohen (0.935), demostró una relación casi perfecta. Conclusiones: Las puntuaciones de los dos índices mostraron valores similares. El índice Fuster-BEWAT es más sencillo y no requiere resultados analíticos; puede considerarse la primera opción en contextos en los que el acceso a análisis de laboratorio es limitado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The following five indicators of cardiovascular health: blood pressure, physical activity, body mass index, fruit and vegetable consumption and tobacco smoking, may be sufficient to predict cardiovascular risk in healthy individuals through the Fuster-BEWAT score. Objective: To compare the results of the Fuster-BEWAT score and the ideal cardiovascular health score to determine health. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the Primary Care Service of the Hospital Manuel Fajardo Rivero in Santa Clara, from January to June 2019, evaluating the cardiovascular health status of 347 healthy individuals without a history of cardiovascular disease, between the ages of 40 and 59 years old. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to determine the concordance between the ideal cardiovascular health score and the Fuster-BEWAT score. Results: Low physical activity (79.8%), unbalanced diet (74.9%), and uncontrolled blood pressure were the worst markers found. Only 15.3% of the analyzed men and women met the ideal condition for all markers of the Fuster-BEWAT score and 17.8% of the ideal cardiovascular health score. The concordance obtained between both scores, through Cohen's kappa coefficient (0.935), showed an almost perfect relationship. Conclusions: Both scores showed similar values. The Fuster-BEWAT score is simpler and does not require analytical results; it can be considered as a first option in contexts where access to laboratory tests is limited.

Formación de voluntarios como promotor es comunales de la salud cardiovascular en el programa Cartago da vida al corazón: 10 años de experiencia. Área demostrativa iniciativa CARMEN - Costa Rica / Training of volunteers as community promoters of cardiovascular health in the program Cartago gives life to the heart: 10 years of experience. Demonstration area CARMEN initiative - Costa Rica

Resumen Objetivos: Dar a conocer la metodología y los resultados de la formación de promotores de la salud cardiovascular en el programa " Cartago da vida al corazón" Introducción: La enfermedad cardiovascular es el problema número uno de la salud en una gran cantidad de países de Latinoamérica. Esta enfermedad es de origen más conductual que biológico y se inicia en gran proporción por efecto de los estilos de vida inadecuados en la población. La intervención de la enfermedad se realiza usando estrategias individuales para los casos y poblacionales para los grupos en riesgo. La participación de la comunidad en la producción de su salud cardiovascular es una estrategia que ha demostrado tener un mayor impacto que las intervenciones individuales. Basado en la idea promocionada por el Ministerio de Salud de los Educadores Comunitarios de Salud (ECOS), se adaptó y validó una estrategia para promocionar la salud cardiovascular en las comunidades cartaginesas. Métodos: Se identificaron y motivaron los candidatos, se capacitaron durante un mínimo de 90 horas en los conocimientos básicos sobre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, su medición y técnicas educativas. Se realizaron actividades de práctica con el grupo en formación y se le brindaron los elementos mínimos necesarios para que puedan planificar sus acciones elaborar proyectos comunales simples y evaluar su trabajo. Teóricamente a los promotores formados se les dio seguimiento sobre sus actividades en la comunidad y se les dio refrescamiento sobre conocimientos y practicas útiles en sus acciones. Resultados: Se han realizado seis cursos de formación en el que participaron 94 voluntarios, de éstos 50 se mantienen activos, algunos realizan acciones comunales como dar educación a grupos comunales, otros tienen grupos para realizar ejercicio físico y la mayoría colaboran con el programa en la realización de los talleres comunales de promoción de la salud cardiovascular. El 100% de los evaluados, ha logrado modificar por lo menos 1 factor de riesgo, 87% han modificado 2 factores, 76% modificaron tres factores, 52% cuatro factores y 32% 5 factores y más. Discusión: Es bien teorizado que la salud se producirá en mejor forma cuando se incorpore activa y sostenidamente la participación de la comunidad en los programas de salud. Sin embargo, este siempre ha sido un problema dado la participación siempre es escasa. En este proyecto se partió de la hipótesis que se mejora la participación y la acción dando a los voluntarios los elementos siguientes: motivación, capacitación, independencia funcional, seguimiento y evaluación. Se persigue que los voluntarios se empoderen del problema cardiovascular y sus factores de riesgo en sus comunidades y que por su propia iniciativa desarrollen acciones de intervención del riesgo. Los que están trabajando lo hacen bien, la falla ha estado en el seguimiento y re-motivación pues no se ha llevado a cabo en la forma en que propuso originalmente.

Abstract Aims: Publish the methodology and the results of the cardiovascular health promoters training in the Program Cartago da vida al corazón" (Catago gives life to the heart"). Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the first health problem in a large number of Latin American countries. This disease have a behavioral origin rather than biological and initiate in a large proportion because of inappropriate life styles in the population. The control of this disease is performed using individual strategies for cases and population strategies for groups in risk. Community participation in its own cardiovascular health production is a strategy that has shown having a better impact than individual interventions. Based on the idea of Educadores Comunitarios de Salud (ECOS), Health Community Teachers, promoted by the Ministry of Health, a strategy was adopted and validated for promoting cardiovascular health in the communities-of-Cartago-city. Methods: Candidates were identificated and motivated. They were trained for a minimum of 90 hours about basic knowledge related to cardiovascular risk factors, its measurement and educative techniques. It was conducted practical activities with the group being trained and they were given minimum required elements so they can plan their actions, prepare simple comunal projects and evaluate their work. Trained promoters were monitored about their activities in the community and were updated about their knowledge and useful practices for their actions. Results: Six training courses were conducted with the attendance of 94 volunteers from which 50 are still active. Some of they conduct activities like educate community groups, others have groups for physical exercising and most of them participate in the program conducting cardiovascular health promotion community workshops. Out of those that were evaluated, 100% have modified at least one risk factor, 87% have modified two factors, 76% modified three factors, 52% four factors and 32% five factors ore more. Discussion: It is well theorized that health will be produced better when community participation in the health programs is active and continuous. However, this have always been a problema because of the scarce participation. This Project started from the hypothesis that participation and action are improved by giving to the volunteers the following elements: motivation, training, functional independence, monitoring and evaluation. It is pursued to empower volunteers about the cardiovascular problem and its risk factors in their communities and to achieve that they develop risk intervention actions by their own initiative. Those that are working are doing well, the fault has been the monitoring and the remotivation since it has not been conducted as it was originally proposed.

Palta: compuestos bioactivos y sus potenciales beneficios en salud / Bioactive compounds and potential health benefits of avocado

RESUMEN La palta es un tipo de fruta tropical autóctona de Guatemala y México, caracterizada por su alto contenido de lípidos, principalmente por ácido oleico (>50% de lípidos totales) y rica en fitoquímicos como vitamina E, carotenoides, polifenoles y luteína, compuestos asociados a una fuerte actividad antioxidante. El consumo mundial de palta muestra un crecimiento exponencial, por lo que resulta relevante aumentar la investigación de este fruto no sólo de la pulpa, sino también de su semilla, e investigar el potencial impacto en la salud cardiovascular, cáncer y otras actividades antipatógenas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sugerir con fundamento científico el consumo de este fruto, tanto de su pulpa como semilla, principalmente en la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas.

ABSTRACT Avocado is a type of tropical fruit native to Guatemala and Mexico. It is characterized by its high lipid, mainly oleic acid (> 50% of total lipids), content and rich in phytochemicals such as vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols and lutein, compounds associated with strong antioxidant activity. Worldwide avocado consumption shows an exponential growth, therefore it is important to investigate, not only the pulp, but also the seed, of this fruit and its potential impact on cardiovascular health, cancer and other antipathogenic activities. The objective of this review was to suggest with scientific support the consumption of this fruit, both of its pulp and seed, mainly in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

Ideal Cardiovascular Health is Inversely Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Prospective Analysis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) could predict a lower risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the association between ideal CVH and subclinical atherosclerosis in a population cohort of Chinese adults aged ⪖ 40 years.@*METHODS@#This study was designed as a cross-sectional analysis of 8,395 participants who had complete data at baseline and a prospective analysis of 4,879 participants who had complete data at 4.3 years of follow-up. Ideal CVH metrics were defined according to the American Heart Association. Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated by plaques in carotid arteries, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR).@*RESULTS@#Both the prevalence and incidence of atherosclerosis measures were found to be decreased with increasing numbers of ideal CVH metrics at baseline (all P values for trend < 0.01). The levels of CIMT and UACR at follow-up showed an inverse and significant association with the numbers of ideal CVH metrics at baseline (both P values for trend < 0.05) but a borderline significant association with baPWV (P for trend = 0.0505). Taking participants with 0-1 ideal metric as reference, we found that participants with 5-6 ideal metrics had significantly lower risks of developing carotid plaques (odds ratio, OR = 0.46; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.27-0.79), increased CIMT (OR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.42-0.84), and increased baPWV (OR = 0.57; 95% CI 0.34-0.97) after full adjustments. A significant interactive effect of age and CVH was detected on CIMT and baPWV progression (both P values for interaction < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The numbers of ideal CVH metrics showed a significant and inverse association with the risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults, whereas its dose-response effect was attenuated in individuals aged ≥ 60 years and partially weakened in male participants.

Salud Cardiovascular En Población Migrante Ecuatoriana En Madrid (España). ¿Debemos Preocuparnos? / Cardiovascular Health In An Ecuadorian Migrant Population To Madrid (Spain). Should We Worry?

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La comunidad ecuatoriana es la tercera comunidad extranjera más numerosa en España. Sin embargo, es poco lo que se conoce acerca de su estado de salud cardiovascular (CV) y si los efectos de la migración han causado un detrimento en dicho estado. Métodos: Con el objetivo de conocer la salud CV en una población ecuatoriana de migrantes en Madrid, se realizó un estudio transversal no aleatorizado en el que se incluyeron personas de nacionalidad ecuatoriana, mayores de 25 años, residentes en Madrid desde hace un año o más. Se realizaron encuestas, mediante el uso de cuestionarios previamente validados, para determinar el estado de salud CV de la población, así como el grado de distress psicológico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 165 participantes (68,5% mujeres), con edad promedio de 49 años. El 86,1% de la población estudiada presentó salud cardiovascular pobre y 13,9% intermedia, sin diferencias significativas según el sexo. No hubo individuos que cumplan las 7 variables con valores ideales. Las mujeres presentaron puntuaciones más altas en el cuestionario DASS-21 en comparación a los hombres (p<0,05). Conclusión: En la población migrante ecuatoriana residente en Madrid, más del 85% presentó una salud CV pobre, y ninguno presentó una salud CV ideal. Los factores de riesgo más prevalentes en dicha población fueron pobre actividad física, sobrepeso/obesidad y malos hábitos dietéticos. Se requieren más estudios para identificar la situación real de riesgo CV de la población migrante ecuatoriana. Probablemente, a medio-largo plazo, será necesario implementar políticas de salud especialmente dirigidas a los migrantes.

ABSTRACT Background: The Ecuadorian community is the third largest foreign community in Spain. However, little is known about their cardiovascular (CV) health status and whether the effects of migration have caused a detriment in that state. Methods: With the aim of knowing the CV health in an Ecuadorian population of migrants in Madrid, a non-randomized, cross-sectional study was carried out, which included people of Ecuadorian nationality, older than 25 years, living in Madrid for a year or more. Surveys were conducted through the use of previously validated questionnaires, to determine the health status of the population, as well as the degree of neuro-physiological distress. Results: We included 165 participants (68.5% women), with an average age of 49 years. Of these, 86.1% presented poor cardiovascular health and 13.9% intermediate, without significant differences according to sex. There were no individuals that met the 7 variables consistent with and ideal CV status. Women had higher scores on the DASS-21 questionnaire compared to men (p <0.05). Conclusion: In the Ecuadorian migrant population living in Madrid, more than 85% had poor CV health, and none had an ideal CV health. Most prevalent risk factors in this population were poor physical activity, overweight/obesity and poor dietary habits. More studies are required to identify the real situation of CV risk in the Ecuadorian migrant population. Probably, in the medium-long term, it will be necessary to implement health policies especially addressed to migrants.

Cesación tabáquica en la salud cardiovascular / Smoking cessation in cardiovascular health

Resumen: La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha determinado que las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) constituyen uno de los mayores desafíos del presente siglo, ya que representan el 71% de las muertes que se registran en el mundo. El tabaquismo se considera uno de los principales factores de riesgo modificables que afecta a las ENT. Existe amplia evidencia que relaciona el tabaco con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, en particular con la cardiopatía isquémica. Las Guías de Prevención Cardiovascular de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología del año 2016 establecen como recomendación clase I, nivel de evidencia A, el dejar de fumar. El efecto de la nicotina genera una fuerte adicción que desencadena un síndrome de abstinencia al intentar el abandono del consumo de tabaco. Por lo tanto, resulta necesario estar familiarizado con las estrategias para el tratamiento de la adicción al tabaco, que comprenden: intervención mínima, recursos cognitivo-conductuales y tratamiento farmacológico como terapia de sustitución nicotínica, bupropión y vareniclina. Hasta el momento no se cuenta con la suficiente evidencia científica para recomendar los dispositivos electrónicos.

Summary: The World Health Organization has determined that Non- communicable Diseases are one of the greatest challenges of this century as they represent 71% of the deaths that occur in the world. Smoking is considered one of the main modifiable risk factors that affect Non-communicable Diseases. There is ample evidence linking tobacco with cardiovascular diseases, particularly with ischemic heart disease. The guidelines for Cardiovascular Prevention of the European Society of Cardiology of 2016, establish as recommendation class I, level of evidence A, the cessation of smoking. The effect of nicotine generates a strong addiction that triggers an abstinence syndrome when trying to quit smoking. Therefore, it is necessary to be familiar with the strategies for the treatment of tobacco addiction that include: minimal intervention, cognitive-behavioral resources and pharmacological treatment such as nicotinic substitution therapy, bupropion and varenicline. So far, there is not enough scientific evidence to recommend electronic devices.

Salud cardiovascular en personas de 40 a 79 años / Cardiovascular health in people aged 40-79 years

Introducción: Las enfermedades vasculares son consideradas como las nuevas epidemias en Cuba, debido al aumento en la expectativa de vida y a cambios en el estilo de vida de sus habitantes. El conocimiento del estado de salud cardiovascular de estas poblaciones es indispensable para implementar estrategias dirigidas a reducir la prevalencia de estas enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar el estado de salud cardiovascular en personas de 40 a 79 años. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en un universo de 1 392 pacientes con edades entre 40 y 79 años, sin antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular, en el periodo enero-junio de 2017. Se seleccionaron 281 casos mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Se valoró el estado de salud cardiovascular, a través de los marcadores de salud propuestos por la Asociación Americana del Corazón. Resultados: El 34,2 por ciento presentó un estado de salud ideal, 38,4 por ciento intermedio y 27,4 por ciento pobre. Los peores marcadores incluyeron la actividad física, la dieta y la presión arterial. Los individuos con edades entre 70 y 79 años presentaron alta prevalencia de salud cardiovascular pobre en la serie estudiada (50 por ciento). Conclusiones: Una baja proporción de los adultos presentó factores de salud cardiovascular en nivel ideal, con diferencias entre los sexos y la edad. Predominaron los pacientes con salud cardiovascular intermedia, del sexo masculino y con menos de 60 años edad(AU)

Introduction: Stroke and cardiovascular diseases will be the next epidemics in Cuba due to changes in lifestyle and increased life expectancy. Knowledge of cardiovascular health status of the population is mandatory to implement strategies directed to reduce the burden of vascular diseases. Objective: To determine the health cardiovascular in people aged 40-79 years. Methods: In this investigation was carried out a descriptive study , the population were 1 392 patients with age between 40-79 years, without history of cardiovascular disease, during January to June 2017, a random sample of 281 cases were taken, we assessed the cardiovascular health status of participants using the metrics proposed by the American Heart Association. Results: 34.2 percent had ideal, 38.4 percent had intermediate and 27.4 percent had poor cardiovascular health status status. Poorest markers were physical activity, dietary, and blood pressure. The patients in the age group from 70 to 79 years had the highest prevalence of poor cardiovascular health status in the study series (50 percent). Conclusions: Low prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health. There was a predominance of patients with intermediate cardiovascular health, masculine and subjects under 60 years of age(AU)

Evaluación preparticipativa cardiovascular pediátrica: declaración de posición de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (SOCHIPE), Sociedad Chilena de Medicina del Deporte (SOCHMEDEP) y Sociedad Chilena de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular (SOCHICAR) / Cardiovascular preparticipation screening of young population: position statement of Chilean Scientific Societies

La Evaluación Preparticipativa (EPP) definida como "la supervisión de salud de individuos, previo a la práctica de la actividad física y/o deporte, que busca optimizar su participación deportiva segura y brindar una oportunidad para identificar los riesgos actuales y futuros de su salud y su calidad de vida" contempla la EPP Cardiovascular (EPPC), que tiene por objetivo la pesquiza de patologías cardio vasculares con riesgo de agravarse o presentar muerte súbita durante la práctica de ejercicio. Si bien existe amplio consenso internacional respecto a que la realización de la EPPC en jovenes deportistas es de utilidad, no existe consenso respecto a si esta debe ser realizada a toda la población pediátrica ni tampoco sobre cuál es la mejor estrategia a aplicar. En el presente trabajo se presenta la posición de las sociedades cientificas relacionadas al deporte, actividad fisica y salud infantil sobre la Evaluación Preparticipativa Cardiovascular Pediátrica.

The Preparticipation Physical Evaluation (PPE), defined as "the health supervision of individuals, prior to the practice of physical activity and/or sports, which seeks to optimize their safe participation in sports and provide an opportunity to identify current and future risks to their health and quality of life", inclu des the Cardiovascular assessment, which aims to screen cardiovascular pathologies with the risk of worsening or sudden death during exercise. Although there is broad international consensus that the use of Pediatric Cardiovascular PPE in young athletes is useful, there is no consensus on whether this should be used in the entire pediatric population or on which is the best strategy to apply. This article presents the position of the scientific societies related to sport, physical activity and child health on the Pediatric Cardiovascular PPE.

Characteristics of cardiovascular health of children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing during 2017-2018 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To describe the status of cardiovascular health (CVH) of children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing during 2017-2018.@*Methods@#The school-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program(SCVBH) was conducted from November 2017 to January 2018. 15 391 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years were selected from grade 1 to 4 in 8 primary schools, grade 1 in 21 middle schools and senior grade 1 in one twelve-year education school in Dongcheng, Fangshan, Miyun and Haidian Districts of Beijing by using a cluster sampling method. Seven cardiovascular health indicators, including smoking, body mass index, dietary intake, physical activity, blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol, were categorized as poor, intermediate, and ideal according to American Heart Association (AHA) criteria. The status of CVH was evaluated according to the criteria of the ideal CVH related behaviors and factors defined by AHA.@*Results@#The proportion of children and adolescents with an ideal smoking, dietary intake and physical activity indicators reached 99.2%(4 982/15 108), 19.7%(2 921/14 805), 17.8% (2 499/14 056), respectively. The proportion of children and adolescents with 7 and 4-5 ideal cardiovascular health indicators was 1.7%(209/12 560) and 65.1%(8 176/12 560). The proportion of children and adolescents with 4-7 ideal cardiovascular health indicators, 2-4 ideal health behavior indicators and 2-3 ideal health factors was significantly higher in urban than that in rural all P values<0.001. The proportion of females with 4-7 ideal cardiovascular health indicators, 2-4 ideal health behavior indicators and 2-3 ideal health factors was significantly higher than that in males (all P values<0.001).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health of children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing during 2017-2018 was very low, particularly for healthy dietary intake and physical activity. Effective public health interventions should be implemented to improve the status of cardiovascular health of them.

Prevalence of Ideal Cardiovascular Health Status and Its Association With Socioeconomic Status in Chinese Enterprise Employees / 中国循环杂志

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors, and its association with socioeconomic status (SES) in enterprise employees. Methods: The cluster sampling method was adopted to recruit 27 607 employees aged 18 to 60 years from 45 enterprises across China. The ideal cardiovascular health metrics including behaviors and factors, which were defined according to the AHA criteria, were obtained, and SES was measured by education and occupational class. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between SES and ideal cardiovascular health metrics. Results: Overall, the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health behavior (smoking, body mass index, salt intake, physical activity) was 51.3%, 67.9%, 14.0%, 31.2%, respectively; prevalence of the ideal cardiovascular factors (fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, blood pressure) was 72.9%, 81.6%, 27.3%,respectively in this cohort. Among the employees, only 0.6% population met all 7 cardiovascular health metrics. After adjusting the individual and workplace factors, employees with high school (OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.08-1.29) and college or above education (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.37-1.69) were more likely to have ideal cardiovascular health status compared with those with less education; white-collar workers were more likely to have ideal cardiovascular health status compared with blue-collar workers (OR=1.18; 95%CI: 1.08-1.29). Conclusions: The prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors is low, and is positively associated with SES, suggesting the importance of promoting the cardiovascular health behavior, monitoring/controlling the related cardiovascular factors and reducing the socioeconomic inequalities among Chinese enterprise employees.

Gut microbiota derived metabolites in cardiovascular health and disease

Trillions of microbes inhabit the human gut, not only providing nutrients and energy to the host from the ingested food, but also producing metabolic bioactive signaling molecules to maintain health and elicit disease, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In this review, we presented gut microbiota derived metabolites involved in cardiovascular health and disease, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), uremic toxins, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), phytoestrogens, anthocyanins, bile acids and lipopolysaccharide. These gut microbiota derived metabolites play critical roles in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular function, and if dysregulated, potentially causally linked to CVD. A better understanding of the function and dynamics of gut microbiota derived metabolites holds great promise toward mechanistic predicative CVD biomarker discoveries and precise interventions.

El Proyecto Atahualpa: protocolo, definiciones operacionales y diseño inicial / The Atahualpa Project: protocol, operational definitions, and initial study design

RESUMEN Las enfermedades no transmisibles constituyen las nuevas epidemias de salud de países en vías de desarrollo. Esto se debe, en gran parte, al aumento en la expectativa de vida y a los cambios en estilo de vida y hábitos dietéticos de sus habitantes. El Proyecto Atahualpa fue diseñado como un estudio de múltiples etapas, de corte longitudinal, dirigido a reducir el aumento de la carga de estas estas enfermedades en zonas rurales del Ecuador. La primera etapa consistió en un estudio de 3 fases, dirigido a conocer información sobre los aspectos demográficos y los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en los residentes de Atahualpa ≥40 años, así como estimar tasas de prevalencia de enfermedad cerebrovascular y cardiopatía isquémica. Durante la Fase I, los participantes fueron encuestados con cuestionarios estandarizados dirigidos a evaluar la salud cardiovascular y a determinar la presencia de individuos sospechosos de tener una enfermedad cerebrovascular o cardiopatía isquémica. En la Fase II, neurólogos y cardiólogos examinaron individuos sospechosos y una muestra aleatoria de individuos no-sospechosos, para determinar la prevalencia de dichas enfermedades. En la Fase III, los pacientes confirmados fueron sometidos a exámenes complementarios dirigidos a establecer diagnóstico etiológico. La implementación de estrategias de salud pública dirigidas a mejorar el estado de salud cardiovascular en una población, debe ser basada en información regional. Los estudios epidemiológicos, tales como el Proyecto Atahualpa, son costo-efectivos para mejorar el estado de salud cardiovascular de poblaciones rurales de América Latina, al incrementar el conocimiento de las necesidades particulares de cada población.

ABSTRACT Non-communicable diseases are the new health epidemics in developing countries due to increased life expectancy, and changes in lifestyle and dietary habits of the population. The Atahualpa Project was designed as a multi-step population-based cohort study designed to reduce the increasing burden of these conditions in rural Ecuador. The first step of the study followed a 3-Phase design, aimed to get information on demographics and cardiovascular risk factors of Atahualpa residents aged ≥40 years, as well as to assess the prevalence of stroke and ischemic heart disease. During Phase I, participants were screened with standardized questionnaires to evaluate their cardiovascular health and to identify those with suspected stroke or ischemic heart disease. In Phase II, neurologists and cardiologists examined suspected cases of stroke or ischemic heart disease, as well as a random sample of matched negative individuals, to assess prevalence of these conditions. In Phase III, patients with diagnosis of stroke and ischemic heart disease underwent complementary tests for achieving more specific diagnosis. Implementation of public health strategies directed to improve the cardiovascular health status of a given population must be based on studies evaluating specific risk factors at regional levels. Epidemiologic surveys such as the Atahualpa Project may prove cost-effective for improving the cardiovascular health status of people living in Latin American rural villages by increasing the knowledge on the particular needs of these populations.

Salud cardiovascular en habitantes de Atahualpa: características y correlatos / Cardiovascular health status in Atahualpa residents: characteristics and correlates

RESUMEN Las enfermedades vasculares son consideradas como las nuevas epidemias de salud en América Latina debido al aumento en la expectativa de vida y a cambios en el estilo de vida de sus habitantes. El conocimiento del estado de salud cardiovascular (SCV) de estas poblaciones es mandatorio para implementar estrategias costo-efectivas dirigidas a reducir la prevalencia de estas enfermedades en la región. En el Proyecto Atahualpa se ha valorado el estado de SCV de los participantes, utilizando los marcadores de salud propuestos por la Asociación Americana del Corazón. El estudio basal incluyó 616 sujetos libres de enfermedad cerebrovascular y cardiopatía isquémica, con edad ≥40 años. De estos, el 2.1% tuvieron un estado de salud ideal, el 28.1% intermedio y el 69.8% pobre. Los peores marcadores incluyeron presión arterial, glucosa en ayunas e índice de masa corporal. La posibilidad de tener un estado de SCV pobre estuvo aumentada en sujetos ≥60 años y en aquellos con escolaridad primaria. Luego, comparamos el estado de SCV de nuestra población con la de hispanos enrolados en el NOMAS, y encontramos que los residentes de Atahualpa tuvieron mejores marcadores de salud, con excepción de los niveles de glucosa en ayunas. La posibilidad de tener 5-7 marcadores en rango ideal fue más elevada en los residentes de Atahualpa, independientemente de la edad. También realizamos un estudio para valorar la SCV dependiendo del aislamiento social y encontramos que el vivir solo se asoció con un peor estado de SCV. Otros estudios mostraron relación entre ciertas patologías del sueño y un peor estado de SCV. Finalmente, hemos empezado el programa "conoce tus números", el cual sumado a charlas comunitarias, se encuentra dirigido a mejorar la SCV de los residentes de Atahualpa y reducir la incidencia de eventos vasculares en la región.

ABSTRACT Stroke and cardiovascular diseases will be the next epidemics in Latin America due to changes in lifestyle and increased life expectancy. Knowledge of cardiovascular health (CVH) status of the population is mandatory to implement cost-effective strategies directed to reduce the burden of vascular diseases in the region. In the Atahualpa Project, we assessed the CVH status of participants using the metrics proposed by the American Heart Association. The basal study included 616 subjects free of stroke and ischemic heart disease aged ≥40 years. Of these, 2.1% had ideal, 28.1% had intermediate and 69.8% had poor CVH status. Poorest metrics were blood pressure, fasting glucose, and BMI. The odds for having a poor CVH status were increased in persons aged ≥ 60 years and in those with only primary school education. Then, we compared our results with the Hispanic population of the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMAS), and found that Atahualpa residents had significantly better metrics than those enrolled in the NOMAS, with the exception of fasting glucose levels. Likewise, the odds for having 5 to 7 ideal metrics were also better in Atahualpa residents, irrespective of age. We also conducted a case-control study to assess the CVH status of Atahualpa residents according to their living arrangements, and found that social isolation was associated with a worse CVH status in this population. A couple of studies showed correlation between some sleep related disorders and poor CVH status. We have also started an ongoing program called "known your numbers", which, together with community talks, is directed to improve the CVH status and to reduce the burden of vascular diseases in the region.

Deterioro cognitivo: prevalencia y correlatos en una comunidad rural Ecuatoriana. Lecciones del Proyecto Atahualpa / Cognitive decline: prevalence and correlates in a rural Ecuadorian community. Lessons from the Atahualpa Project

RESUMEN La evaluación del deterioro cognitivo en zonas rurales de los países en desarrollo se complica por el analfabetismo y factores transculturales. La prueba cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA) se utilizó para estimar el desempeño cognitivo en participantes del Proyecto Atahualpa. Se observaron problemas con el uso de esta prueba, incluyendo aquellos relacionados con el nombre de los animales, así como la necesidad de ajustar un punto de corte diferente para el diagnóstico del deterioro cognitivo leve, que la utilizada en personas educadas que viven en los países desarrollados. Después de correlacionar las puntuaciones de MoCA con los estudios de neuroimagen, encontramos que un punto de corte de 19-20 puntos sería mejor definir el deterioro cognitivo en zonas rurales. También observamos que el edentulismo severo, así como la angustia psicológica, se asociaron con un pobre rendimiento cognitivo en adultos mayores. En contraste, nuestro estudio mostró una relación lineal dependiente de dosis, entre la ingesta de pescado oleoso y el rendimiento cognitivo. También se evaluó la contribución independiente y la interacción de la edad, los eventos cerebrovascular y el daño subcortical difuso en la pobre función cognitiva observada en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular y se notó que la interacción de la edad y el daño subcortical difuso son determinantes. La puntuación total de la enfermedad cerebral de pequeños vasos se puede utilizar como un predictor fiable de rendimiento cognitivo deficiente, aunque su poder predictivo no es mejor que el de los marcadores individuales de neuroimagen observados en esta entidad. Por último, se observó una relación inversa entre el contenido de calcio en el sifón carotídeo - utilizado como un sustituto de aterosclerosis intracraneal - y el rendimiento cognitivo en nuestra población.

ABSTRACT Assessment of cognitive impairment in rural areas of developing countries is complicated by illiteracy and cross-cultural factors. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to estimate cognitive performance in individuals enrolled in the Atahualpa Project. Some problems were noticed with the use of this test, including issues related to naming animals, as well as the need to adjust a different cutoff for diagnosing mild cognitive decline than that used in highly educated individuals living in developed countries. After correlating MoCA scores with neuroimaging signatures of cortical and subcortical atrophy, a cutoff of 19-20 points would better define cognitive impaired individuals in rural areas. We also noticed that severe edentulism as well as psychological distress were associated with poor cognitive performance in older adults living in Atahualpa. In contrast, our study showed a linear, and dose-dependent, direct relationship between dietary oily fish intake and cognitive performance. We also aimed to assess the independent contribution and the interaction of age, the stroke itself and diffuse subcortical damage in the poor cognitive performance observed in patients with stroke, and noticed that interaction of age and diffuse subcortical damage are major determinants for poor cognitive performance among stroke patients. The total cerebral small vessel disease score can be used as a reliable predictor of poor cognitive performance, although its predictive power is not better than that of isolated neuroimaging signatures of cerebral small vessel disease. Finally, we noticed an inverse relationship between calcium content in the carotid siphon - used as a surrogate of intracranial atherosclerosis - and cognitive performance in our population.

Association between the changes in ideal cardiovascular health status and the decline of glomerular filtration rates in medical examination people / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To explore the association between the changes in ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) indices and the renal function.Methods:The retrospective cohort study consisted of 837 Chinese individuals from Department of Health Management in the Third Xiangya Hospital.The general information,anthropometry and blood biochemistry were obtained for all subjects from 2008 to 2014,respectively.The 6-year changes of 7 ideal CVH metrics defined by American Heart Association and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated.Linear regression analysis was used to study the association between the changes in the ideal CVH metrics and eGFR.Covariance analysis was used to compare the levels of changes in eGFR stratified by variations of the ideal CVH metrics.Results:After 6 years' follow-up,we did not find significant difference in ideal cardiovascular health indexes between 2014 and 2008 [(3.3±1.4) items vs.(3.2±1.3) items,respectively] (P＜0.05).However,the eGFR in 2014 was significantly lower than that in 2008 [(99.8±22.7) mL/(min.1.73 m2)vs (104.3±24.9) mL/(min.1.73 m2),respectively] (P＜0.01).After adjusting for age,sex,history of hypertension and diabetes,and history of drug usage (antihypertensive,cholesterol-lowering and blood glucose-lowering medication),the changes in ideal CVH metrics were positively associated with the changes in eGFR (β=0.701,P＜0.01).With the improved change in ideal CVH metrics from ≤-2 points,-1 point,0 point,1 point to ≥ 2 points,the magnitude of decline in eGFR was gradually decreased,with significant difference (F=21.71,P＜0.01).Conclusion:The changes in ideal CVH metrics are an independent risk factor for changes of eGFR.Positive changes in ideal CVH metrics exert a favorable effect on renal function evolution.

Investigation on ideal cardiovascular health status in 37664 health checkup subjects / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To investigate the distribution of ideal cardiovascular health status in Chinese health checkup population. Methods Subjects were enrolled from a health checkup population coming to the PLA health management center from Sept 2009 to Mar 2016. Modified with China's specifications, lifestyle and checkup data were collected and analyzed according to the American ideal cardiovascular health standard. Results A total of 37664 people were included in the study, of whom 72.88%were male and 27.12%were female. Comprehensive analysis showed that, among 7 health indicators including smoking, physical activity, diet, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, total cholesterol and body mass index, there were only 43 subjects (0.11%) whose lifestyle reached the ideal cardiovascular health status, 11 subjects were in the poor cardiovascular health status, accounting for 0.03%. The rest of the subjects were in the intermediate levels of cardiovascular health status. There was a large gap between the daily diet intake and the dietary recommendation, and there was also a large gap between the actual level physical activity and the ideal level of physical activity recommended by related guidelines, indicating that unhealthy diet and inadequate physical activity are two bottleneck factors. Dairy product intake has the lowest satisfaction ratio, followed by vegetable and fruit intake. Most subjects (94.10%) showed insufficient physical activity. The percentage of three status of cardiovascular health among young, middle-aged and elderly subjects differed significantly (χ2=1200, P=0.000), and presented an increasing trend of ideal cardiovascular health and a declining trend of poor cardiovascular health status with age from youth to middle age, to the elderly, which reflected insufficient physical activity especially among the young people, and then the middle-aged. Meanwhile, the proportion of ideal cardiovascular health in men was higher than that in women. Conclusion The rate of ideal cardiovascular health is relatively low in the study population, unhealthy diet and inadequate physical activity are two bottleneck factors. Encouraging people to develop good eating and exercise habits might be the most effective method to improve population's ideal cardiovascular health status.

Seafood lipids and cardiovascular health

Seafood lipids encompass important healthy nutrients, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), whichmay have a significant effect on human cardiovascular health and needs to be supplied by the human diet. Particularly, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the most abundant n-3 PUFA present in seafood and have an impact on the cardiovascular health. DHA and EPA are deemed to display anti-inflammatory, cell membrane modulation, and biophysical properties, thereby offsetting the pro-inflammatory effects of n-6 PUFA, and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Consumption of large amounts of n-3 PUFA exerts a positive effect on a wide array of cardiovascular health concerns ranging from hypertension and atherosclerosis to myocardial infarction and stroke. Infact, animal studies indicate that n-3 PUFAs play a bioactive cardiovascular protective role. Therefore, it is recommended up to two servings of fatty fish per week or up to 500 mg/day of EPA and DHA (World Health Organization).