A comparative study of cardiovascular responses to exercise in trained and untrained individuals

Background: This experiment has been designed for you to learn more about the way the cardiovascular system how it respond toward exercise. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease and its resultant debilitation of cardiac performance are expected to increase in the future generation. Eelier research on cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training has primarily focused on young generation. Recent work on the present study indicates that the basis of trained older male’s increased aerobic power is their superior ability to increase stroke volume during exercise, which, in turn, allows them to marked increase in cardiac output. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the differences in cardiovascular responses to exercise in trained and untrained individuals. Materials and Methods: In this, 100 subjects were included and divided into trained (50) and untrained (50) for a minimum of 1 year duration by the time of study and 50 untrained individuals acted as controls. Institution ethics committee permission obtained and the subjects performed four exercise sessions per week for a minimum of 1 year duration by the time of study; supervised by the personal trainers at gym center, according to instructions. Results: The mean resting heart rate (HR) of strength trained was lesser when compared to mean resting HR of untrained. Conclusion: Regular strength training exercise results in a decrease in weight, body fat, resistance of insulin, triglycerides, and an increase in excess good cholesterol levels. Regular strength training exercise if performed within normal limits decreases cardiovascular risk factors.

Dose-effect relationship of alfentanil inhibiting cardiovascular responses to endotracheal intubation when combined with midazolam and etomidate / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To investigate the dose-effect relationship of alfentanil inhibiting cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation when combined with midazolam and etomidate.Methods:American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of either sex, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index<32 kg/m 2, undergoing elective operation under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, were enrolled in this study.Midazolam 0.025 mg/kg was intravenously injected for adequate sedation, and 5 min later mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded for 3 consecutive times at an interval of 3 min, and the mean value was calculated and served as the baseline value.Etomidate 0.3 mg/kg was intravenously injected, and alfentanil and rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg were intravenously injected when bispectral index value < 60, and then 1.4 min later tracheal intubation was performed.The dose of alfentanil was determined by the Dixon′s up-and-down method.The initial dose of alfentanil was set at 20 μg/kg.The dose of alfentanil in the next patient was determined according to the development of cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation, and the ratio between the two successive doses was 1.0∶1.1.The cardiovascular response was defined as as positive when the maximum value of mean arterial pressure or heart rate increased by ≥20% of the baseline value within 2 min after endotracheal intubation.Probit method was used to determine the ED 50, ED 95 and 95% confidence interval of alfentanil inhibiting cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation. Results:When combined with midazolam and etomidate, the ED 50 (95% confidence interval) of alfentanil inhibiting cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation was 21.343 (19.105-24.516) μg/kg, and the ED 95 (95% confidence interval) was 25.043 (22.983-48.983) μg/kg. Conclusions:When combined with midazolam and etomidate, the ED 50 and ED 95 of alfentanil inhibiting cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation are 21.343 and 25.043 μg/kg, respectively.

Dose-response relationship of alfentanil in combination with midazolam-etomidate inhibiting cardiovascular responses to laryngeal mask airway implantation in elderly patients / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the dose-response relationship of alfentanil in combination with midazolam-etomidate inhibiting cardiovascular responses to laryngeal mask airway implantation in elderly patients.Methods:American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of either sex, aged 65-85 yr, with body mass index of 20-30 kg/m 2, undergoing elective operation under general anesthesia, were enrolled in this study.Midazolam 0.025 mg/kg was intravenously injected for adequate sedation, 5 min later mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded for 3 consecutive times at 3-min interval, the mean value was collected and considered as the baseline value.Etomidate 0.2 mg/kg was intravenously injected, and alfentanil and rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg were intravenously injected when bispectral index value < 60.A laryngeal mask airway was inserted at 1.4 min after intravenous injection of alfentanil, and mechanical ventilation was performed.The dose of alfentanil was determined by the Dixon′s up-and-down method.The initial dose of alfentanil was set at 6.83 μg/kg.The dose of alfentanil in the next patient was determined according to the development of cardiovascular response to laryngeal mask airway placement.If the cardiovascular response to laryngeal mask airway placement occurred, the dose was increased for the next patient, and if cardiovascular response to laryngeal mask airway placement did not occur, the dose was decreased, and the ratio between the two successive doses was 1.0∶1.1.The cardiovascular response to laryngeal mask airway placement was defined as increase in maximum mean arterial pressure or maximum heart rate by≥20% of baseline values within 2 min after laryngeal mask airway placement.The median effective dose (ED 50), 95% effective dose (ED 95) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of alfentanil inhibiting cardiovascular responses to laryngeal mask airway placement in elderly patients were calculated by the Probit method. Results:When combined with midazolam and etomidate, the ED 50 (95% CI) of alfentanil inhibiting the cardiovascular responses to laryngeal mask airway placement in elderly patients were 5.605 (5.036-6.082) μg/kg, and the ED 95 (95% CI) were 6.625 (6.125-9.763) μg/kg. Conclusions:When combined with midazolam and etomidate, the ED 50 and ED 95 of alfentanil inhibiting the cardiovascular responses to laryngeal mask airway placement are 5.605 and 6.625 μg/kg, respectively, in elderly patients.

Comparison of Cardiovascular and Psychological Responses to a 20-min Bath in Summer and Winter / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Background: This study aimed to clarify the effects of bathing on cardiovascular and psychological responses during winter and summer, focusing on three different time points (immediately after entering the bathtub, during bathing, and immediately after leaving the bathtub).   Methods: Ten young (29.6 ± 1.5 years) individuals were asked to bathe for 20 min with 40℃ hot water in summer and with 42℃ hot water in winter. The room temperature and humidity in winter were 20.1℃ and 56.7%, while those in summer were 27.0℃ and 58.3%, respectively. Tympanic temperature (Tty) was measured using a thermistor thermometer; systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured using an auto-sphygmomanometer, and double product (DP) was calculated using the value of HR multiplied by SBP value. Subjective thermal and comfortable sensations were evaluated using a seven-point rating scale.   Results: Results showed a significant increases in SBP values in both seasons immediately after bathing. In winter, DP increased significantly after bathing. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed in all parameters immediately after bathing between winter and summer. On the contraly, significant differences were observed in Tty, HR, and DP value between winter and summer during bathing. HR and DP values in winter were significantly lower than those in summer immediately after leaving the bathtub. A relationship between thermal sensation and comfortable sensation was observed in both seasons, but the strength of the relationship was more relevant in summer than in winter.   Conclusion: The effects of bathing in 42℃ hot water on the cardiovascular system in winter are greater than those in 40℃ hot water in summer. The high temperature of the bath water may not produce as much discomfort during winter than that during summer, therefore bathing time may be longer.

Comparison of Cardiovascular and Psychological Responses to a 20-min Bath in Summer and Winter / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Background: This study aimed to clarify the effects of bathing on cardiovascular and psychological responses during winter and summer, focusing on three different time points (immediately after entering the bathtub, during bathing, and immediately after leaving the bathtub).   Methods: Ten young (29.6±1.5 years) individuals were asked to bathe for 20 min with 40°C hot water in summer and with 42°C hot water in winter. The room temperature and humidity in winter were 20.1°C and 56.7%, while those in summer were 27.0°C and 58.3%, respectively. Tympanic temperature (Tty) was measured using a thermistor thermometer; systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured using an auto-sphygmomanometer, and double product (DP) was calculated using the value of HR multiplied by SBP value. Subjective thermal and comfortable sensations were evaluated using a seven-point rating scale.   Results: Results showed a significant increases in SBP values in both seasons immediately after bathing. In winter, DP increased significantly after bathing. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed in all parameters immediately after bathing between winter and summer. On the contraly, significant differences were observed in Tty, HR, and DP value between winter and summer during bathing. HR and DP values in winter were significantly lower than those in summer immediately after leaving the bathtub. A relationship between thermal sensation and comfortable sensation was observed in both seasons, but the strength of the relationship was more relevant in summer than in winter.   Conclusion: The effects of bathing in 42°C hot water on the cardiovascular system in winter are greater than those in 40°C hot water in summer. The high temperature of the bath water may not produce as much discomfort during winter than that during summer, therefore bathing time may be longer.

A Comparative Study Of Cardiovascular Response In Two Acute Submaximal Treadmill Exercise Tests And Its Correlation With Anthropometric Variables

Aim: (i) To assess and compare the cardiovascular response in two sub-maximal exercise tests. (ii) to see correlation between cardiovascular response and anthropometric variables. Method: 125 males 18-25 years underwent first three stages of the original Bruce protocol in one session and exercise according to Treadmill jogging test in another session in randomised order. Heart rate, blood pressure and ECG were recorded before, during and after taking the treadmill test. Results: During the exercise heart rate and systolic BP rose and diastolic BP fell in both the tests. Correlation analysis showed highly significant positive correlation between BMI and pre-exercise systolic BP, post-exercise heart rate and post-exercise systolic BPin both the tests. ECG showed no significant ST/Tor rhythm changes during or after the exercise. Conclusion: Heart rate and BPchanges were more in Bruce submaximal exercise test as compared to treadmill jogging test. Higher BMI was found to be correlated with higher resting systolic BP, higher post-exercise heart rate as well as higher post-exercise systolic BP.

Cardiovascular Response during Induction, Laryngoscopy, Intubation and Surgery in Normotensive and Controlled Hypertensive Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgeries under General Anaesthesia

Introduction: Hypertension is very common conditionamong adult and elderly patients. Ii is one of the importantrisk factor of atherosclerosis of vessels. Anesthetist’s morecommonly tackle the management of treated and untreatedhypertensive patients. The considerable concern of anaesthtistnot only strong association with coronary artery disease butpotential target organ damage. This study was conducted toassess cardiovascular response in different stages of generalanesthesia in abdominal surgeries.Material and methods: Sixty adult patients undergoingdifferent elective abdominal operations under generalanesthesia were included. Patients were divided into A andB group. A group consists of normotensive patients while Bgroup consists of controlled hypertensive patients. Their bloodpressure were controlled on single antihypertensive drug.B group further divided into B1 and B2. B1 group patientswere on beta blockers (BB) while B2 group patients were onangiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors(ACEI).Results: There was decrease in SAP, DP and HR in all groupsafter induction while there was increase in SAP, DP and HRin all groups after laryngoscopy and intubation. There wasminimal rise in SAP, DP and HR in all groups during surgery.The rise of HR was comparatively less in BB group thanACEI group during laryngoscopy and intubation while rise inSAP was comparatively more in ACEI than BB group duringsurgery.Conclusion: On the basis of the present observation it canbe concluded that pressure response and cardiac response(cardiovascular response) to laryngoscopy and intubationappears to be unaffected with these antihypertensive drugs.

A Comparative Study of Dexmedetomidine Versus Esmolol for Attenuation of Cardiovascular Response to Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation

The present study compares the effects of dexmedetomidine and esmolol on cardiovascular responseoccurring due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. A randomised controlled study was carried outon 90 healthy adult patients (ASA I and ASA II) under general anaesthesia. Patients were randomlyallocated into two groups i.e group E and group D. Group D received dexmedetomidine 0.6 µg/kg andgroup E received esmolol 1 mg/kg. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure wererecorded at baseline, at induction and at 1, 3, 5 and 10 minutes after intubation. This study showed thatdexmedetomidine (0.6 µg/kg) was more effective than esmolol (1mg/kg) for attenuating the cardiovascularresponse to laryngoscopy and intubation

Effect of Small Doses of Remifentanil on Preventing Cardiovascular Responses during Extubation in Operation of 40 Cases of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypoventilation Syndrome / 医药导报

Objective To study the effect of small doses of remifentanil in preventing cardiovascular responses to extubation in the operation of obstructive sleep apnea hypoventilation syndrome (OSAHS) . Methods Eighty patients with snoring under general anesthesia were selected. The patients were randomly divided into treatment group and control group with 40 cases in each group. The two groups used the same induction anaesthetics, and sevoflurane and remifentanil were used in both groups for anesthesia maintainance. The control group discontinued all anesthetics at the end of surgery; The treatment group stopped sevoflurane alone, and decreased and continued the infusion of remifentanil until extubation. The changes of heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation before anesthesia (t1) , extubation (t2) , 5 min after extubation (t3) , 10 min after extubation (t4) and 15 min after extubation (t5) were recorded. Recovery indexesand adverse reactions of anesthesia were recorded. Results The heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure were significantly increased at t2, t3, t4 and t5 in the two groups (P< 0.05) . SpO2 in all time intervals after extubation was slightly decreased, but the difference was not statistically significant (P> 0.05) .No significant differences were found between the two groups in the recovery time of spontaneous respiration, extubation time and the time returning to the ward (P > 0. 05) . The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the treatment group (7.5％) than in the control group (30.0％) (P< 0.05) . Conclusion Small doses of remifentanil can effectively prevent the cardiovascular responses during extubation in OSAHS operations, reduce the adverse reactions and increase the safety of extubation.

The period of the day affects the twenty-four hour blood pressure response to an acute combined exercise session in brazilian jiu jitsu athletes / O período do dia afeta a resposta de pressão arterial de 24 horas para uma sessão aguda de exercício combinado no brasileiro de jiu jitsu atletas / La hora del día afecta la respuesta de la presión arterial de 12: 0 am para una sesión de ejercicio combinado aguda en deportistas de Jiu-Jitsu brasileño

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a combined exercise session performed at different periods of the day on the 24h blood pressure (BP) response. Anaerobic threshold (AT) and 12 repetition maximum (12RM) tests were evaluated in nine Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (male) (22±3.7 y; 176±5.0 cm; 73.4±9.7 kg; 6.8±2.1 % body fat). Four experimental sessions were performed: resistance exercise followed by aerobic exercise [Morning (MornS) and Afternoon (AfternS)] and Control (C) [Morning and Afternoon]. The morning sessions were conducted at 09:00 a.m. and the afternoon sessions were conducted at 3:00 p.m. The resistance exercise consisted of three sets at 90% of a 12RM for six resistance exercises. The aerobic exercise consisted of 15min at 90% of the AT. Blood pressure (BP) was measured before, during and 1h (Microlife(r) BP3A1C) after the performance of exercises in laboratory, and then during daily activities for the succeeding 23h by ambulatory BP monitoring (Dyna-MAPA(r)). Analysis of the area under the curve (AUC) indicated significant reductions in blood pressure parameters at various time points during the 24h monitoring period. For systolic BP (SBP), significantly lower values were shown following the morning session versus the control (MornS: 1756.2±100.8 vs. C: 1818.2±84.3 mmHg*15h; p < .05) and total-24h (MornS: 2695.8±143.3 vs. C: 2784.1±143.2 mmHg*24h; p < .05). The total-24h mean BP (MAP) was also significantly lower following the morning session versus the control (MornS: 2015.7±121.2 vs. C: 2087.3±153.8 mmHg*24h; p < .05). There were significant differences in the sleeping AUC of SBP (AfternS: 883.6±27.0 vs. C: 965.2±67.9 mmHg*9h; p < .05), diastolic BP (DBP) (AfternS: 481.4±30.9 vs. MornS: 552.9±34.2 and C: 562.1±52.3 mmHg*9h; p < .01) and MBP (AfternS: 651.9±22.4 vs. MornS: 708.7±43.1 and C: 726.9±64.7 mmHg*9h; p < .01)...

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito de uma sessão combinada de exercício realizada em diferentes períodos do dia, sobre as respostas de pressão arterial (PA) durante 24h. Limiar anaeróbio (LA) e teste de 12 repetições máximas (12RM) foram avaliados em nove atletas (masculinos) de jiu-jitsu (22,0±3,7 anos; 176,0±5,0 cm; 73,4±9,7 kg; 6,8±2,1 %gordura). Quatro sessões experimentais foram realizadas: exercício resistido + exercício aeróbio [manhã (ManhaE) e tarde (TardeE)] e sessão controle (C) [manhã e tarde]. A sessão da manhã foi realizada 09:00h e a sessão da tarde foi realizada ás 15:00h. O exercício resistido consistiu em três séries a 90% de 12RM em seis exercícios. O exercício aeróbio consistiu em 15min a 90% do LA. PA foi mensurada antes, durante e 1h (Microlife(r) BP3A1C) após a realização dos exercícios em laboratório e 23h durante as atividades diárias com a monitorização ambulatorial da PA (Dyna-MAPA(r)). Ao analisar os valores da área abaixo da curva (AAC) indicaram reduções significativas nos parâmetros de pressão arterial em vários pontos de tempo durante o período de acompanhamento de 24 horas. Para a PA sistólica (PAS), observaram-se valores significativamente mais baixos após a sessão realizada pela manha em comparação a sessão controle na vigília (ManhaE: 1756,2±100,8 vs. C: 1818,2±84,3 mmHg*15h; p< 0,05) e 24h-total (ManhaE: 2695,8±143,3 vs. C: 2784,1±143,2 mmHg*24h; p< 0,05). Nas 24h-total também ocorreu diferença na PA média (PAM) (ManhaE: 2015,7±121,2 vs. C: 2087,3±153,8 mmHg*24h; p< 0,05). Houve uma diferença significativa na AAC no período de sono na PAS (TardeE: 883,6±27,0 vs. C: 965,2±67,9 mmHg*9h; p < 0,05), PA diastólica (PAD) (TardeE: 481,4±30,9 vs. ManhaE: 552,9±34,2 e C: 562,1±52,3 mmHg*9h; p< 0,01) e PAM (TardeE: 651,9±22,4 vs. ManhaE: 708,7±43,1 e C: 726,9±64,7 mmHg*9h; p< 0,01)...

El objetivo de estudio fue comparar el efecto de una sesión combinada de ejercicio realizada en diferentes períodos del día, sobre las respuestas de presión arterial (PA) durante 24h. Umbral anaeróbico (Uan) y test de 12 repeticiones máximas (12RM). Fueron evaluados nueve atletas (hombres) de jiu-jitsu (22,0±3,7 años; 176,0±5,0 cm; 73,4±9,7 kg; 6,8±2,1% grasa). Cuatro sesiones de test fueron realizadas: ejercicio resistido + ejercicio aeróbico [mañana (MañaE) y tarde (tardE)] y sesión control (C) [mañana y tarde]. La sesión matinal ocurrió las 9.00 y la sesión vespertina ocurrió las 15.00. El ejercicios resistidos consistió en tres series a 90% de 12 RM em seis ejercicios. El ejercicio aeróbico consistió en 15 minutos a 90% de LA. La presión arterial (PA) fue medida antes, durante y 1 hora tras la realización de los ejercicios en laboratorio (Microlife(r) BP3A1C) y 23 horas durante las actividades diarias con el monitoreo ambulatorio de la PA (Dyna-MAPA(r)). Mediante el análisis del área bajo la curva (ABC) mostraron reducciones significativas en los parámetros de PA en varios puntos de tiempo durante el período de seguimiento de 24 horas. Para la PA sistólica (PAS), hubo valores significativamente más bajos después de las sesiones de vigilia (MañaE: 1756,2±100,8 vs. C: 1818,2±84,3 mmHg*15h; p< 0,05) y 24hs-total (MañaE: 2695,8±143,3 vs. C: 2784,1±143,2 mmHg*24h; p< 0,05). En las 24hs-total también ocurrió diferencia en la PA media (PAM) (MañaE: 2015,7±121,2 vs. C: 2087,3±153,8 mmHg*24h; p< 0,05). En durante el sueño ocurrieron alteraciones en el ABC de la PA PAS (tardE: 883,6±27,0 vs. C: 965,2±67,9 mmHg*9h; p< 0,05), PA diastólica (PAD) (tardE: 481,4±30,9 vs. MañaE: 552,9±34,2 y C: 562,1±52,3 mmHg*9h; p< 0,01) y PA media (tardE: 651,9±22,4 vs. RAM: 708,7±43,1 y C: 726,9±64,7 mmHg*9h; p< 0,01)...

Comparison of cardiovascular responses measured with a Vigileo-FloTrac device after propofol or etomidate with remifentanil for the induction of general anesthesia in geriatric patients

BACKGROUND: Remifentanil efficiently blunts the stress response during endotracheal intubation, but also causes hypotension, especially in geriatric patients. Hence, this study was designed to compare the hemodynamic changes during the induction with propofol or etomidate in geriatric patients. METHODS: Sixty ASA physical status class I or II geriatric patients, who were scheduled for elective surgery, were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 30 each). Induction was performed with either propofol (2 mg/kg mixed with lidocaine 40 mg, Group P) or etomidate (0.2 mg/kg, Group E). Both groups received a bolus dose of remifentanil (1 microg/kg), followed with continuous administration (0.1 microg/kg/min). An additional bolus dose (50 microg) was repeated, if needed. The systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rates and cardiac index were measured before induction (baseline vital signs), after propofol or etomidate administration, before intubation, immediately after intubation and at 1, 3, 5 and 10 minutes after intubation. RESULTS: Patient characteristics and baseline vital signs were similar in both groups. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were significantly decreased in group P compared with those in group E (P < 0.05). Heart rates decreased after the injection of both propofol or etomidate, but were recovered after intubation. 5 patients in group P and 14 patients in group E needed an additional bolus dose of remifentanil (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Etomidate can be used safely with remifentanil for the stable induction of anesthesia in geriatric patients.

Gender effect on the preoperative cardiovascular responses in pediatric patients undergoing two-stage ear reconstruction surgery for microtia

BACKGROUND: The hemodynamic reactions to psychological stress were different between adult genders. Our aim was to investigate the hypothesis that preoperative cardiovascular responses in children undergoing ear reconstruction surgeries will be different according to gender. METHODS: We obtained data from children, aged 7-16 years, undergoing reconstruction surgeries for microtia during 2005-2009. Number of boys receiving primarily rib cartilage graft (RCG) surgery and secondarily ear elevation procedure was 121 and 83, respectively, and girls 48 and 28, respectively. Preoperative systolic (S), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) on each surgery were compared between genders, and within genders. RESULTS: Boys were younger than girls by one year at first and second admission. Boys showed significantly lower preoperative DBP than girls (mean difference [MD]: -3.7 mmHg, 95%CI: -6.1 to -1.3, P = 0.032) before RCG, whereas significantly higher SBP (MD: 21.5 mmHg, 95%CI: 16.6 to 26.4, P < 0.001), and DBP (MD: 10.2 mmHg, 95%CI: 6.0 to 14.4, P < 0.001) before ear elevation. Comparison between the two surgeries within the same gender indicated that boys demonstrated significantly higher SBP (P < 0.001) and DBP (P < 0.001) before ear elevation than before RCG; however SBP was comparable and DBP was significantly lower (P = 0.035) before ear elevation than before RCG in girls. CONCLUSIONS: Gender impact on the preoperative cardiovascular reactions was evident in children undergoing microtia surgery.

Evaluation of cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise in trained female basket ball and volley ball players.

Background: Physical inactivity is recognized as a risk factor for coronary artery diseases. The aim of present study was to observe changes induced by isometric hand grip exercise on cardiovascular responses in young healthy trained female Volleyball and Basketball players. Methods: This study was carried out at Department of Physiology, J.S.S. Medical College and Hospital. Hundred and eighty (180) female participants were included and were divided into trained Volleyball & Basketball players and healthy adult controls of 60 each. Estimation of SBP, DBP, MAP and HR were carried out before, after and during various duration of exercise by adopting standard procedures Results: The mean SBP, DBP, MAP and HR at various durations for female subjects playing basketball, Volleyball and Control groups shows a significant increase (p<0.0001) in all the parameters at rest, during isometric HG exercise and at post exercise in untrained Controls compared with trained subjects. No significant difference was observed in the above said parameters at rest, during isometric HG exercise and at post exercise between Subjects and between volleyball and basketball players. Conclusions: Exercise leads to significant decrease in cardiovascular stress in trained individuals.

Evaluation of dose effects of magnesium sulfate on rocuronium injection pain and hemodynamic changes by laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Rocuronium produces injection pain in 50-80% of treated patients. Therefore, a variety of pretreatments have been attempted to reduce this issue. We evaluated the efficacy of 3 different doses of magnesium on the rocuronium injection pain and following hemodynamic changes by laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation (LTI). METHODS: Two hundreds patients, ASA I and II, undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery were randomly divided to 4 groups: group 1, 2, 3, 4 received saline 5 ml, magnesium 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg prior to 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium, respectively. Then, group 1 only was treated with esmolol (20 mg) before LTI. Pain intensity with rocuronium injection was assessed using a four-point scale according to patient's movement. Cardiovascular responses at baseline, after induction, 1 minutes after LTI were determined. RESULTS: Compared to saline, 10 and 20 mg/kg of magnesium significantly reduced the incidence of overall movement after rocuronium injection (34% and 36% in group 3 and 4, respectively vs. 76% in the group 1) (P < 0.0001). Generalized movement was seen in 4% of patients in groups 3 and 4, respectively. Compared to baseline values, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) immediately after LTI significantly increased within groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001), but not within groups 3 and 4. CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium (10 and 20 mg/kg) prior to rocuronium was effective in attenuating rocuronium associated injection pain and cardiovascular changes by LTI.

The comparison of the GlideScope and direct laryngoscopy in snoring surgery under general anesthesia endotracheal intubation / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To compare effect of the GlideScope and direct laryngoscopy in snoring surgery.Methods Fourty patients scheduled for orotracheal intubation of general anesthesia in snoring surgery wererandomly divided into GlideScope group ( A group) and direct laryngoscope group ( B group). Two groups were recorded values of heart rate (HR),systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP)before induction (T1), after induction (T2), intubation (T3) and 1 (T4), 3 (T5), 5 (T6) min after intubation and plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations in T1, T5, T6. Results ( 1 ) Values of HR, SBP and DBP of two groups were compared in T1 and T2, the difference was not significant ( P ＞ 0.05 ); Values of SBP and DBP of two groups compared T1 to T2, and the difference was significant ( P ＜ 0. 05); (2) Values of HR, SBP and DBP of two groups compared in T3, T4 and T5, and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.05);(3 ) Values of the concentration of plasma NE of two groups compared in T1 ,T5 and T6, and the difference was statistically significant ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion Cardiovascular response and stress response of orotracheal intubation using a videolaryngoscope is lower than using ordinary laryngoscope in snoring surgery.

Increase of blood pressure and heart rate during desflurane inhalation in a patient with tracheostomy state: A case report

A rapid increase in desflurane concentration induces hypertension and tachycardia and increases plasma catecholamine concentration. This sympathetic stimulation occurs when desflurane is inspired with high concentration shortly after anesthetic induction or when the inspired concentration of desflurane is rapidly increased during steady-state periods of anesthesia. We represent a case of increase of blood pressure and heart rate during desflurane inhalation in a patient with tracheostomy state.

Respuestas psicofisiológicas y cognitivas ante situaciones estresantes en estudiantes de la Universidad Simón Bolívar / Psychophysiological and cognitive responses to stressful situations in students of the Universidad Simón Bolívar

En esta investigación se midió la respuesta cardiovascular al estrés, autoeficacia computacional y la percepción de dificultad de la tarea, en una muestra de 115 estudiantes de pregrado de la Universidad Simón Bolívar. Los resultados evidencian que en cuanto a los parámetros fisiológicos cardiovasculares, hubo elevación en la presión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca en ambas versiones del test de stroop (clásico y computarizado). En general, la percepción de la dificultad de la tarea en estos sujetos fue más elevada ante el stroop clásico. Finalmente, en relación con la autoeficacia computacional los sujetos presentan valores altos, lo cual indica una percepción de habilidades para trabajar frente a un computador. Estos resultados representan una contribución importante, pues están indicando la relación de las variables cognitivas y las respuestas fisiológicas del estudiante universitario ante situaciones demandantes o difíciles. De esta manera, las situaciones vividas en el ambiente académico pueden tener un impacto relevante en los estados de salud, y debemos tomar en consideración estos aspectos para el beneficio integral del estudiante

In this investigation of the Cardiovascular Response to Stress, Perceived Task Difficulty and physiological responding were measured. The study used a sample of 115 undergraduate students of a Simon Bolivar University. Results show that a great elevation of heart rate and blood pressure was observed during exposure to the two versions of the Stroop Test (classical and computerized). In general, ratings of perceived difficulty of the Stroop task were higher in response to the Classical administration. Finally, subjects rated their Computer Self-Efficacy as high, indicating confidence and comfort working with computers. These results represent an important contribution that illustrate the relation of cognitive factors to physiological responses during cognitively demanding or difficult situations. In terms of the practical implications of these findings, situations experienced in academic environments can have a prominent impact in cardiovascular responding, and thus, health. As such, it is indicating that the medium of academic assessment might be an appropriate target for change in some settings for the benefit of the Student

Força muscular versus pressão arterial de repouso: uma revisão baseada no treinamento com pesos / Muscular strength versus blood pressure at rest: a review based on weight training

INTRODUÇÃO: O exercício com pesos é atualmente recomendado para diferentes grupos de indivíduos. Seu principal objetivo é o aumento na força muscular, mas podem ocorrer outros resultados , como a redução na pressão arterial (PA) de repouso. Contudo, é pouco abordada a relação entre prescrição do treinamento com pesos, aumento da força e comportamento da PA de repouso em humanos. OBJETIVO: Analisar a PA após uma sessão aguda de exercícios com pesos e após um período de treinamento com pesos, em indivíduos normotensos e hipertensos, em estudos publicados na literatura internacional. MÉTODOS: As referências foram selecionadas de três formas distintas: 1) para compor as sugestões de treinamento de pesos foi utilizado um estudo meta-analítico e um posicionamento oficial de uma reconhecida entidade de pesquisa; 2) para os dados do exercício com pesos e PA de repouso nos momentos pós-exercício, foram pesquisados estudos na base Medline publicados em inglês que acompanharam a PA por pelo menos 60 min; 3) as referências sobre treinamento com pesos em longo prazo e PA de repouso foram resgatadas do último estudo meta-analítico sobre o tema, adicionadas dos experimentos publicados até julho de 2008. RESULTADOS: Após analisar as referências, a prescrição do treinamento com pesos, na maioria dos estudos, seguiu sugestões atuais. Porém, somente em poucos estudos a PA de repouso foi reduzida, tanto em normotensos quanto em hipertensos. CONCLUSÕES: Mesmo com certa variação na prescrição, o treinamento com pesos parece ser suficiente para aumentar a força muscular. Contudo, ainda faltam pesquisas para inferir sobre sua relação com a PA de repouso de normotensos e hipertensos.

INTRODUCTION: Weight training is currently recommended to different groups of individuals. Its main objective is increase in muscular strength, but other results may occur, such as blood pressure (BP) at rest reduction. However, the relationship among weight training prescription, increase in strength and BP behavior at rest in humans is little approached. AIM: To analyze BP after an acute session of weight exercises and after a weight training period in normotensive and hypertensive individuals, in studies published in the international literature. METHODS: References were selected in three distinct ways: 1) in order to compose the weight training suggestions, a meta-analytical and an official positioning of a recognized research entity was used; 2) for the weight exercise and BP at rest data at the post-exercise moments, studies from the Medline basis published in English which followed BP for at least 60 min were researched; 3) references on long term-weight training and BP at rest were retrieved from the last metaanalytical study on the topic, added to the experiments published until July, 2008. RESULTS: After analyzing the references, prescription of weight training in most of the studies followed current recommendations. Nevertheless, only in few studies BP at rest was reduced, both in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Despite certain variation in prescription, weight training seems to be efficient in increasing muscular strength. However, further research is still needed in order to infer on its correlation with BP at rest in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.

Comparison of airwayscope to direct laryngoscope and lightwand for cardiovascular response in patients with difficult airway / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Airwayscope (AWS), which has been used successfully for difficult airway in general anesthesia, has been anticipated that hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation in the difficult airway may be attenuated. Also, there is a series of reports demonstrating the successful use of lightwand to open the difficult airway. Thus, we decided to conduct a survey to compare AWS to lightwand and to direct laryngoscopy of cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation. METHODS: Of 64 healthy patients without cardiovascular disease, 22, 21, 21 patients were randomly assigned to AWS group, lightwand group and direct laryngoscope group. After induction of general anesthesia, intubation was performed with manual in-line neck stabilization. During laryngoscopy, a modified Cormack-Lehane grade was assessed and time to intubation was measured. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at the following timepoints: baseline, just before intubation, 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 4 min and 5 min after intubation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the 3 groups in SAP, HR (P > 0.05). However modified Cormack-Lehane grade of all patients in the AWS group was I, while that in direct laryngoscope group was IIB or III. In addition, the mean time to intubation of the direct laryngoscope group was significantly longer than that of the AWS and lightwand (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the difficult airway, AWS was very effective in improving laryngeal view and decreasing time to intubation compared to direct laryngoscopey. In addition, lightwand reduced the time to intubation. However we could not find any significant difference in hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation among the 3 groups.

A comparative study on the efficacy and cardiovascular response generated by macintosh and pentax-AWS video laryngoscopic endotracheal intubation methods / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The Pentax-AWS is a newly developed rigid video laryngoscope. In comparison to the Macintosh laryngoscope, it offers a significantly improved laryngeal view and facilitates endotracheal intubation. The present study was performed to compare the general efficiency and the cardiovascular responses generated by Macintosh and Pentax-AWS systems during endotracheal intubation. METHODS: This study included 120 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class 1 or 2 requiring tracheal intubation for elective surgery. All patients were randomly allocated into two groups: Pentax-AWS (group P) and Macintosh (group M). Induction of anesthesia was performed using fentanyl, thiopental and succinylcholine intravenously. Systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, MBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded just prior to induction, 1, 3, and 5 minutes after intubation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in SBP, MBP, DBP and HR between both groups. However, group P showed a higher POGO (Percentage of Glottic Opening) score than group M during endotracheal intubation. CONCLUSIONS: Use of Pentax-AWS in endotracheal intubation did not increase hemodynamic changes compared to the use of Macintosh laryngoscope. Furthermore, Pentax-AWS offered an improved laryngeal view during endotracheal intubation.