Differential biological activity of two extracts of ripe fruits of Carica candamarcensis Hook on human neutrophils / Actividad biologica diferencial de dos extractos de frutos maduros de Carica candamarcensis Hook en neutrófilos humanos

We evaluated the effect of the total macerate (TM) and seed oil (SO) of mature Carica candamarcensis fruits, on the release of Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and the phosphorylation of MAPK in neutrophils. The antioxidant capacity of these extracts was evaluated by ABTS assay. Neutrophils stimulated with different dilutions of TM or SO were analyzed for cytotoxicity, MMP9 release, and MAPK phosphorylation, using trypan blue exclusion assays, zymography, and immunoblotting, respectively. Both extracts show antioxidant activity, being higher in TM; none presented cytotoxic effect. The 5% and 2.5% dilutions of TM significantly reduced MMP9 release, and all decreased MAPK phosphorylation. SO significantly increased the release o f MMP9 and MAPK phosphorylation, the effect being greater when they were prestimulated with lipopolysaccharide.TM may have anti - inflammatory potential, while SO could have a priming effect that needs to be confirmed

Evaluamos el efecto del macerado total (MT) y aceite de semillas (AV) de frutos maduros de Carica candamarcensis , en la liberación de Matriz metaloproteinasa 9 (MMP9) y la fosfor ilación de MAPK en neutrófilos. La capacidad antioxidante de estos extractos se evaluó por ensayo ABTS. En neutrófilos estimulados con diferentes diluciones de MT o AV se analizó la citotoxicidad, liberación de MMP9 y fosforilación de MAPK, mediante ensayo s de exclusión con azul de tripano, zimografía e inmunotransferencia, respectivamente. Ambos extractos muestran actividad antioxidante, siendo mayor en MT; ninguno presentó efecto citotóxico. Las diluciones 5% y 2,5% de MT redujeron significativamente la l iberación de MMP9, y todas disminuyeron la fosforilación de MAPK. El AV incrementó significativamente la liberación de MMP9 y la fosforilación de MAPK, el efecto fue mayor cuando se preestimularon con lipopolisacárido. El MT puede tener potencial antiinfla matorio, mientras que el AV podría tener un efecto "priming" que necesita ser corroborado.

Physiochemical response of papaya genotypes exposed to low temperature regimes

Susceptibility to low temperature stress is the major threat to papaya cultivation. Here, we studied a low temperature stress tolerance in papaya plant. We have investigated the effect of different low temperature regimes, 28°/18°C (day/night) to 16°/06°C (day/night) with a gradual decrease of 2°C on every two days and one set with direct exposure to the low temperature of 18°/08°C (day/night), called the acclimatized plant, in five diverse papaya genotypes (Pusa Nanha, Red Lady P-7-2, P-7-9, and P-7-14) and cold tolerant wild relative of cultivated papaya genotype (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis V.M. Badillo) under controlled regulated conditions. It was observed that there were significant variations in the physiological and biochemical parameters like photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll content, fluorescence parameters, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), total sugars content, total soluble proteins content, lipid peroxidation, and proline accumulation in leaf tissues. Maximum stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, RWC, MSI, total sugars, total soluble proteins, proline and lowest MDA contents were observed in Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis followed by inbred P-7-9 as compared to other genotypes under low temperature stress. Among all the papaya genotypes, P-7-9 showed more adaptability to low temperature stress and it further give new insights for developing low temperature tolerant papaya genotypes, especially under changing climate situations.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Commonly used Plants for Wound Treatment in Southwestern Nigeria

Aims: Infection of wounds by microorganisms can prolong wound healing process and result in wound associated complications. Therefore, wound treatment entails the use of antimicrobial agents usually administered directly on the wound where possible to prevent microbial colonization. Traditionally, various plants have been used in wound treatment in different regions of the world. This study evaluated the contribution of the antibacterial activity of four plants commonly use in the treatment of wound in southwestern Nigeria to their ethnobotanically acclaimed wound healing property. Methodology: The antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the selected plants (Chromolaena odorata, Sida acuta, Ageratum conyzoides and Carica papaya) was evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay. Wound isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, two commonly isolated Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria from wounds were used for this study. Antibacterial activity was inferred for plant extracts that achieved zone of inhibition ? 7 mm in diameter (size of the well inclusive). Results: Generally, the ethanolic extracts of the selected plants showed better extraction yield and antibacterial activity compared to the aqueous extracts. The ethanolic extracts of the four selected plants demonstrated antibacterial activity against the test organisms used while only the aqueous extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Sida acuta showed activity against both test organisms. The aqueous extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Carica papaya only showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrated that the antibacterial activity of the selected plants contributes to their acclaimed wound healing property. Although there is need to investigate the role of other non-antibacterial properties of the plants that may be associated with wound healing to fully understand the usefulness of the plants in wound treatment.

Systems biology applied to the study of papaya fruit ripening: the influence of ethylene / Biologia de sistemas aplicada ao estudo do amadurecimento de mamões: a influência do etileno

Fruit ripening is a biochemical process that results in flavor, odor, texture, and color suitable for human consumption, in addition to providing access to important nutrients. Although ripening promotes sensory and nutritional increases in fruits, there is also an increased susceptibility to physical damage, as is the case with papaya. These transformations occur due to changes in gene expression patterns at different stages of maturity, whose control and coordination result from the combined action of plant hormones, especially ethylene. As the action of this hormone in the regulation of gene expression is still elusive, this dissertation sought to address the global analysis of the transcriptome in an overview study of molecular processes involved in the ripening of ethylene-treated and non-treated papaya. Transcription factors related to ethylene synthesis and signaling had increased activity towards exogenous-ethylene treatment. Consequently, ethylene-induced enzymes had their coding genes differentially expressed, like genes related to the synthesis of carotenoids, linalool, and vitamins, which increase color, aroma, and antioxidant activity, respectively. Metabolic pathways related to the synthesis of sugars were suppressed while genes encoding the enzyme responsible for sucrose synthesis maintained a basal expression, showing that the accumulation of sugars occurs before the ripening process. The firmness of the peel and pulp of the fruits were strongly influenced by the treatment with ethylene and by the time of the experiment, suffering the action of numerous enzymes related to the degradation of the cell wall. The main enzyme responsible for softening the pulp was polygalacturonase, together with the activity of other pectinases and cellulases. In contrast to the need for the pre-climacteric action of pectate lyase and pectinesterase reported in other fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes and strawberries, papaya did not show a significant difference in their expression. The meta-analysis of several papaya ripening transcriptomes confirmed the expression profile observed in the previous RNA-seq, besides providing statistical enrichment to the biological narratives. Finally, the present study gathered a range of robust information on the gene regulation of the papaya ripening process, which opens possibilities for future approaches to transcriptomic analysis and validates the use of papaya as a model for such studies

O amadurecimento de frutos é um processo bioquímico que resulta em sabor, odor, textura e cor adequados para o consumo humano, além de propiciar o acesso a nutrientes importantes. Apesar do amadurecimento promover incrementos sensoriais e nutricionais nos frutos, ocorre também um aumento da suscetibilidade a danos físicos, como é o caso do mamão. Essas transformações ocorrem devido às alterações nos padrões de expressão gênica nos diferentes estádios de amadurecimento, cujo controle e coordenação decorrem da ação combinada de hormônios vegetais, principalmente do etileno. Como a ação deste hormônio na regulação da expressão gênica ainda é elusiva, a presente dissertação buscou abordar a análise global do transcriptoma em um amplo estudo dos processos moleculares envolvidos no amadurecimento de mamões tratados e não tratados com etileno. Os fatores de transcrição relacionados com a síntese e a sinalização do etileno tiveram sua atividade aumentada perante o tratamento exógeno com etileno. Consequentemente, as enzimas reguladas por esse hormônio tiveram seus genes de codificação expressos diferencialmente, como foi o caso de genes relacionados à síntese de carotenoides, linalool e vitaminas, que atuam no aumento da cor, aroma e atividade antioxidante, respectivamente. Vias metabólicas relacionadas com à síntese de açúcares foram reprimidas enquanto genes codificantes da enzima responsável pela síntese de sacarose mantiveram uma expressão basal, evidenciando que o acúmulo de açúcares ocorre antes do processo de amadurecimento. A firmeza da casca e da polpa dos frutos foram fortemente influenciadas pelo tratamento com etileno e pelo tempo de experimento, sofrendo ação de inúmeras enzimas relacionadas com a degradação da parede celular. A principal enzima responsável pelo amolecimento da polpa foi a poligalacturonase, em conjunto com a atividade de outras pectinases e celulases. Em contraste com a necessidade da ação pré-climatérica da pectato liase e da pectinesterase relatada em outras frutas carnosas, como tomates e morangos, o mamão não apresentou uma diferença significativa na expressão das mesmas. A meta-análise de diversos transcriptomas do amadurecimento do mamão reafirmaram o perfil de expressão observado no RNA-seq, além de prover enriquecimento estatístico às narrativas biológicas. Por fim, o presente estudo reuniu uma gama de informações robustas sobre a regulação gênica do processo de amadurecimento do mamão papaia, o que abrange a possibilidade para futuras abordagens de análise transcriptomica e valida o uso do mamão como modelo para tais estudos

Postharvest conservation of Formosa 'Tainung 1' papaya under refrigeration, modified atmosphere, and chitosan

The objective of this work is to evaluate the use of modified atmosphere and chitosan as an alternative to chemical treatment in postharvest conservation of 'Tainung 1' papaya under refrigeration. The experiment comprised of completely randomized blocks with four replications, one fruit per replication, with a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial design as follows: two types of packaging (with or without polyvinyl chloride [PVC] stretchable film, thickness of 17 µm), four treatments (control, 2% chitosan, 4% chitosan, and prochloraz fungicide with 33.75 g a.i.·100 L­1), and four storage periods (0, 7, 14, and 21 days) at 10 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 90 ± 5%. The variables evaluated were mass loss (ML), external appearance, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), vitamin C, reducing sugars (RS), and total sugars (TS). The storage of 'Formosa' papaya under refrigeration at 10 °C and RH of 90 ± 5% associated with PVC provided a low percentage of ML and longer conservation time of apparent quality (up to 7 days) in relation to fruits with no storage in PVC. The external appearance of fruits was preserved for up to 14 days by the PVC + 4% chitosan treatment and for up to 21 days by the PVC + prochloraz fungicide treatment. The treatment PVC + 4% chitosan associated with refrigeration is efficient in maintaining fruit quality. It is, for up to 14 days, a viable alternative to the use of prochloraz fungicide for postharvest conservation of 'Formosa' papaya.

Organogenesis on apical buds in common fig (Ficus carica) var. Black Jack

BACKGROUND Plant tissue culture involves the use of explants obtained from plants to induce organogenesis with the help of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Micropropagation techniques provide a faster and economical solution to the limitations associated with traditional methods of plant cultivation. The present study focuses on the multiple shoot induction and proliferation of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. Factors that influence the growth of in vitro multiple shoots on the apical buds, which include growth media and PGRs, were investigated in this study. Different concentrations of cytokinins like 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Thidiazuron (TDZ), and Kinetin (Kin) were used on woody plant medium (WPM) for the optimization of media for multiple shoot induction and proliferation. RESULTS Apical buds of Ficus carica var. Black Jack growing in WPM supplemented with BAP produced the healthiest plantlets, with the highest number of multiple shoots. The most efficient medium composition which produced the highest number of multiple shoots (37.8) per growing explant was WPM supplemented with 20 mM BAP. Proliferated multiple shoots were efficiently rooted using WPM + 20 mM BAP + 8 mM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). This optimized medium composition significantly enhanced the production of multiple, disease-free plantlets using single apical bud explants of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. CONCLUSIONS In the present study the observations indicate that WPM supplemented with 20 mM BAP is the best-suited medium for organogenesis and multiple shoot culture of Ficus carica var. Black Jack, and this technique can be potentially applied for commercialization of the plant

Antibacterial efficacy of Carica papaya leaf extract, probiotics, kidodent, and placebo mouthwashes in reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans A double-blinded parallel designed randomized controlled trial

Aim: To compare the antibacterial efficacy of Kidodent, Probiotics, and Carica papaya Leaf extract mouthwashes in reducing Streptococcus mutans count in 8–12 years' old school children. Methodology: Sixty children of age group of 8–12 years were nominated and grouped as Group A (Kidodent mouthwash), Group B (probiotics mouthwash) Group C (C. papaya leaf extract mouthwash), and Group D (distilled water placebo). Probiotics sachets (Prebact) of about 1 g were diluted in 10 ml of water and given as mouthwash. C. papaya leaf extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction using ethanol as a solvent. Participants were asked to rinse with mouthwashes for 30 s once daily for up to 15 days. Saliva samples were collected and inoculated using Salivarius Mitis and Agar Agar Type I at 38°C for 24 h and incubated, later colony-forming units per milliliter were determined by serial dilution and calculated using colony counter manually. Statistical Analysis: Data were statistically analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and t-test using the SPSS V.20 software. Results: Probiotics and C. papaya leaf extract mouthwashes were equally effective as Kidodent in reducing S. mutans count in saliva. Conclusion: Probiotics and C. papaya leaf extract mouthwashes manifested potential efficacy in reduction of S. mutans.

Evaluation of Caripill™ as a component of platelet storage solution

ABSTRACT Background Carica papaya Linn. has high nutraceutical and pharmacological values. The leaves possess antimicrobial, anti-tumor and antioxidant properties. They are used to treat thrombocytopenia during dengue fever and the leaf extract is commercially available as tablets under the name Caripill™ (MicroLabs, Bengaluru). Nevertheless, platelet transfusion is recommended in severe cases of thrombocytopenia, but the platelet storage is limited to 5-7 days at 22−24 °C. Reducing oxidative stress (OS) during platelet storage might help in prolonging the shelf-life, since the OS is known to cause platelet storage lesion. Hence, this study investigated the effects of Caripill™ as an additive in Tyrode's buffer during extended platelet storage. Methods Platelets isolated from 4 months old male Wistar rats were stored with Caripill™ (50 and 100 µg/ml) at 22 °C for 12 days. Platelet functional and metabolic markers and various OS markers were analyzed on days 0, 4, 8 and 12. Results Caripill™ (50 and 100 µg/ml) maintained platelet functions and lactate dehydrogenase, elevated nitrites, reduced glucose consumption, protected proteins and up-regulated the antioxidant enzymes. However, the CP100 up-regulated catalase from day 4, elevated nitrites from day 8, prevented the formation of secondary products of lipid peroxidation and increased the total antioxidant capacity on day 4. Conclusions Caripill™ reduced platelet storage lesion up to day 8 of storage. Results suggest that a higher concentration of Caripill™ was more effective in combating the oxidative damage during platelet storage. This study throws light on the beneficial effects of Caripill™ in combating oxidative stress during platelet storage.

Blanching of papaya: effect on osmotic dehydration and characterization of the fruit invertase / Branqueamento de mamão: efeito na desidratação osmótica e caracterização da invertase da fruta

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the influence of blanching on osmotic dehydration in sucrose solutions of papaya of Formosa cultivar. The characterization of invertase present in the fruits was also done. Blanching possibly caused damages to the cellular structure resulting in higher water loss, sugar gain and, thus, effective diffusion coefficients than fresh papayas during osmotic dehydration. The invertase extracted from papaya pulp presented optimum temperature of 45 °C and optimum pH of 4.8. Considering the low production cost of papaya and the invertase characteristics, the fruit shows to be a potential source for the referred enzyme extraction.

RESUMO: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do branqueamento na desidratação osmótica de mamão Formosa em soluções de sacarose. A caracterização da invertase presente nos frutos também foi realizada. O branqueamento possivelmente danificou a estrutura celular do vegetal resultando em maior perda de água, ganho de açúcar e, consequentemente, maior coeficiente de difusão do que os mamões frescos após a desidratação osmótica. A invertase extraída da polpa do mamão apresentou temperatura ótima de 45 °C e pH ótimo de 4.8. Considerando o baixo custo de produção do mamão e as características da invertase, essa fruta apresenta-se como potencial fonte de extração da enzima.

Toxicidad amoniacal afecta la absorción de cationes y el crecimiento de plantas de papaya inclusive con adición de silicio / Ammonia toxicity affects cations uptake and growth in papaya plants inclusive with silicon addition

ABSTRACT High ammonia (NH4 +) concentration can exert stress on many plants, which causes nutritional disorders and reduction on plant growth. However, depending on the intensity of the stress, it may be attenuated by silicon. In this work, the response of impact of cations and silicon accumulations and plant growth in cultivated papaya plants was investigated under different toxic ammonia concentrations regardless of the presence of silicon (Si). The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) with papaya seedlings, variety 'Grupo Formosa' (Calimosa híbrida 01), grown in a glass greenhouse, in 1.7 dm3 pots filled with pine and coconut fiber-based substrate. The experimental design was a randomized block design, in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement. There were five ammonium concentrations: 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 mmol L-1 that were delivered via nutrient solution, in the absence and presence of Si (2 mmol L-1), with five replicates. After 31 days of growth, the cations and silicon accumulations in the shoot, plant height, stem diameter, root, and shoot dry matter were evaluated. Results revealed that increased ammonia concentration showed toxicity in papaya plants and stronger reductions in Ca, Mg, K and Si accumulations, plant heights, stem diameters, and root and shoot dry matter production, even when silicon was present and with greater effects on the shoot dry matter (87 %) than that of the roots (13 %).

RESUMEN Las altas concentraciones de amonio (NH4+) pueden ejercer estrés en las plantas cultivadas, lo que causa trastornos nutricionales y reducción del crecimiento. Sin embargo, dependiendo de la intensidad del estrés, este puede atenuarse mediante el silicio (Si). En este trabajo, se investigó la respuesta de la acumulación de cationes y silicio y el crecimiento de plantas de papaya cultivadas en diferentes concentraciones tóxicas de amonio independientemente de la presencia de silicio. El experimento se realizó en la Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), con plántulas de papaya, variedad Grupo Formosa (Calimosa híbrida 01), cultivadas en invernadero, en macetas de 1,7 dm3, rellenas con sustrato a base de fibra de pino y coco. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, en esquema factorial 5x2, con cinco concentraciones de amonio 10, 20, 40, 80 y 100 mmol L-1, en la ausencia y presencia de Si (2 mmol L-1), con cinco repeticiones. A los 31 días posteriores del inicio de los tratamientos, se evaluó la acumulación de calcio, magnesio, nitrógeno, potasio y silicio, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo y la materia seca de la raíz y los brotes. Los resultados revelaron que el aumento de la concentración de amonio mostró toxicidad en plantas de papaya y una reducción en la acumulación de calcio, magnesio, potasio y silicio, la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo y la producción de materia seca de raíces y brotes, aunque el silicio esté presente, con mayor afectación en la materia seca de los brotes (87 %) que en las raíces (13 %).

In vitro study on the antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya

Background: Newer drug research worldwide is now focusing on medicinal plants for ensuring health and vitality due to the seemingly safer side effect profile and abundance of plants in nature, compared to synthetic drugs. Antioxidants are vital in preventing free radical induced tissue damage. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Carica papaya using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH). Phytochemical tests proved the presence of bioactive ingredients in the extract.Methods: DPPH free radical assay, one of the most accurate methods for evaluating antioxidant activity, was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaves of C. papaya.Results: The methanolic leaf extract of C. papaya showed antioxidant property with free radical scavenging activity increasing with increase in concentration. The IC50 value of methanolic extract was 213.68 礸m/ml. Ascorbic acid was used as control.Conclusions: Oxidative stress has been linked to heart disease, cancer, immune deficiency. Antioxidants as suggested from various studies may reduce the risk of such diseases. The utility of C. papaya in the treatment of heart disease, cancer and immune deficiency will have to be proved by detailed evaluation of its pharmacological properties.

Oxidative foliar photo-necrosis produced by the bacteria Pseudomonas cedrina

BACKGROUND: Although bioactive metabolites capable of causing oxidative photo-necrosis in plant tissues have been identified in fungi, little is known about this type of mechanism in bacteria. These metabolites act as photosensitizers that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of causing damage to cells. In addition, these metabolites can pass into an energetically excited state when they receive some luminous stimulus, a condition in which they interact with other molecules present in the environment, such as molecular oxygen (O2), also known as triplet oxygen (3 O2), generating ROS. RESULTS: The suspension of the bacterial culture of Pseudomonas cedrina was shown to produce foliar necrosis in papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) only in the presence of sunlight, which is evidence of photosensitizing mechanisms that generate singlet oxygen (1 O2). From the chemical study of extracts obtained from this bacteria, 3-(4-(2-carboxipropyl) phenyl) but-2-enoic acid (1) was isolated. This compound, in the presence of light and triplet oxygen (3 O2), was able to oxidize ergosterol to its peroxide, since it acted as a photosensitizer producing 1 O2, with which it was corroborated that a photosensitization reaction occurs, mechanism by which this bacterium could prove to cause oxidative foliar photo-necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: P. cedrina was able to induce oxidative foliar photo-necrosis because of its potential ability to produce photosensitizing metabolites that generate singlet oxygen in the plants it colonizes. Based on the above, it can be proposed that some bacteria can cause oxidative foliar photo-necrosis as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of host species.

Physiochemical Screening of Carica papaya Leaves with Specific Reference to Their Pharmacognostical Evaluation

Carica papaya is made to develop pharmacognostical characters of leaf with their morphological, microscopical, and physical characters including histochemical analysis. Morphological evaluation as color, odor, taste, size, shape, surface, and powder microscopy of plant shows the presence of endosperm cell which is polygonal in shape and contains aleurone grains and oil droplet, cell of testa, yellow coloring matter, and starch grains. Quantitative leaf microscopy to determine palisade ratio, stomata index, and vein-islet number is carried out. Peels are removed mechanically through epidermal peeling off and stomatal index (SI) is calculated. The vein-islet number, vein termination number, and palisade ratio of lamina are determined according to the standard method. We prepared the extracts of plant with different solvents for determining the different extractive values by maceration, Soxhlet extraction, successive extraction process, and determination of ash values, pH value, moisture content, and phytochemical screening to show the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, saponins, and lipids in the drug extract and fluorescence analysis in different solvent. Analysis of pesticide residues, aflatoxin, and heavy metals are also performed

Molecular docking and its application in search of antisickling agent from Carica papaya

Understanding the protein–ligand interaction is a fundamental step for drug discovery in numerouspharmaceutical enterprises. The integration of computational and experimental process can reduce the timeand cost for the advancement of novel medications. Molecular docking is one of the modern drug designingstrategies, which explore the competence of a ligand by computing the minimum binding energy. Dockingis utilized in virtual screening of enormous databases of compounds for hit identification and assessing theimpact of chemical modifications during lead optimization. Sickle cell disease is a serious issue that affectspeople worldwide. Leaf extracts and ripe fruits of Carica papaya have been identified for curing sickle celldisease. Molecular docking approach using ArgusLab 4.0.1 was used to study the interaction between 24different phytocompounds of C. papaya and sickle cell protein [2 Deoxyhemoglobin S (2HBS)] to identify thebest phytocompounds for curing sickle cell disease. Three phytocompounds, Xanthoangelol D, N-[(4R)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-6-oxo-4,5-dihydro-H-pyrimidin-2-yl]-3-methoxybenzamide, and Carpaine showed the highestinhibitory activity against the 2HBS protein which may become potent anti-protein drugs for the treatment ofsickle cell disease with the support of further studies.

Posición Ghlischro-cárica: conocerla puede ampliar sus recursos médicos y psicoanalíticos / Viscocaric Position: knowing it can expand your medical and psychoanalytic resources / Posição Viscocárica: conhecê-la pode ampliar seus recursos médicos e psicanalíticos

Melanie Klein enunció las posiciones Depresiva (1935) y Esquizoparanoide (1946). Esther Bick y Donald Meltzer desarrollaron, a partir de los estudios de Klein, el concepto de identificación adesiva. José Bleger, presenta (post mortem), en 1977, utilizando este conocimiento y conjeturando sobre la simbiosis, la posición Ghlischro-cárica, que él consideraba, con maestría, una posición anterior a la posición Esquizoparanoide. La posición Ghlischro-cárica incluye un conglomerado yoico con el objeto de que no está diferenciado, que fue nombrado por Bleger como un núcleo aglutinado. Tiene en su constitución, ansiedad por defusión que puede manifestarse como ansiedad de tipo pánico, somatizaciones y enfermedades psicosomáticas, como esclerosis múltiple, artritis reumatoide, vitiligo, entre otras. Es interesante decir que 72% de los pacientes que buscan atención médica neuropsiquiátrica y psicológica utilizan la posición Ghlischro-cárica dentro de su universo relacional, con sus idiosincrasias que afectan sus vidas y el entorno terapéutico. El conocimiento de sus particularidades puede ampliar el volumen de recursos del profesional de la salud mental, en el uso de técnicas psicoterapéuticas e incluso en la elección de los medicamentos psicotrópicos más adecuados para los clientes en este puesto, lo que hace que el desarrollo de este tema sea esencial. Utilizamos un modelo de estudio clínico-cualitativo y transdisciplinario basado en una revisión conceptual sobre el tema(AU)

Melanie Klein enunciated the positions Depressive (1935) and Esquizoparanóide (1946). Esther Bick and Donald Meltzer developed, from Klein's studies, the concept of adhesive identification. José Bleger, presented (post mortem), in 1977, using this knowledge and conjecture on symbiosis, the position Ghlischrocárica, now Viscocaric in Brazil, which masterfully considered this to be a position previous to the Schizoparanoid position. The Ghlischro-cárica position includes an egoic conglomerate with the undifferentiated object which Bleger termed by the agglutinated nucleus. It is constituted the defusional anxiety that can manifest itself as panic-type anxiety, somatizations and psychosomatic diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, vitiligo, among others. It is interesting to say that 72% of the patients seeking neuropsychiatric and psychological medical care use the Ghlischro-cárica position within their relational universe, with their phenomenological idiosyncrasies that affect their lives and the therapeutic setting. know their particularities can expand the resources of the mental health professional, the use of psychotherapeutic techniques and even the choice of the most appropriate psychiatric drugs for clients of this position, which makes the development of this topic fundamental. We use a clinical-qualitative and transdisciplinary model of study based on a conceptual review of the subject(AU)

Melanie Klein enunciou as posições Depressiva (1935) e Esquizoparanóide (1946). Esther Bick e Donald Meltzer desenvolveram, a partir dos estudos de Klein, o conceito de identificação adesiva. José Bleger, apresenta (post mortem), em 1977, utilizando-se destes conhecimentos e conjecturando sobre simbiose, a posição Ghlischro-cárica, o que considerou, com maestria, ser esta uma posição anterior à posição Esquizoparanóide. A posição Ghlischro-cárica incluí um conglomerado egóico com o objeto que se mostra indiferenciado que foi denominado por Bleger de núcleo aglutinado. Tem em sua constituição a ansiedade defusional que pode manifestar-se como ansiedade do tipo pânico, somatizações e doenças psicossomáticas, como esclerose múltipla, artrite reumatóide, vitiligo entre outras. Interessante dizer que 72% dos pacientes que procuram atendimento médico neuropsiquiátrico e psicológico utilizam-se da posição Ghlischro-cárica dentro do seu universo relacional, com suas idiossincrasias que afetam suas vidas e o setting terapêutico. O conhecimento de suas particularidades pode expandir o volume de recursos do profissional de saúde mental, no uso de técnicas psicoterapêuticas e mesmo na escolha dos psicofármacos mais indicados para clientes desta posição, o que torna fundamental o desenvolvimento deste tema. Utilizamo-nos de um modelo clínico-qualitativo e transdisciplinar de estudo a partir de uma revisão conceitual sobre o assunto(AU)

Histopathological Changes on Wistar Rat Wounds after Topical Application of Fig Leaf Extracts.

Background: The incision in the oral cavity is also taken for gingivectomy. Fig leaves (Ficus carica Linn) extract contains compounds of flavonoid, terpenoids and tannins and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The important markers of wound healing were fibroblasts, macrophages and collagen density. Aim and Objectives: To investigate the topical application of fig leaves extracts on Wistar rat wounds on the number of macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen density after treatment for three and seven days. Material and Methods: This research was performed on 24 rats by making incision wounds on the backs of Wistar rats and divided into control and treatment groups. The control groups were left untreated and the treatment groups were given fig leaves extract gel on the incision wound once every day during thee and seven days, and then the animals were sacrificed. Wound tissue was removed and fixed in 10% formalin solution for histopathological test. Then it was embedded in paraffin, and stained wit Hematoxylin–Eosin to observe fibroblasts and acrophages. The collagen density was observed by Masson's Trichome staining. Statistical analyses of fibroblasts and macrophages were using One-way Anova and Tukeys HSD. Collagen density was analyzed by using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test. Results:There were significant differences amongthe groups (p<0.005) on the number of fibroblasts, macrophages and collagen density after treatment for three and seven days. Conclusion: Application of fig leaves extract on Wistar rat wounds could increase the number of fibroblasts and macrophages but not collagen density in the wound healing process.

Phylogeographic distribution of asperisporium caricae isolates in brazilian southeastern and northeastern coastal regions / Distribuição filogeográfica de isolados de Asperisporium caricae no litoral do sudeste e nordeste brasileiro

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the main tropical fruits consumed in Brazil. The country is also one of the main papaya exporters, but one of the factors hindering its production lies on foliar diseases such as papaya black spot, which is caused by fungus Asperisporium caricae. This pathogen is widely distributed in the main producing regions of the Brazilian coastal area. Phylogeographic studies contribute to the knowledge about the genetic diversity and geographical distribution of genealogical lineages (haplotypes) and help better understanding the reproductive and evolutionary processes of closely related species or of a single species. Such information is useful in studies about phytopathogenic fungi because it enables identifying the most prevalent genealogical lineages in a given location, as well as inferring dispersal routes and providing information on the origin and frequency of exotic material introduction events. Results in this type of study can significantly help developing new disease control strategies. Literature still lacks studies on the Papaya x A. caricae pathosystem. Based on the phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis applied to nucleotide sequences of the Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene, we herein address the genealogical and dispersal events recorded for this pathogen in order to better understand its evolution in, and adaptation to, Brazilian orchards. Three haplotypes were identified among the A. caricae isolates; their distribution was mostly related to the geographic distance between sample collection regions rather than to any reproductive or evolutionary processes presented by the species. The low variability among the herein studied isolates may result from the physiological specialization (survival exclusively associated with the host plant) and from the regional transport of contaminated fruits (with lesions and spores), besides the low contribution of reproductive events, which corroborate the lack of knowledge about the sexual stages of A. caricae.

O mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), é uma das principais frutas tropicais consumidas no Brasil. O país é um dos principais exportadores de mamão e um dos gargalos da produção mundial está diretamente ligado à ocorrência de doenças foliares, podendo-se destacar a pinta-preta do mamoeiro, causada pelo fungo Asperisporium caricae. O patógeno está amplamente distribuído nas principais regiões produtoras, as quais englobam grande parte do litoral Brasileiro. Estudos filogeográficos contribuem não só para oconhecimento da diversidade genética e da distribuição geográfica das linhagens genealógicas (haplótipos), como também contribuem para o conhecimento dos processos reprodutivos e evolutivos de uma espécie ou de espécies estreitamente relacionadas. No estudo de fungos fitopatogênicos, tais informações são úteis para identificar linhagens genealógicas mais prevalentes em um determinado local, inferir as rotas de dispersão e fornecer informações sobre a origem e frequência dos eventos de introdução de material exótico. Este tipo de estudo produz resultados que podem colaborar significativamente na elaboração de novas estratégias de controle da doença. Não existe, até o presente momento, este tipo de estudo para o patossistema Mamoeiro x A. caricae. Neste trabalho, por meio da análise filogenética e filogeográfica, a partir de sequências nucleotídicas do gene Internal transcribed spacer (ITS), discutimos os eventos genealógicos e de dispersão deste patógeno com o intuito de compreender melhor sua evolução e adaptação nos pomares brasileiros. Dentre os isolados de A. caricae foram identificados 3 haplótipos, sendo sua distribuição relacionada mais ao distanciamento geográfico das regiões das coletas das amostras do que a eventuais processos reprodutivos ou evolutivos da espécie. Acredita-se que a baixa variabilidade dentre os isolados estudados seja explicada pela especialização fisiológica (sobrevivência exclusivamente associada à planta hospedeira) e ao transporte regional de frutos contaminados (com lesões e esporos), sendo baixa a contribuição de eventos reprodutivos, o que corrobora o desconhecimento de fase sexual de A. caricae.

Use of plant growth regulators in fig tree seedling s 'roxo de valinhos' / Uso de reguladores vegetais em mudas de figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos'

The application of plant growth regulators can promote better development of the seedlings, essential for the success of fruit growing. The current study aims to evaluate the use of plant growth regulators in fig tree seedlings 'Roxo de Valinhos'. The experiment was carried out in a suspended nursery covered with plastic, using rooted cuttings of the cultivar Roxo de Valinhos. Four applications were made with a commercial product, known as Stimulate®, at doses of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mL L-1. Using a randomized block experimental design, the study was subdivided into plots (doses X days of the last application [after 0, 7, 14 and 21]). The following traits were evaluated: stem and root length; stem diameter; root volume; leaf number; leaf area; stem, leaf and root dry mass; specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio; leaf area ratio; and chlorophyll total. Results indicated that the product promoted greater seedlings development at a dose range from 100 to 150 mL L-1. Different dose levels did not vary according to the days after product application. Furthermore, using such technique enabled seedlings of higher quality and vigour.

A aplicação de reguladores vegetais pode configurar uma técnica viável para promoção do melhor desenvolvimento das mudas, imprescindível para o sucesso da fruticultura. Deste modo, objetivou-se avaliar o uso de reguladores vegetais na produção de mudas da figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos'. O experimento foi realizado em viveiro suspenso com cobertura plástica, utilizando-se estacas enraizadas da cultivar Roxo de Valinhos. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações com o produto comercial Stimulate® nas concentrações de 0, 50, 100, 150, e 200 mL L-1. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas [concentrações X épocas de avaliação (após 0, 7, 14 e 21 dias da última aplicação)]. Avaliou-se: comprimento do ramo e da maior raiz; diâmetro do ramo; volume de raízes; número de folhas e área foliar; massa seca de folhas, ramos e raízes; área específica foliar, razão de peso foliar e razão da área foliar; e teores de clorofila total. O uso do produto, nas concentrações de 100 a 150 mL L-1, promoveu maior desenvolvimento das mudas. O efeito das diferentes doses não variou em função dos dias após aplicação do produto. O uso de tal técnica permite a obtenção de mudas de maior qualidade e vigor.

Optimal size of experimental plots of papaya trees using a modified maximum curvature method / Tamanhoótimo da parcela experimental em mamoeiro pelo método da máxima curvatura modificado

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the optimum plot size for the papaya crop by using the modified maximum curvature method under soil and climatic conditions of the Recôncavo Baiano. The experiment comprised a uniformity test using the CNPMF-L78 strain developed by Embrapa Mandioca and Fruticultura, planted at a spacing of 3 m x 2 m, with 16 central rows and 22 plants per row, totaling 352 plants and an area of 2,112 m2. The following parameters were evaluated: plant height and diameter; height of insertion of the first fruits; precocity; number of commercial fruits per plant; productivity; length, diameter, weight, firmness, internal cavity diameter, pulp thickness, and soluble fruit solids. Each plant was considered as a basic unit, with an area of 6 m2, thus making up 352 basic units whose adjacent units were combined to form 11 pre-established parcel arrangements with rectangular and row formats. The optimal plot size is seven plants perpendicular to the crop rows, that is, seven rows with one plant in each row, corresponding to the area of 42 m2, considering spacing of 3 m between rows and 2 m between papaya plants in the soil and climatic conditions of the Recôncavo Baiano.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o tamanho ótimo de parcela para a cultura do mamoeiro pelo método da máxima curvatura modificado sob condições edafoclimáticas do Recôncavo Baiano. O experimento constituiu-se de um ensaio de uniformidade, utilizando a linhagem CNPMF-L78, desenvolvida pela Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, plantada no espaçamento de 3 m x 2 m, consideradas como útil as 16 fileiras centrais com 22 plantas por fileira, totalizando 352 plantas e área de 2.112 m2. Foram avaliados: altura e diâmetro das plantas; altura de inserção dos primeiros frutos; precocidade de colheita; número de frutos comerciais por planta; produtividade; comprimento, diâmetro, peso, firmeza, diâmetro da cavidade interna, espessura da polpa e sólidos solúveis dos frutos. Nas avaliações, cada planta foi considerada como uma unidade básica, área de 6 m2, perfazendo assim, 352 unidades básicas, cujas as adjacentes foram combinadas de modo a formar 11 arranjos de parcelas pré-estabelecidos com formatos retangulares e em fileiras. O tamanho ótimo de parcela é de sete plantas, com sentido perpendicular às fileiras do cultivo, ou seja, sete fileiras com uma planta em cada fileira, correspondente à área de 42 m2, considerando espaçamento de 3 m entre linhas e 2 m entre plantas de mamoeiro nas condições edafoclimáticas do Recôncavo Baiano.

The Effects of Ficus Carica Fruit on Bone Markers and Oestrogen Level of Post-Menopausal Osteoporotic Rats

@#Introduction: Post-menopausal osteoporosis is the most common type of osteoporosis, which occurs due to a deficiency of oestrogen following menopause. Considering the adverse effects of oestrogen replacement therapy, natural products may serve to replace the current conventional treatment. Ficus carica (FC) which is commonly known as fig may have a potential in treating post-menopausal osteoporosis due to their abundance of important minerals and bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanins. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of FC on bone metabolism of ovariectomized rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six female Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups; SHAM operated (SHAM), ovariectomized control (OVX), ovariectomized + 64.5 µg/kg oestrogen (ERT), ovariectomized + 50 mg/kg aqueous extract of FC (AQ50), ovariectomized + 100 mg/kg aqueous extract of FC (AQ100), ovariectomized + 50 mg/kg raw FC (RW50), and ovariectomized + 100 mg/kg raw FC (RW100). After eight weeks of treatments, rats were euthanized and femurs were dissected out to measure bone osteocalcin, Ctelopeptide of type 1 collagen and bone estrogen level. Results: RW50 and RW100 showed an increasing trend in osteocalcin levels and also oestrogen level, but no significant difference between all groups. RW50 and RW100 also showed significantly reduced C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen levels compared to OVX group. Conclusion: These findings suggested that raw FC at the doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg have potential to improve bone in treating post-menopausal osteoporosis. However, this need to be confirmed with higher doses.