Dental caries risk assessment: A practical tool to improve oral health in the Philippines?

@#The purpose of a dental caries risk assessment (CRA) is to assign appropriate preventive measures for high-risk individuals in order to reduce caries risk. For a dental professional, it can set the direction for treatment planning while aiding in patient motivation by pointing out modifiable risk factors and indicators influencing dental caries development. In the Philippines and other developing areas, decayed, missing, and filled teeth have been consistently high over many years. Given that the recognized CRA tools have been created in developed countries with registered low caries prevalence, validation of these tools outside their countries of origin will confirm their relevance in settings where disease conditions and health behaviors are different.

A cross-sectional cariogram-based comparison of caries risk profile in children with various levels of intellectual disability

Aim: To compare the caries risk profile in children with mild, moderate, and severe intellectual disability (ID) using cariogram. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare caries risk profile using cariogram among 150 children aged 6–18 years, with various levels of ID (50 each in Mild ID, Moderate ID, and Severe ID groups), attending special schools in Bengaluru city. The risk assessment consisted of: a questionnaire, an interview, estimation of oral hygiene, saliva sampling, microbial evaluation and clinical examination. Statistical analysis of the results obtained was performed using Chi-square/Fischer's exact test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney test. Results: The overall comparison showed significant differences between the groups across all parameters except diet (P = 0.131), fluoride exposure (P = 1), salivary flow rate (P = 0.3), and buffer capacity (P = 1). Caries risk was high among children with severe intellectually disability while the actual chance to avoid caries was found to be high in the Mild ID group. Bacteria was one of the dominant caries risk sectors followed by susceptibility, circumstances, and diet. Conclusion: Cariogram can be used as an effective tool in assessing caries prediction, thus aiding in identifying different risk groups in a community so that appropriate preventive measures can be implemented to overcome the caries risk.

Determining caries risk susceptibility in children of Udaipur city with genetic taste sensitivity and hormonal fingerprint

Background: Propylthiouracil (PROP) (a medicated tool) and hormonal fingerprint (second to fourth digits [2D:4D]) ratio can be used for detection of caries which is most prevalent oral health disease. Aim: This study aims to determine the role of genetic taste sensitivity and hormonal fingerprint (2D:4D ratio) on caries risk susceptibility. Materials and Methods: The present study was an observational and cross-sectional study. It was conducted on 570 children aged 6–12 years. PROP sensitivity test was done by PROP impregnated filter paper strips and subjects were divided accordingly into supertasters, medium-tasters, and nontasters. 2D:4D ratio was obtained by measuring length ratio of index to ring finger using Vernier caliper. Dietary preferences of the subjects were recorded. The evaluation of decayed, missing, and filled teeth/deft indices was done. Statistical Analysis: Intergroup comparisons were performed using One-way ANOVA test, independent t-test and Chi-square test at 5% significance level. Results: Positive correlation between nontasters, low digit ratio, sweet likers, and high caries index was found with a high significant difference. Conclusion: Genetic taste sensitivity and hormonal fingerprint (biological marker) can be used for detection of caries as the present research confirmed impact of hormones on taste perception.

Evaluation of caries risk reduction following preventive programs in orthodontic patients, using Cariogram computer model: A quasi-experimental trial

ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of preventive strategies on caries risk reduction in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, using the Cariogram program. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, samples were selected using a convenience quota sampling technique, in a public dental school. At first, caries risk profile was determined for each subject using the Cariogram before brackets bonding. The sample size consisted of 36 patients. The intervention group (n = 18) received preventive programs, and the control group (n = 18) was trained based on the routine oral health education by means of pamphlets. Then, Cariogram parameters were calculated for patients in both groups after six months. Results: The age range of participants was from 12 to 29 years. The mean percentage of the "Actual chance of avoiding new cavities" section in the intervention group increased from 45.72 ± 21.64 to 62.50 ± 17.64. However, the mean percentage of other parameters - such as "Diet", "Bacteria" and "Susceptibility" - decreased after six months (p< 0.001). Besides, the differences in the mean percentage between intervention and control group at the end of the study period (T1) related to the Cariogram parameters were statistically significant (p< 0.001). Accordingly, the mean percentage of 'Actual chance of avoiding new cavities'' parameter in the intervention group (62.50) was statistically higher than in the control group (42.44) (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Implementing different preventive approaches is able to reduce the caries risk in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, which can be clearly demonstrated using Cariogram program.

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente estudo usou o software Cariogram para avaliar a eficácia de estratégias preventivas para redução do risco de cáries em pacientes sob tratamento ortodôntico. Métodos: Nesse estudo quase-experimental, as amostras foram selecionadas por meio de uma técnica de amostragem por cota de conveniência, em uma faculdade pública de Odontologia. Inicialmente, o perfil de risco de cárie foi determinado para cada indivíduo usando o Cariogram antes da colagem dos braquetes. A amostra consistiu de 36 pacientes: o grupo experimental (n = 18) recebeu programas preventivos, e o grupo controle (n = 18) recebeu orientações sobre a saúde bucal por meio de folhetos. Após seis meses, os parâmetros obtidos por meio do Cariogram foram calculados novamente para os pacientes de ambos os grupos. Resultados: A faixa etária dos participantes foi de 12 a 29 anos. A porcentagem média da seção "Probabilidade real de prevenir novas cáries" no grupo experimental aumentou de 45,72 ± 21,64 para 62,50 ± 17,64. Por outro lado, a porcentagem média de outros parâmetros - como "Dieta", "Bactérias" e "Suscetibilidade" - diminuiu após seis meses (p< 0,001). Além disso, as diferenças nas porcentagens médias entre o grupo experimental e o grupo controle ao fim do estudo (T1), relacionadas aos parâmetros do Cariogram, foram estatisticamente significativas (p< 0,001). Assim, a porcentagem média do parâmetro "Probabilidade real de prevenir novas cáries" no grupo experimental (62,50) foi estatisticamente maior do que no grupo controle (42,44) (p< 0,001). Conclusão: A implementação de diferentes abordagens preventivas pode reduzir o risco de cárie em pacientes sob tratamento ortodôntico com aparelhos fixos, o que pode ser observado claramente por meio do software Cariogram.

Examining Caries Risk With the Caracteristic of HLA-DRB1 Gene

@#Introduction: HLA-DRB1 alleles were derived from MHC class II molecules. These alleles encoded sIgA secretion which contribute as a barrier to S. mutans colonization. HLA-DRB1 was known as genes with high mutations causing differences in peptide bond, thus affecting the progression and vulnerability to a disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mutations in HLA-DRB1 alleles in different dental caries risk. Methods: In this study, we extracted the genomic DNA from whole blood samples of 30 patients with low level dental caries (indeks def-t < 2) as control group and high level dental caries (deft > 3) as case group. HLA-DRB1 varians were studied through genomic DNA isolation for PCR-RFLP. RFLP is analyzed through BseRI, BsaJI, RsaI, and Sau961 restriction enzymes was used in this assay. Results: The PCR-RFLP typing method was evaluated on 60 genomic DNA samples, result found that all samples were divided into 5 groups of variants, two variants in the control group and three variants in the case group. Conclusion: PCR-RFLP was shown to be a sensitive method for the detection of mutation in HLADRB1 alleles caused a dental caries level differences. HLA-DRB mutations caused changes in signal transduction and therefore contributes to imunogenetik pathway of dental caries.

Effectiveness of Oral Health Education Program using Home-using Portable Device for Children / 대한소아치과학회지

This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of oral health education program with a home-using portable device according to the individual oral health status in children.58 children who were 6 – 12 years old were included in this study. All subjects were affiliated to moderate or high caries risk group based on caries risk test. They were divided into 2 groups: (I) home-using portable device group (II) control group. Both groups were evaluated with simple plaque score (SPS) using camera type quantitative light-induced fluorescence device and educated with identical oral health education methods. Subjects in group I were demanded to use a home-using portable device. After 1 month, both groups were re-evaluated.Cariview score that can reflect the acidogenic potential of plaque bacteria was statistically reduced in both groups (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between two groups in the change of Cariview score (p = 0.022). In group I, the decrease was larger than that in group II. There was no statistically significant difference in the change of SPS (p = 0.937).Oral health education improved oral hygiene status in children. However, this study confirmed that it was much more effective to improve oral health status in children with a home-using portable device in their daily oral hygiene care.

Validity of the New Caries Activity Test using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / 대한소아치과학회지

Periogen is a new caries activity test using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of Periogen by evaluating the correlation with dmft, dmfts indices and comparing with Cariview and caries risk assessment tool (CAT).83 children under 6 participated in this study. Dmft, dmfts indices and CAT were collected through an examination of oral health status. Plaque samples for Periogen and Cariview were collected and manipulated according to the manufactures' instructions.The correlation coefficient of Periogen, Cariview and CAT with the dmfts index were 0.38, 0.56 and 0.66 in each (p < 0.01). The sensitivity of Periogen, Cariview and CAT were 43%, 76% and 95% and specificity were 80%, 72% and 74% respectively. Area under curve under the receiver operating characteristic curves in each method indicated 0.69, 0.81 and 0.85.CAT and Cariview were more effective in evaluation the risk of dental caries than Periogen so far. To be used Periogen clinically, more improvements for higher validity were needed.

IDENTIFYING THE CRITERIA FOR ORAL HEALTH INDEX IN MONGOLIA / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#BACKGROUND. The measurement of oral health is recognized as a critical feature of numerous dental activities: describing normal biologic processes, understanding the natural history of disease, testing hypotheses regarding preventive agents, and planning and evaluation of health services. In modern times, statistical methods are widely being used to describe the probability of caries formation by calculating the progress and progression of dental caries for each individual by means of investigational correlations to detect and control risk factors for dental caries and periodontal diseases. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between the incidences of dental caries (DMFT) and its influencing risk factors for Mongolians in order to establish the fundamental criteria for oral health index. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Data were collected from 240 volunteers in six different age groups by using a questionnaire and an intra oral examination combined with laboratory tests. The oral health index is divided into 5 major categorical factors including the residual number of natural tooth, caries state, periodontal state, other oral health state and oral health management habits and systemic condition that determines the relationship between the incidences of dental caries and influencing risk factor for each item. RESULTS. Significantly different results were observed for Mongolian people in terms of prevalence and proportion of oral disease and oral state which led to the establishment of criteria for oral health index by statistical significance factors in all age groups (p <0.05). CONCLUSION. It is possible to create and introduce a scoring system of individual oral health index that could be applied to the evaluation oral health program that is suitable for calculating future illnesses and prognosis of oral diseases.

Caries Management of High-Risk Children by Caries Risk Assessment / 치위생과학회지

The purpose of this study was to classify risk groups according to Caries Risk Assessment (CRA) and to investigate the effect of caries prevention program after 1 year of caries prevention intervention program in 6-year-old infants with high caries risk. The subjects were selected based on responses to CRA questionnaires. At the first visit, oral examination, Cariview, bacteria and saliva flow test were performed. The caries risk group was classified accordingly. The subjects were given fluoride application and oral health education every four months and evaluated the same as the first visit after 1 year. As a result of classifying the risk level according to CRA, more than 80% of the subjects were in the high or extreme high risk. The dft index was increased in all risk groups after the intervention. There was a significant difference between the before and after intervention (p < 0.05). The Cariview score showed a slight decrease after the intervention in the moderate and high risk groups. As a result of the evaluation of bacteria test, Streptococcus mutans were decreased to ≥10⁵ CFU/ml saliva after intervention in all groups. Lactobacilli were decreased after intervention in high risk and extreme high risk groups. As a result of saliva flow, there was significant difference between caries risk groups before and after intervention (p < 0.05). In conclusion, regular caries management has been shown to influence caries risk factors in high-caries risk children. Also, it is necessary to find out periodical dental risk management system which is suitable for domestic situation through the related studies.

Strategy and practice of the healthy cosmetic management for patients with high dental caries susceptibility / 华西口腔医学杂志

A new clinic conception, healthy cosmetic management (HCM), was innovated introduced into diagnose and treatment of patients with high caries risk. The priority of HCM should be given to aesthetic restoration of teeth, taking consideration of the conserving of tissue and pulp of teeth and the balance between health and aesthetics, which may reach to the goal of the individual clinic treatment. HCM includes five steps: 1) caries risk assessment; 2) detection of initial caries; 3) digital aesthetic design; 4) minimally invasive therapy; 5) behavior management of caries and doctor-patient communication pattern. In this article, HCM is introduced into two aspects: process management and clinical protocols, followed by the combination of the clinical practice.

Evaluation of Chair-Side Assays in High Microbiological Caries-Risk Subjects

The aim of this study was to evaluate the commercial chair-side assays Saliva-Check Mutans and ClinproTM Cario L-PopTM in high microbiological caries-risk dental students compared with conventional semi-quantitative colony counting culture-based technique as the reference method. Saliva samples from 93 subjects of both sexes aged 18-26 years were seeded (Köhler and Bratthall method) on plates containing SB-20M culture medium method and 12 subjects with high caries risk were selected. These 12 individuals were subjected to determination of caries risk using two commercial rapid detection chair-side assays (Saliva-Check Mutans and ClinproTM Cario L-PopTM) according to the manufacturers' instructions. The results were analyzed by the Kappa correlation test using SAS statistical software. There was a perfect agreement (Kappa=1) among the three caries risk evaluation methods - chair-side assays and semi-quantitative CFU count (control) - in all subjects. The results suggest that the commercial chair-side assays evaluated in this study may be practical and useful to identify high microbiological caries-risk subjects.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os testes comerciais de consultório Saliva-Check Mutans e ClinproTM Cario L-PopTM, em estudantes de Odontologia de alto risco à cárie, comparado à técnica convencional semi-quantitativa baseada em contagem de colônias, como método de referência. Amostras de saliva de 93 estudantes de ambos os sexos, entre 18 e 26 anos de idade, foram semeadas em placas contendo meio de cultura SB-20M e 12 pacientes de alto risco à cárie foram selecionados. Estes 12 indivíduos foram submetidos à determinação de risco à cárie por dois testes comerciais de rápida detecção (Saliva-Check Mutans e ClinproTM Cario L-PopTM), seguindo as instruções dos fabricantes. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de correlação Kappa, por meio do software estatístico SAS. Houve uma concordância perfeita (Kappa=1) entre os três métodos de avaliação de risco á cárie - testes comerciais e contagem semi-quantitativa de UFC (controle) - em todos os pacientes. O resultado sugere que os testes comerciais de consultório avaliados neste estudo podem ser práticos e úteis para identificar indivíduos de alto risco microbiológico à cárie.

Caries risk assessment in schoolchildren - a form based on Cariogram® software

Identifying caries risk factors is an important measure which contributes to best understanding of the cariogenic profile of the patient. The Cariogram® software provides this analysis, and protocols simplifying the method were suggested. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether a newly developed Caries Risk Assessment (CRA) form based on the Cariogram® software could classify schoolchildren according to their caries risk and to evaluate relationships between caries risk and the variables in the form. Material and Methods: 150 schoolchildren aged 5 to 7 years old were included in this survey. Caries prevalence was obtained according to International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II. Information for filling in the form based on Cariogram® was collected clinically and from questionnaires sent to parents. Linear regression and a forward stepwise multiple regression model were applied to correlate the variables included in the form with the caries risk. Results: Caries prevalence, in primary dentition, including enamel and dentine carious lesions was 98.6%, and 77.3% when only dentine lesions were considered. Eighty-six percent of the children were classified as at moderate caries risk. The forward stepwise multiple regression model result was significant (R2=0.904; p<0.00001), showing that the most significant factors influencing caries risk were caries experience, oral hygiene, frequency of food consumption, sugar consumption and fluoride sources. Conclusion: The use of the form based on the Cariogram® software enabled classification of the schoolchildren at low, moderate and high caries risk. Caries experience, oral hygiene, frequency of food consumption, sugar consumption and fluoride sources are the variables that were shown to be highly correlated with caries risk. .

Validity of caries prediction by caries activity tests using sulfisomidine-containing acidic high sucrose liquid medium / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the caries prediction validity and between-observer reliability of caries activity tests using sulfisomidine-containing acidic high sucrose liquid medium (SAHS test). METHODS: This longitudinal follow-up study was done for 1 year. The subjects were 188 elementary school children. The caries experience and caries activity of each of the subjects was examined. We adopted both the SAHS test and Dentocult SM test as caries activity tests. We conducted an ROC analysis on the test data, and thereafter calculated the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and Kappa statistics. RESULTS: According to the ROC analysis, it was found that both the SAHS test and Dentocult SM test showed a similar level of AUC (0.5 or higher), which means that both tests have significant caries prediction validity. When the validating criterion was based on 1 or more new caries lesions and the screening criterion was based on a score of 5, it was found that the SAHS test (12 grade) showed a sensitivity value of 0.72-0.73, specificity value of 0.48-0.51, positive predictive value of 0.62-0.63, and negative predictive value of 0.61-0.62, respectively. Based on these 4 values, it was found that the SAHS test had a higher grade of sensitivity and negative predictive value than the Dentocult SM test. However, the latter had a higher grade of specificity and positive predictive value. Despite this, there were no significant differences between both tests. The SAHS test had higher between-observer reliability (kappa value) than the Dentocult SM test (0.90>0.88). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was found that both the SAHS test and Dentocult SM test had a similar level of caries prediction validity and between-observer reliability.

Modelo de evaluación del riesgo a caries dental en población adulta: instrumentos e instrucciones / Use a method to asses the risk of dental caries in adult patients

Cuando se considera a la caries como una enfermedad, no como una lesión, y se identifican los factores de riesgo implicados en su etiología, se poseen las herramientas para prevenir la aparición de nuevas lesiones y la progresión de las existentes. Esto implica un cambio de conducta en los profesionales de la salud bucal, tanto a nivel académico en las escuelas de odontología, como en los servicios públicos y privados. Es por ello, que se hace necesario el diseño, evaluación, implementación y divulgación de mecanismos e instrumentos que faciliten el diagnóstico del riesgo a caries. Asignar al paciente en un nivel de riesgo es el primer paso para el manejo y tratamiento de la enfermedad caries. Esta evaluación se realiza en dos fases: en la primera se identifican factores patológicos específicos o indicadores de la enfermedad, factores biológicos predisponentes y factores protectores de cada paciente. En la segunda fase se determina el nivel de riesgo de acuerdo al análisis de todos los factores involucrados, y posteriormente se planifica, desarrolla y ejecuta estrategias personalizadas dirigidas a controlar la enfermedad.

When considering caries as a disease, not a lesion, and identifying the risk factors involved in their causes, you have the tools to prevent the appearance of new lesions and progression of existing ones. This implies a change in behavior in oral health professionals, both academic dental schools, and in public and private services. This is why it is necessary to do the design, evaluation, implementation and dissemination of mechanisms and tools to facilitate the diagnosis of caries risk. Assign the patient to a level of risk is the first step in the management and treatment of caries disease. This evaluation is performed in two phases: in the first phase are identified pathological factors specific or indicators of the disease, biological factors predisposing and protective factors of each patient. The second phase determines the level of risk according to the analysis of all the factors involved, and then plans, develops and implements customized strategies aimed at controlling the disease.

Hormonal fingerprints: A key to early diagnosis of caries.

Background: 6‑n‑propylthiouracil (PROP) is one of the widely used anti‑hyperthyroid drug used for the treatment of grave’s disease. A medicated tool despite being non‑invasive, economical and giving reliable results presented with some difficulties, which became prevalent in our subsequent studies, thus prompting us to formulate a new method for predicting oral health status and diseases like diabetes occurring in India. Aim and Objectives: The current paper would be focusing on the new biological marker‑Hormonal Fingerprint that is under trial to predict children for their caries risk susceptibility. Materials and Methods: A total of 250 children were selected of age group 6‑16 years and PROP sensitivity test was carried out by placing a strip on the dorsal surface of the subject tongue. The hormonal fingerprint was made by measuring the length ratio of the index and ring finger with the help of digital vernier caliper. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical method employed to compute the results were Pearson’s Chi‑square test and analysis of variance. Results: Overall results suggested positive correlation between low second‑to‑fourth digit ratio(2D:4D), i.e. high prenatal androgen levels and high caries index in an Indian population. Conclusion: The research confirms the impact of hormones on human perception of taste and dietary preferences, which in turn influence their caries index and could also extend way beyond it.

Risk factors for dental caries incidence in children's permanent teeth: four-year follow-up study / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the related factors to dental caries incidence and increments of DMFT index in children's permanent teeth. METHODS: The subjects were 249 elementary school children at the baseline survey. At the four-year follow-up survey, number of subjects reduced to 141. In the first year, all subjects submitted the responses of questionnaire composed of demographic variables and oral health behaviors. They also received oral examination and tests of salivary excretion rate, salivary buffer capacity, Dentocult(R) SM and Dentocult(R) LB. In the first to fourth follow-up year, they received oral examinations. The relation of oral health-related factors with caries incidence and increments of DMFT and DMFS index was analyzed by chi-square test, ANOVA, logistic regression analysis and generalized linear model analysis using Poisson distribution. RESULTS: At four-year follow-up survey, subjects whose Dentocult(R) SM was 2 or higher compared to subjects whose Dentocult(R) SM was 1 or less and subjects whose Dentocult(R) LB was 2 or higher compared to subjects whose Dentocult(R) LB was 1 or less had higher DMFT index increments. In DMFT index increments, the adjusted odds ratio of subjects whose dfs index of primary molars was 11 and more was 4.30 compared to subjects whose dfs index of primary molars was 0 adjusted for gender, daily frequency of toothbrushing and eating between meal, mother's job, oral health education, salivary excretion, salivary buffer capacity and Dentocult(R) SM test. CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that the caries incidence and increments of DMFT index in permanent teeth should be highly associated with salivary lactobacillus count and dfs index of primary molars.

Avaliação do perfil de risco de cárie dentária em gestantes de Araraquara, Brasil / Evaluación de factores de riesgo de padecer caries dental en gestantes de Araraquara, Brasil / Evaluation of risk factors suffering dental caries in pregnants from Araraquara, Brazil

O conhecimento do risco de cárie na gravidez é essencial para um correto plano de tratamento com ações educativas e preventivas às mães para que possam cuidar adequadamente de sua saúde bucal e de seus filhos. Este estudo retrospectivo teve como objetivo identificar o risco de cárie de gestantes (15-44 anos; média= 25 anos) que frequentaram a clínica de odontologia preventiva da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista de 1999 a 2007. Um total de 166 prontuários, preenchidos por alunos do 3º ano do Curso de Graduação, seguindo orientações pré-estabelecidas, foram utilizados. Coletou-se informação sobre: classificação do diagnóstico de risco de cárie, trimestre gestacional, consumo de carboidratos (entre ou durante as refeições), placa corada (registro de controle de placa de O'Leary), número e grupo de dentes com experiência de cárie. Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado e ANOVA. A maioria das gestantes (92,1 por cento) apresentou 25 por cento ou mais das superfícies dentárias com placa dental. A média (desvio-padrão) de dentes obturados e cariados foi 7,9 (5,1) e 4,0 (3,4), respectiva emente. Os dentes posteriores foram os mais acometidos por cárie/restaurações. Quanto ao diagnóstico de risco à cárie, a classificação alta foi observada em 38,5 por cento das gestantes, moderada em 47,6 por cento e baixa em 13,9 por cento. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa (p= 0,001) entre o consumo de carboidratos e o diagnóstico de risco de cárie. O índice de placa foi semelhante nos diferentes trimestres gestacionais (f= 0,223; p= 0,803). Portanto pode-se concluir que o risco de cárie da grande maioria das gestantes foi alto ou moderado e esteve estatisticamente associado ao consumo de carboidratos(AU)

The knowledge of risk of carried during pregnant is essential for an appropriate treatment using educational and preventives actions to mother for a good care of their oral health and that of children. The main objective of present retrospective study was to identify the risk of caries of pregnants (aged 15-44, mean= 25 years) came to clinic of Preventive Odontology of Araraquara-UNSEP from 1999 to 2007, using 166 medical records obtained by the third pregraduate year students, following the pre-established guidelines. The information collected includes: classification of caries risk diagnosis, pregnancy trimester, carbohydrates ingestion (between or during foods), dental plaques (O'Leary's plaque control registry) and the number of teeth with caries. The statistical analysis used the Chi² and ANOVA tests. Most of patients showed a 25 percent or more of teeth surfaces with dental plaques (92.1 percent) and carbohydrates consumption among foods (89.2 percent). The mean (SD) of carried and restores teeth was of 7.9 (5.1) and 4.0 (3.4), respectively and the posterior teeth were the more involved by caries/restorations. As regards the diagnosis of caries risk, classification of high risk was observed in the 38.5 percent of pregnants, moderate in the 47.6 percent) and low in the 13.9 percent. There was a statistically significant association (p= 0.001) between the carbohydrates consumption and the diagnosis of caries risk. The plaque's rate was similar in the different trimesters of pregnancy (f= 0.223; p= 0.803). The caries risk of most pregnant women was high or moderate and it was associated with the consumption of carbohydrates(AU)

El conocimiento del riesgo de padecer de caries dental durante el periodo de embarazo es esencial para un correcto plan de tratamiento con las acciones educativas y preventivas necesarias para que las madres puedan cuidar adecuadamente de su salud bucal y la de sus hijos. Este estudio retrospectivo tuvo como objetivo identificar el riesgo de caries dental en las mujeres en periodo de gestación con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 44 años, con una media de 25 años, que acudieron a la clínica de odontología preventiva de la Facultad de Odontología de Araraquara, Universidad Estadual Paulista, del año 1999 al 2007. Se utilizaron 166 historias clínicas hechas por los estudiantes de tercer año de pregrado, según las directrices preestablecidas. La información recogida fue: clasificación del diagnóstico de riesgo de caries, trimestre de embarazo, la ingesta de hidratos de carbono entre o durante las comidas, placa dental (registro de control de placa de O'Leary) y el número de grupo de dientes con caries. El análisis estadístico utilizó el Chi cuadrado y ANOVA. La mayoría de los pacientes mostraron el 25 por ciento o más de las superficies de los dientes con la placa dental con un valor de 92,1 por ciento e hidratos de carbono consumidos entre comidas con un valor de 89,2 por ciento. La media (desviación estándar) de los dientes cariados y restaurados fue de 7,9 (5,1) y 4,0 (3,4) respectivamente; los dientes posteriores se vieron más afectados por la caries o restauraciones. En cuanto al diagnóstico de riesgo de caries, la clasificación de alto riesgo se observó en 38,5 por ciento de las mujeres embarazadas, moderado en 47,6 por ciento y bajo en 13,9 por ciento. Existió una asociación estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,001) entre el consumo de hidratos de carbono y el riesgo de caries. El índice de placa fue similar en los diferentes trimestres del embarazo (f= 0,223 y p= 0,803). El riesgo de padecer caries dental en la gran mayoría de las mujeres embarazadas fue alto o moderado y se asoció significativamente con el consumo de hidratos de carbono(AU)

Evolución de la prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en niños de 6 y 12 años de Peralillo, VI Región,entre el año 2000 y el 2010 / Caries and gingivitis changes among 6 and 12 year-old children of Peralillo, Chile, between 2000 and 2010

Objetivo: Dada la limitada información epidemiológica en Chile sobre las patologías orales más prevalentes y el efecto de los programas de salud instaurados, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en la prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en una población de 6 y 12 años de la VI Región, entre los años 2000 y 2010. Sujetos y Métodos: 143 sujetos de 6 y 12 años atendidos en el CESFAM de Peralillo fueron examinados clínicamente para detectar caries y diagnosticar gingivitis. Las fichas clínicas de 134 niños de las mismas edades y procedencia atendidos el año 2000 fueron analizadas para comparar los indicadores. Se obtuvo el índice de caries mediante el COPD y el ceod, además del diagnóstico gingival mediante parámetros clínicos. Los resultados de ambos años fueron comparados estadísticamente y las diferencias consideradas significativas si p<0.05. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries a los 6 años disminuyó de 89 por ciento a 65 por ciento, pero sólo el COPD mostró una reducción estadísticamente significativa de 0.93 a 0.086. A los 12 años, ni la prevalencia de caries ni el índice COPD mostraron un cambio significativo. La prevalencia de gingivitis disminuyó significativamente en ambos segmentos de edad en los 10 años de evaluación. Conclusiones: Pese a verificarse una leve disminución, la prevalencia de caries en Peralillo continua siendo muy alta y no ha variado sustancialmente en 10 años. Se sugieren más estudios similares para evaluar la eficacia de los programas en curso.

Aim: Given the limited epidemiological information in Chile on the most common oral diseases and the effectiveness of the existent programs, the aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in caries and gingivitis prevalence in a 6 and 12 year-old children from the VI Region, between the years 2000 and 2010. Subjects and Methods: 143 6 and 12 year-old children treated at the CESFAM of Peralillo were clinically examined to detect and diagnose caries and gingivitis. Clinical records of 134 same ages children treated at the same service in the year 2000 were analyzed to compare the indexes. Caries index was obtained by DMFT and dmft and gingivitis was assessed by clinical parameters. Results obtained both years were compared and considered significant if p<0.05. Results: Caries prevalence decreased in the group of 6 year-olds from 89 percent to 65 percent, but only DMFT showed a significant reduction from 0.93 to 0.086. In the 12 year-old children, neither caries prevalence nor DMFT showed significant changes within the 10-year period. Conclusions: In spite of a slight decrease, caries prevalence in Peralillo continues to be very high and it has not substantially changed in 10 years. Further similar studies are suggested to assess the efficacy of the current programs in use.

Asthma: A Risk Factor for Dental Caries.

This report points out a correlation between asthma and dental caries. It also gives certain guidelines on the measures to be taken in an asthmatic to negate the risk of dental caries.

The Study of Comparison on a Caries Activity Schoolchildren / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction. In our country dental caries and its complication are very widespread, following more clinical and economical difficult. Dental caries is multifactor infectious disease and its one of the most principal causative agents is acid attack, producing by cariogenic bacteria in dental plaque. If we have to detect the risk group early, we can prevent dental caries and treat in lightly form. In press review, there are a lot of microbiological and colorimetric tests, determining caries activity and identifying caries condition previously (J.Tsubouchi, Ts.Shimono et all., 1995: B.Oyuntsetseg, Y.Okazaki et al., 2004). Since 2005, The improving oral health condition of schoolchildren project invented by Taiwan Dental Association is going in 6 secondary schools of country town. Therefore 6 dentists are working in schools by prevention. There is no research work concerning the comparison the caries activity of pupils of secondary schools. The aims of this study were to compare a caries activity of pupils of secondary schools. Method: The study subjects consisted of 75 pupils and the study carried out in 2007. A dental examination was done using by mouth mirror and explorer under natural light. Before and after the lunch, for each pupil plaque was collected by swabbing from the buccal surfaces of the maxillary teeth using a sterile cotton swab. Each plaque sample was put into the Cariostat medium (21 test, Morita Co., Japan) and incubated at 37 C for 48 hours. After incubation the colorimetric changes were classified into seven grades using the original four grade standard color sample. Then, the pupils were grouped by Cariostat score as low risk (CAT 0-1.5) and high risk (CAT 2.0-3.0). Results: 1. The caries prevalence and deft score of pupils of 76th school were 84.2% and 3.590.31, but 67th school 73.2% and 3.000.31, respectively (p=0.01). 2. As assessed using CAT21 test, for the 76th schools 36.1% of pupils had high risk and 63.9% low risk before lunch, but after lunch 52.8% of pupils had high risk and 47.2% low risk. However, 67th schools 35% high, 65% low, 40% high and 60% low risk, respectively (p=0.01) (p=0.05). Discussion: 1. We carried out this study on two secondary schools with same life style. The caries prevalence and deft score of pupils 67th school were lower than 76th, so that general dentist had always working by preventive purpose for last three years. 2. That plaque pH results showed more stability in 67th school than 76th, may be pupils of 67th started toothbrushing after lunch. Conclusions: This study results showed caries activity of pupils of 76th schools higher than 67th. So that to have a dentist at the secondary schools very important.