ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element that accumulates in kidney and liver. L-carnitine(LC) is a natural compound that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant activity. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine against cadmium-induced changes in liver and kidney tissues in prepubertal female rats. In this study 21-day-old female Wistar Albino rats were used. Control, cadmium (2 mg/kg cadmium intraperitoneally), L-carnitine (300 mg/kg orally) and cadmium+L-carnitine groups were formed. Liver and kidney tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson Trichrome. Histological scoring was performed in liver and kidney. In the liver tissue given Cd, bile duct proliferation, inflammation cells and connective tissue in the portal area were decreased in treatment group. In kidneys, cadmium group treated with L-carnitine, it was observed that the capillary congestion in the kidneys decreased, but tubular dilatation continued in some places. In fibrosis scoring of the liver groups,statistically significant decrease was observed in the Cd+LC group compared to group of cadmium. In the histological scoring results of the kidney groups, statistically significant decrease in congestion and tubular epithelial degeneration was observed in the group treated with L-carnitine compared to group with cadmium. In conclusion medium-dose cadmium has toxic effects in liver and kidney of prepubertal female rats in subacute period,these effects are alleviated with L-carnitine.
El cadmio (Cd) es un elemento tóxico que se acumula en los riñones y el hígado. La L-carnitina (LC) es un compuesto natural que ha demostrado tener actividad antioxidante. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de la L-carnitina contra los cambios inducidos por el cadmio en los tejidos del hígado y el riñón en ratas hembra prepúberes. En este estudio se utilizaron ratas Wistar Albinas hembra de 21 días de edad. Se formaron grupos control, cadmio (2 mg/kg de cadmio por vía intraperitoneal), L- carnitina (300 mg/kg por vía oral) y cadmio + L-carnitina. Se tiñeron secciones de tejido de hígado y riñón con Hematoxilina-Eosina y tricrómico de Masson. La puntuación histológica se realizó en hígado y riñón. En el tejido hepático que recibió Cd, la proliferación de los conductos biliares, las células inflamatorias y el tejido conectivo en el área portal disminuyeron en el grupo con tratamiento. En los riñones, en el grupo de cadmio tratado con L- carnitina, se observó que la congestión capilar disminuyó, pero la dilatación tubular continuó en algunos sitios. En la puntuación de fibrosis de los grupos de hígado, se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en el grupo de Cd+LC en comparación con el grupo de cadmio. Los resultados de puntuación histológica de los grupos de riñón, arrojó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la congestión y el epitelio tubular Se observó degeneración en el grupo tratado con L-carnitina en comparación con el grupo con cadmio. En conclusión, las dosis medias de cadmio tienen efectos tóxicos en el hígado y los riñones de ratas hembras prepúberes en el período subagudo; estos efectos se alivian con L-carnitina.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Cadmium/toxicity , Carnitine/pharmacology , Kidney/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Abstract Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder related to lipid metabolism affecting skeletal muscle. The first cases of CPT II deficiency causing myopathy were reported in 1973. In 1983, Werneck et al published the first two Brazilian patients with myopathy due to CPT II deficiency, where the biochemical analysis confirmed deficient CPT activity in the muscle of both cases. Over the past 40 years since the pioneering publication, clinical phenotypes and genetic loci in the CPT2 gene have been described, and pathogenic mechanisms have been better elucidated. Genetic analysis of one of the original cases disclosed compound heterozygous pathogenic variants (p.Ser113Leu/p.Pro50His) in the CPT2 gene. Our report highlights the historical aspects of the first Brazilian publication of the myopathic form of CPT II deficiency and updates the genetic background of this pioneering publication.
Resumo Deficiência de carnitina palmitoiltransferase II (CPT II) é uma desordem de herança autossômica recessiva relacionada com o metabolismo do lipídio afetando músculo esquelético. Os primeiros dois casos de deficiência de CPT II causando miopatia foram relatados em 1973. Em 1983, Werneck et al. publicaram os primeiros pacientes brasileiros com miopatia por deficiência de CPT II, nos quais a análise bioquímica confirmou a atividade deficiente da CPT nos músculos em ambos os casos. Após 40 anos desde a publicação pioneira, fenótipos clínicos e loci genético no gene CPT2 foram descritos, bem com os mecanismos patológicos foram melhor elucidados. A análise genética de um dos casos da publicação original apresentou variantes patogênicas em heterozigose composta (p.Ser113Leu/p.Pro50His) no gene CPT2. O nosso relato destaca os aspectos históricos da primeira publicação brasileira da forma miopática da deficiência de CPT II e atualiza as bases genéticas dessa publicação pioneira.
ABSTRACT
Durante el ayuno, la oxidación de ácidos grasos y la formación de cuerpos cetónicos son necesarios para la producción de energía. La carnitina es esencial para que los ácidos grasos de cadena larga se transfieran a la mitocondria para la oxidación de ácidos grasos. La deficiencia primaria de carnitina es un defecto recesivo que se expresa con un espectro clínico amplio que incluye descompensación metabólica, hipoglicemia hipocetósica o cardiomiopatía en la niñez, fatigabilidad en la adultez o ausencia de síntomas. En nuestro país no hay publicaciones sobre el tema, por lo que en el presente artículo se reporta el caso de un niño que presentó una deficiencia de carnitina expresada como hipoglicemia hipocetósica y se analiza sus hallazgos clínicos, bioquímicos e histopatológicos.
During fasting, the oxidation of fatty acids and the formation of ketone bodies are necessary for energy production. Carnitine is essential for long-chain fatty acids to be transferred to the mitochondria for fatty acid oxidation. Primary carnitine deficiency is a recessive defect that is expressed with a broad clinical spectrum that includes metabolic decompensation, hypoketotic hypoglycemia or cardiomyopathy in childhood, fatiguability in adulthood or absence of symptoms. In our country there are no publications on the subject, so this article reports the case of a child who had carnitine deficiency expressed as hypoketotic hypoglycemia and its clinical, biochemical and histopathological findings are analyzed.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Cadmium (Cd) is the industrial and environmental toxic heavy metal which is found in air, water and soil. Cd, adversely affects many organs in humans such as kidney, intestine, liver, testis and lungs. L-carnitine (LC) is an important agent that plays essential role in energy metabolism. In our study, we aimed to work out whether LC application has any protective effect on intestinal contractility and morphologic damage of prepubertal rat duodenum on Cd-induced toxicity. Twenty eight prepubertal female Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The first group is control (C), second group; Cd group; Cadmium chloride was given 2 mg/kg 28 days with a one-day break by i.p. The third group; Cd+LC, which cadmium chloride was given 2 mg/kg i.p. and LC was given orally by gastric lavage. The LC dose was given as 75 mg/kg. The fourth group; LC, which only LC was given orally. The intestinal segments were isolated and suspended in tissue bath. Contractile responses were induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and relaxation was achieved with phenylephrine. Also the segments were examined for histological changes by light microscopy. Ach-induced contractions were higher in Cd+LC, LC, and control group compared to the Cd group in duodenal segments. The phenylephrine-induced relaxations were lower in Cd groups as compared with Control, Cd+LC and LC group in duodenal segments. In Cd group intestinal morphology was observed to be severely damaged whereas in Cd+LC group the damage was noticeably lower. Cd administration caused severe cellular damage and decreased gastrointestinal motility. Treatment with the LC has affected the gastrointestinal contractility and reduced the damage in intestinal morphology, which occured after Cd application.
El cadmio (Cd) es el metal pesado tóxico industrial y ambiental que se encuentra en el aire, el agua y el suelo. El Cd afecta negativamente a muchos órganos humanos, como los riñones, los intestinos, el hígado, los testículos y los pulmones. La L-carnitina (LC) es un agente importante que juega un rol esencial en el metabolismo energético. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la aplicación de LC tiene algún efecto protector sobre la contractilidad intestinal y el daño morfológico del duodeno de rata prepuberal sobre la toxicidad inducida por Cd. Veintiocho ratas Wistar hembras prepúberes se dividieron en cuatro grupos. El primer grupo control (C), segundo grupo; grupo cd; Se administró cloruro de cadmio 2 mg/kg durante 28 días con un descanso de un día por vía i.p. El tercer grupo; Cd+LC, al que se administró cloruro de cadmio 2 mg/kg i.p. y LC se administró por vía oral mediante lavado gástrico. La dosis de LC se administró como 75 mg/kg. El cuarto grupo; LC, al cual solo LC se administraba por vía oral. Los segmentos intestinales fueron aislados y suspendieron en baño de tejido. Las respuestas contráctiles fueron inducidas por acetilcolina (ACh) y la relajación se logró con fenilefrina. También se examinaron los segmentos en busca de cambios histológicos mediante microscopía óptica. Las contracciones inducidas por Ach fueron mayores en Cd+LC, LC y el grupo control en comparación con el grupo Cd en los segmentos duodenales. Las relajaciones inducidas por fenilefrina fueron menores en los grupos Cd en comparación con el grupo Control, Cd+LC y LC en los segmentos duodenales. En el grupo Cd se observó que la morfología intestinal estaba severamente dañada mientras que en el grupo Cd+LC el daño fue notablemente menor. La administración de Cd causó daño celular severo y disminución de la motilidad gastrointestinal. El tratamiento con LC afectó la contractilidad gastrointestinal y redujo el daño en la morfología intestinal, que ocurría después de la aplicación de Cd.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Cadmium/toxicity , Carnitine/administration & dosage , Gastrointestinal Diseases/chemically induced , Gastrointestinal Diseases/prevention & control , Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Tract/pathology , Muscle Contraction/drug effectsABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) of the small intestine causes serious abdominal pathologies including tissue dysfunction and organ failure. L-carnitine (L-C), a powerful antioxidant, may help lessen the severity of these pathological effects since it plays a key role in energy metabolism. In this work we aimed to study the effects of L-C on the isolated ileal and duodenal contractility and histological changes in intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Twenty eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The first group is the control group. Second group, I/R group, had rats submitted to 45-minutes of intestinal ischemia and to 45-minutes reperfusion. The third group, I/R+ L-C group, rats were treated with L-C 5 minutes before reperfusion and than submitted to ischemia. The fourth group, included rats that were treated with L-C without ischemia or reperfusion. Intestinal ischemia was conducted by obstructing superior mesentery arteries by silk loop. The ileal and duodenal segments were isolated and suspended in tissue bath. Contractile responses were induced by acetylcholine (Ach) and relaxation was achieved with phenylephrine. At the same time the terminal ileal and duodenal segments were examined for histological changes. Ach-induced contraction responses were higher in the I/R+L-C group, the L-C group, and the control group compared to the I/R group, in both ileal and duodenal segments. On the other hand, the phenylephrine-induced relaxations were higher in the I/R+L-C and L-C groups, especially in duodenal segments. In I/R group intestinal morphology was observed to be severely damaged whereas in I/R+L-C group the damage was noticeably lower possibly due to protective properties of L-C. I/R injury caused severe cellular damage response within the muscularis resulting in decreased gastrointestinal motility. Treatment with the L-C has significantly affected the gastrointestinal contractility. Also L-C treatment reduced the damage in intestinal morphology that occurs after IR injury.
RESUMEN: La isquemia-reperfusión (I/R) del intestino delgado provoca graves patologías abdominales que incluyen disfunción tisular y falla orgánica. La L-carnitina (L-C), un poderoso antioxidante, puede ayudar a disminuir la gravedad de estos efectos patológicos, ya que desempeña un papel clave en el metabolismo energético. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar los efectos de L-C sobre la contractilidad ileal y duodenal aislada y los cambios histológicos en la lesión por isquemia y reperfusión intestinal. Se dividieron 28 ratas Wistar en cuatro grupos. El primer grupo fue el control. El segundo grupo, grupo I/R, de ratas sometidas durante 45 minutos de isquemia intestinal y a 45 minutos de reperfusión. El tercer grupo, grupo I/R+ L-C, las ratas se trataron con L-C, 5 minutos antes de la reperfusión y luego se sometieron a isquemia. El cuarto grupo, las ratas fueron tratadas con L-C sin isquemia ni reperfusión. La isquemia intestinal se realizó obstruyendo la arteria mesentérica superior con un asa de seda. Los segmentos ileal y duodenal se aislaron y suspendieron en un baño de tejido. Las respuestas contráctiles fueron inducidas por acetilcolina (Ach) y la relajación se logró con fenilefrina. Al mismo tiempo, se examinaron cambios histológicos de los segmentos del íleon terminal y del duodeno. Las respuestas de contracción inducidas por Ach fueron mayores en el grupo I/R+L-C, el grupo L-C y el grupo control en comparación con el grupo I/R, tanto en el segmento ileal como en el duodenal. Por otra parte, las relajaciones inducidas por fenilefrina fueron mayores en los grupos I/R+L-C y L-C, especialmente en los segmentos duodenales. En el grupo I/R se observó que la morfología intestinal estaba dañada significativamente, mientras que en el grupo I/R+L-C el daño fue notablemente menor, posiblemente debido a las propiedades protectoras de L-C. La lesión por I/R causó una respuesta de daño celular severo dentro de la capa muscular que resultó en una disminución de la motilidad gastrointestinal. El tratamiento con L-C afectó significativamente la contractilidad gastrointestinal. Por otra parte, el tratamiento L-C redujo el daño en la morfología intestinal que ocurre después de la lesión por IR.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Carnitine/administration & dosage , Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy , Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Carnitine/pharmacology , Rats, Wistar , Disease Models, Animal , Intestines/pathology , Antioxidants/pharmacologySubject(s)
Humans , Carnitine/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Dietary Supplements , Heart , MyocardiumABSTRACT
Resumo Fundamentos A L-carnitina (LC) tem muitos efeitos benéficos em animais diabéticos e humanos, mas seu efeito regulatório sobre a quemerina como uma citocina inflamatória e seu receptor no estado diabético são desconhecidos. Objetivos O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito regulatório da LC na expressão do receptor semelhante ao de quimiocina 1 e quemerina (CMKLRI) em tecidos adiposo e cardíaco de camundongos diabéticos. Métodos Sessenta camundongos NMARI foram divididos em quatro grupos, incluindo controle, diabético, diabético + suplementação com LC e controle + suplementação com LC. O diabetes foi induzido pela alimentação dos animais com dieta hipercalórica por 5 semanas e injeção de estreptozotocina. Os animais foram tratados com 300 mg/kg de LC por 28 dias. Nos dias 7, 14 e 28 após o tratamento, os níveis de mRNA e proteína da quemerina e CMKLRI nos tecidos cardíacos e adiposos de animais foram determinados utilizando análise por qPCR e ELISA. Os índices de resistência à insulina também foram medidos em todos os grupos experimentais. A diferença com p<0,05 foi considerada significativa. Resultados A expressão de quemerina e CMKLRI aumentou nos tecidos cardíaco e adiposo de camundongos diabéticos nos dias 14 e 28 após a indução do diabetes, concomitantemente com a incidência de resistência à insulina e níveis aumentados de quemerina circulante (p<0,05). O tratamento com LC causou uma diminuição significativa na expressão de ambos os genes nos tecidos estudados e redução dos sintomas de resistência à insulina e dos níveis séricos de quemerina (p<0,05). Conclusão Os resultados sugerem que o tratamento com LC pode diminuir a expressão de quemerina e CKLR1 em tecidos cardíacos e adiposos de animais experimentais obesos e diabéticos.
Abstract Background L-carnitine (LC) has many beneficial effects on diabetic animals and humans, but its regulatory effect on chemerin as an inflammatory cytokine, and its receptor in diabetes status is unknown. Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of LC on the expression of chemerin and chemokine-like receptor I (CMKLRI) in adipose and cardiac tissues of diabetic mice. Methods Sixty NMARI mice were divided into four groups including control, diabetic, diabetic + LC supplementation and control + LC supplementation. Diabetes was induced by feeding the animals a high-calorie diet for 5 weeks and injection of Streptozotocin. The animals were treated with 300 mg/kg LC for 28 days. On days 7, 14, and 28 after treatment, the mRNA and protein levels of chemerin and CMKLRI in the cardiac and adipose tissues of the animals were determined using qPCR analysis and ELISA. Insulin resistance indices were also measured in all experimental groups. Differences with p <0.05 were considered significant. Results Chemerin and CMKLRI expressions levels were increased in cardiac and adipose tissues of diabetic mice on days 14 and 28 after diabetes induction, concurrent with the incidence of insulin resistance and increased levels of circulating chemerin (p<0.05). The treatment with LC caused a significant decrease in the expression of both genes in studied tissues and the reduction of insulin resistance symptoms and serum chemerin levels (p<0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that LC treatment were able to downregulate the expression of chemerin and CKLR1 in cardiac and adipose tissues of obese, diabetic experimental animals.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Receptors, Chemokine , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Carnitine/pharmacology , Chemokines , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Mice, Obese , Obesity/drug therapyABSTRACT
Abstract Objective To investigate whether follicular fluid (FF) from infertile women with mild endometriosis (ME) alters in vitro bovine embryo development, and whether the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and/or L-carnitine (LC) could prevent such damages. Methods Follicular fluid was obtained from infertile women (11 with ME and 11 control). Bovine oocytes were matured in vitro divided in: No-FF, with 1% of FF from control women (CFF) or ME women (MEFF); with 1.5mM NAC (CFF + NAC, MEFF + NAC), with 0.6mg/mL LC (CFF + LC, MEFF + LC), or both antioxidants (CFF + NAC + LC, MEFF + NAC + LC). After in vitro fertilization, in vitro embryo culture was performed for 9 days. Results A total of 883 presumptive zygotes were cultured in vitro. No differences were observed in cleavage rate (p = 0.5376) and blastocyst formation rate (p = 0.4249). However, the MEFF group (12.5%) had lower hatching rate than the No-FF (42.1%, p = 0.029) and CFF (42.9%, p = 0.036) groups. Addition of antioxidants in the group with CFF did not alter hatching rate (p ≥ 0.56), and in groups with MEFF, just NAC increased the hatching rate [(MEFF: 12.5% versus MEFF + NAC: 44.4% (p = 0.02); vs MEFF + LC: 18.8% (p = 0.79); versus MEFF + NAC + LC: 30.8% (p = 0.22)]. Conclusion Therefore, FF from infertile women with ME added to medium of in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes impairs hatching rate, and NAC prevented these damages, suggesting involvement of oxidative stress in worst of oocyte and embryo quality of women with ME.
Resumo Objetivo Investigar se o fluido folicular (FF) de mulheres inférteis com endometriose leve (ME, na sigla eminglês) altera o desenvolvimento in vitro de embriões bovinos, e se os antioxidantes N-acetil-cisteína (NAC) e/ou L-carnitina (LC) poderiam prevenir possíveis danos. Métodos O FF foi obtido de mulheres inférteis (11 com ME e 11 controles). Oócitos bovinos foram maturados in vitro divididos em: sem FF (No-FF), com 1% de FF de mulheres controle (CFF) ou mulheres comME (MEFF); com 1,5mMde NAC (CFF + NAC, MEFF + NAC), com 0,6mg/mL de LC (CFF + LC, MEFF + LC), ou ambos antioxidantes (CFF + NAC + LC, MEFF + NAC + LC). Depois da fertilização in vitro, o cultivo in vitro de embriões foi realizado por 9 dias. Resultados Um total de 883 zigotos presumidos foram cultivados in vitro. Nenhuma diferença foi observada na taxa de clivagem (p = 0,5376) e na taxa de formação de blastocistos (p = 0,4249). Entretanto, o grupo MEFF (12.5%) teve menor taxa de eclosão de blastocistos do que os grupos No-FF (42,1%, p = 0,029) e CFF (42,9%, p = 0,036). Adição de antioxidantes no grupo comCFF não alterou a taxa de eclosão (p ≥ 0.56), e nos grupos com MEFF, somente a NAC aumentou a taxa de eclosão [(MEFF: 12.5% versus MEFF + NAC: 44.4% (p = 0.02); versus MEFF + LC: 18.8% (p = 0.79); versus MEFF + NAC + LC: 30.8% (p = 0.22)]. Conclusão Portanto, o FF de mulheres inférteis com ME adicionado ao meio de maturação in vitro de oócitos bovinos prejudica a taxa de closão embrionária, e a NAC preveniu esses danos, sugerindo o envolvimento do estresse oxidativo na piora da qualidade oocitária e embrionária de mulheres com ME.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Endometriosis , Infertility, Female , Oocytes , Follicular Fluid/metabolism , Embryonic Development , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Resumo A miopatia mitocondrial é causada pela ausência e/ou insuficiência de uma enzina quaternária, L-carnitina, responsável por transportar ácidos graxos livres para a parte interna da mitocôndria. A função da mitocôndria é produzir energia, contribuindo para o bom funcionamento das células. A Lipidose Muscular é uma doença que provoca anomalias em enzimas que metabolizam gordura e por consequência causa acúmulo de toxinas de subprodutos com gordura nos tecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o estudo de caso da paciente B.D., 37 anos, diagnosticada com Lipidose Muscular aos seis anos, com deficiência de L-Carnitina e relatar o acompanhamento fonoaudiológico realizado em um serviço de saúde auditiva. A abertura de prontuário da paciente foi realizada em 05/03/1989. Foi prescrito pelo neurologista o uso contínuo de 2g/dia de L-carnitina. A mãe relatou que B.D. apresentava dificuldades em ouvir, pois era muito desatenta, o que foi mais evidente quando começou a frequentar a escola. Em 1988, a paciente foi diagnosticada com perda auditiva neurossensorial de grau moderado bilateral e começou a fazer uso de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual retroauriculares em 1989. O desempenho escolar e comunicação melhoraram. Em 1998, passou a utilizar aparelhos tipo micro canal, o que a favoreceu esteticamente, promoveu melhora da localização sonora e maior ganho em altas frequências. Os limiares de audibilidade apresentaram uma leve piora e a paciente atualmente é pós-graduada e trabalha em uma grande instituição financeira. Conclui-se que o diagnostico neurológico e a intervenção fonoaudiológica precoces possibilitaram o adequado desenvolvimento de linguagem da paciente.
Abstract Mitochondrial myopathy is caused by the absence and/or insufficiency of L-carnitine, a quaternary enzyme responsible for transporting free fatty acids into the mitochondria. The primary function of the mitochondria is to produce energy, contributing to proper cell functioning. Muscular lipidosis causes abnormalities in enzymes that metabolize fat, resulting in the accumulation of harmful amounts of fats in tissues. The aim of this study was to present the case study of patient B.D., a 37-year-old woman diagnosed with muscular lipidosis with L-carnitine deficiency at 6 years old, and describe the speech-language follow-up performed at a hearing care clinic. The first entry in the patient's medical chart was on 03/05/1989, with continuous use of 2g/day of L-carnitine prescribed by a neurologist. The mother reported that B.D. had difficulty hearing and was inattentive, which became more evident when she started school. In 1988 the patient was diagnosed with moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and began using behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids in 1989, after which her academic performance and communication improved. In 1998 she switched to Completely in Canal (CIC) hearing aids, which are more discreet, provided better sound localization and greater high frequency gain, although her hearing thresholds worsened slightly. She completed her graduate studies and currently works at a large financial institution. It was concluded that early neurological diagnosis and speech-language intervention enabled adequate language development in the patient.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Adult , Sound Localization , Speech Perception , Mitochondrial Myopathies/complications , Hearing Aids , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural , Hearing Loss, BilateralABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar el rol de la L-carnitina (LC) sobre el estrés oxidativo inducido por fructosa en ratas Holtzman. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental durante 56 días, con cuatro grupos: control, control+LC, fructosa y fructosa+LC. Los grupos con fructosa recibieron el tratamiento durante los 56 días, y los grupos con LC lo recibieron en los últimos 28 días. La fructosa se dio a libre demanda y la LC se administró por vía oral a una dosis de 500 g/kg/24 h. En el hígado se midió la lipoperoxidación (MDA), la actividad de superóxido dismutasa, las proteínas mitocondriales y posmitocondriales, y la LC libre. En el plasma se midió la glicemia, el índice de modelo homeostático para evaluar la resistencia a la insulina (HOMA-IR) e insulina. En el páncreas se midió la insulina y se realizó la histología. Resultados: El tratamiento con LC en el hígado mostró disminución (p < 0,05) de MDA frente al grupo control (21,73 ± 5,36 nmol/g tejido vs. 64,46 ± 7,87 nmol/g tejido). Las proteínas mitocondriales y posmitocondriales aumentaron (p < 0,05) frente al grupo control. La insulina pancreática también aumentó frente al control (341,8 ± 42,3 μUI/ml vs. 70,1 ± 9,6 μUI/ml, p<0,05). El rol de LC frente al estrés oxidativo inducido por fructosa no mostró disminución de MDA, pero produjo disminución (p < 0,05) en la actividad de SOD Cu/Zn (9,39 ± 1,5 USOD/mg proteína vs. 13,52 ± 1,5 USOD/mg proteína). En el plasma, se observó que la LC mejora el valor de la HOMA-IR. Histológicamente, la presencia de LC aumentó el número y tamaño de islotes de Langerhans. Conclusiones: La LC favorece los cambios del metabolismo oxidativo y ante el consumo de fructosa contribuye con la homeostasis glicémica.
ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the role of L-carnitine (LC) on fructose-induced oxidative stress in Holtzman rats. Materials and methods: An experimental study was carried out during 56 days, in patients assigned to 4 groups: control, control+LC, fructose and fructose+LC. Patients in the fructose group received treatment during 56 days, and those in the LC groups were treated during the last 28 days. Fructose was given on demand and LC was administered orally at a dose of 500 g/kg/24 h. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide dismutase activity, free LC and mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial proteins were measured in liver tissue. Glycemia, insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured in blood plasma. We measured insulin concentration and studied the histology of pancreatic tissue. Results: LC treatment showed a decrease (p < 0.05) of MDA when compared to the control group (21.73 ± 5.36 nmol/g tissue vs. 64.46 ± 7.87 nmol/g tissue). Mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial proteins increased (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group; pancreatic insulin also increased when compared to the control (341.8 ± 42.3 μUI/ml vs. 70.1 ± 9.6 μUI/ml, p<0.05). The role of LC against fructose-induced oxidative stress did not show any decrease of MDA, but decreased (p < 0.05) SOD Cu/Zn activity (9.39 ± 1.5 USOD/mg protein vs. 13.52 ± 1.5 USOD/mg protein). We observed that LC improves HOMA-IR in blood plasma. Histological analysis of the pancreas showed that the presence of LC increased the number and size of the islets of Langerhans. Conclusions: LC favors changes in the oxidative metabolism and it also contributes to glycemic homeostasis when fructose is consumed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Carnitine , Oxidative Stress , Fructose , Antioxidants , Superoxide Dismutase , Blood Glucose , Insulin , MalondialdehydeABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: Huntington's disease (HD), caused by an expanded CAG repeat at HTT, has no treatment, and biomarkers are needed for future clinical trials. Objective: The objective of this study was to verify if free carnitine and branched chain amino acids levels behave as potential biomarkers in HD. Methods: Symptomatic and asymptomatic HD carriers and controls were recruited. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), age of onset, disease duration, UHDRS scores, and expanded CAG tract were obtained; valine, leucine, isoleucine, and free carnitine were measured. Baseline and longitudinal analysis were performed. Results: Seventy-four symptomatic carriers, 20 asymptomatic carriers, and 22 non-carriers were included. At baseline, valine levels were reduced in symptomatic and asymptomatic HD carriers when compared to non-carriers. No difference in free carnitine or isoleucine+leucine levels were observed between groups. BMI of symptomatic individuals was lower than those of non-carriers. Valine levels correlated with BMI. Follow-up evaluation was performed in 43 symptomatic individuals. UHDRS total motor score increased 4.8 points/year on average. No significant reductions in BMI or valine were observed, whereas free carnitine and isoleucine+leucine levels increased. Conclusions: Although valine levels were lower in HD carriers and were related to BMI losses observed in pre-symptomatic individuals, none of these metabolites seem to be biomarkers for HD.
RESUMO Introdução: A doença de Huntington (DH), causada por uma repetição CAG expandida no HTT, não possui tratamento e biomarcadores são necessários para futuros ensaios clínicos. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi verificar se os níveis de carnitina livre e aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada se comportam como potenciais biomarcadores na DH. Métodos: Portadores sintomáticos e assintomáticos e controles foram recrutados. Idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal (IMC), idade de início, duração da doença, escores UHDRS e trato CAG expandido foram obtidos; valina, leucina, isoleucina e carnitina livre foram medidas. Foram realizadas análises basal e longitudinal. Resultados: Setenta e quatro portadores sintomáticos, 20 portadores assintomáticos e 22 não portadores foram incluídos. No início do estudo, os níveis de valina estavam reduzidos em portadores de DH sintomáticos e assintomáticos quando comparados aos não portadores. Não foram observadas diferenças nos níveis de carnitina livre ou isoleucina + leucina entre os grupos. O IMC dos indivíduos sintomáticos foi menor que o dos não portadores. Níveis de valina correlacionaram-se com o IMC. Avaliação de acompanhamento foi realizada em 43 indivíduos sintomáticos. A pontuação do escore motor total da UHDRS aumentou 4,8 pontos/ano em média. Não foram observadas reduções significativas no IMC ou na valina, enquanto os níveis de carnitina livre e isoleucina+leucina aumentaram. Conclusões: Embora os níveis de valina tenham sido menores nos portadores de DH e estivessem relacionados às perdas de IMC observadas em indivíduos pré-sintomáticos, nenhum desses metabólitos parece ser biomarcador para a DH.
Subject(s)
Humans , Huntington Disease , Biomarkers , Carnitine , Amino Acids, Branched-ChainABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of the present study was to measure the free carnitine and acylcarnitine levels in pterygium tissue and normal conjunctival tissue at the metabolomics level using tandem mass spectrometry. Methods: In this prospective, clinical randomized study, pterygium tissues and normal conjunctival tissues taken during pterygium excision with autograft were compared regarding their free carnitine and acylcarnitine profiles. After tissue homogenization, carnitine levels were measured using tandem mass spectrometry. The data were statistically analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Pterygium and normal conjunctival tissue samples from a single eye of 29 patients (16 females, 13 males; mean age, 54.75 ± 11.25 years [range, 21-78 years]) were evaluated. While the free carnitine (C0) level was significantly high in the pterygium tissue (p<0.001), acylcarnitine levels were significantly high in some esterized derivatives (C2, C5, C5:1, C5DC, C16:1, C18, methylglutarylcarnitine) (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined for the other esterized derivatives (p>0.05). Conclusion: That the carnitine levels in pterygium tissue were higher suggests that acceleration of cell metabolism developed secondary to chronic inflammation and the premalignant characteristics of pterygium tissue. High carnitine levels may also effectively suppress the apoptosis process. The data reported in our study indicate that further, more extensive studies of the carnitine profile could help clarify the pathogenesis of pterygium.
RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi medir os níveis de carnitina livre e acil-carnitina a nível metabolómico com espectrometria de massa em tandem no tecido do pterígio e no tecido conjuntivo normal. Método: Neste estudo prospetivo, clínico e aleatório, os tecidos de pterígio e os tecidos normais de conjuntiva, retirados durante a cirurgia de pterígio com autoenxerto, foram comparados em relação ao perfil de carnitina livre e de acil-carnitina. Após a homogeneização dos tecidos, os níveis de carnitina foram medidos por espectrometria de massa em tandem. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada com o teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon. Resultados: A avaliação foi feita através de amostras de tecido pterígio e de conjuntiva normal de um único olho de 29 pacientes (16 mulheres, 13 homens). A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 54,75 ± 11,25 anos (faixa dos 21 aos 78 anos). Enquanto o nível de carnitina livre (C0) foi significativamente elevado no tecido pterígio (p<0,001), os níveis de acil-carnitina foram significativamente elevados em alguns derivados esterificados (C2, C5, C5: 1, C5DC, C16:1, C18, metilglutaril carnitina) (p<0,05). Não foi determinada uma diferença estatisticamen te significante noutros derivados esterificados (p>0,05). Conclusão: Os níveis mais elevados de carnitina no tecido do pterígio sugerem que a aceleração do metabolismo celular se tenha tornado secundária com o efeito da inflamação crónica e o caráter pré-maligno do tecido do pterígio. Os níveis elevados de carnitina também podem ser eficazes na supressão do processo de apoptose. Os dados obtidos no estudo indicam que estudos mais extensivos do perfil da carnitina contribuiriam para o esclarecimento da patogénese do pterígio.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Pterygium/metabolism , Carnitine/analysis , Carnitine/analogs & derivatives , Conjunctiva/abnormalities , Pterygium/surgery , Carnitine/metabolism , Prospective Studies , Conjunctiva/surgery , Conjunctiva/metabolism , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , MetabolomicsABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The increased use of body reserves observed during peripartum leads to higher needs of L-carnitine by cows, which is restrictive under the production conditions of Colombian high tropics. Objective: To evaluate the lipotropic potential of L-carnitine in Holstein dairy cows during the transition period to lactation. Methods: Twenty-one Holstein cows were fed 0, 100, or 200 g/d L-carnitine fumarate from d 260 of gestation to d 20 postpartum. Hepatic triacylglycerides concentration, total carnitine, free carnitine, acylcarnitine, and serum levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) and urea were determined by spectrophotometry. Repeated measures analysis was used to determine the effects of dose, measurement period, and their interactions. Results: Hepatic triglycerides and the different forms of carnitine showed no difference between sampling periods (p>0.05). Hepatic triglycerides concentration was low and decreased in response to 200 g/d L-carnitine fumarate supplementation (p<0.05). This decrease in hepatic triglycerides could be due to increased fatty acid oxidation. L-carnitine supplementation significantly increased (p<0.05) blood urea concentration, possibly through stimulation of the urea cycle, as previously described in other species. Conclusion: Supplementation with L-carnitine decreased the hepatic concentration of triglycerides, possibly due to increased liver oxidation of fatty acids.
Resumen Antecedentes: El incremento en la utilización de reservas corporales durante el periparto en vacas exige una alta disponibilidad de L-carnitina, la cual puede ser limitante bajo las condiciones propias de producción del trópico alto colombiano. Objetivo: Evaluar el potencial lipotrópico de la L-carnitina en vacas lecheras Holstein durante el periodo de transición a la lactancia. Métodos: Se suministraron dosis de 0, 100 y 200 g/d de fumarato de L-carnitina a 21 vacas Holstein a partir del d 260 de gestación y hasta el d 20 postparto. Se determinaron las concentraciones hepáticas de triacilglicéridos, carnitina total, carnitina libre y acil carnitina, y las concentraciones plasmáticas de ácidos grasos no esterificados (NEFA), β-hidroxibutirato (β-HB) y urea. Un análisis de medidas repetidas fue usado para determinar los efectos de la dosis, el periodo de medición, y sus interacciones. Resultados: Las concentraciones hepáticas de triglicéridos y de las diferentes formas de carnitina no difirieron significativamente (p>0,05) entre periodos de muestreo. La concentración hepática de triglicéridos fue baja, y mostró una disminución significativa (p<0,05) en respuesta a la suplementación con 200 g/d de fumarato de L-carnitina. La disminución en los triglicéridos hepáticos podría deberse a un aumento en la oxidación de ácidos grasos. La suplementación con L-carnitina aumentó significativamente (p<0,05) la concentración de urea en sangre, posiblemente a través de un mecanismo de estimulación del ciclo de la urea, descrito previamente en otras especies. Conclusión: La suplementación con L-carnitina disminuyó la concentración hepatica de trigliceridos, debido posiblemente a un aumento en la oxidación de ácidos grasos en hígado.
Resumo Antecedentes: O aumento do uso de reservas corporais durante o periparto requer alta disponibilidade de L-carnitina, que pode ser limitante nas condições de produção no trópico alto colombiano. Objetivo: Avaliar o potencial lipotrópico da L-carnitina em vacas leiteiras Holstein durante o período de transição para a lactação. Métodos: Quantidades de 0, 100 e 200 g/d de fumarato de L-carnitina foram administradas a 21 vacas holandesas durante o d 260 da gestação e até ao d 20 pós-parto. Foram determinadas as concentrações hepáticas de triacilglicerídeos, carnitina total, carnitina livre e acil carnitina e as concentrações plasmáticas de ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA), β-hidroxibutirato (β-HB) e ureia. Uma análise das medidas repetidas foi usada para determinar os efeitos da dose, período de medição e suas interações. Resultados: As concentrações hepáticas de triglicerídeos e as diferentes formas de carnitina não diferiram significativamente entre os períodos de amostragem (p>0,05). A concentração hepática de triglicerídeos foi baixa e mostrou diminuição significativa (p<0,05) em resposta à suplementação com 200 g/d de fumarato de L-carnitina. A diminuição dos triglicerídeos hepáticos pode ser devido a um aumento na oxidação de ácidos graxos. A suplementação com L-carnitina aumentou significativamente (p<0,05) a concentração de ureia no sangue, possivelmente através de um mecanismo de estimulação do ciclo da ureia previamente descrito em outras espécies. Conclusão: A suplementação com L-carnitina diminuiu a concentração hepática de triglicerídeos, possivelmente devido ao aumento da oxidação de ácidos graxos no fígado.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective. Investigate the effects of L-carnitine as a potential means of reducing the incidence of ascites in broilers and its relationship with physiological and biochemical paramaters. Material and methods. One-day-old 300 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in the trial. The group without L-carnitine supplementation (0) was assigned as control and the groups that received 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L L-carnitine supplementation in water were assigned as treatment groups. The trial was completed in 35 days. Results. L-carnitine supplementation did not have any significant effect on live weight gain, feed consumption, water consumption and feed conversion ratio. Levels of blood plasma and hemogram parameters HDL, Triglyceride, CK, RBC and MCH were significantly affected by L-carnitine (p<0.05). Blood gas parameter pH value was significantly affected by L-carnitine supplementation in the broilers with ascites. Blood gas pH value significantly increased with 100 mg/L L-carnitine supplementation compared to that of control (p<0.05). While blood pH was 7.21 in the animals with ascites, it was determined as 7.48 in healthy animals. Concentrations of SO2 and ctO2 were higher in healthy animals, while ctCO2P and hemoglobin concentrations were higher in ascitic animals (p<0.05). Conclusions. Ascites mortality rates starting from the control group were calculated respectively as %; 20.00, 18.33, 26.67, 28.33 and 28.33%. 76.71% of total ascites deaths were in the 5th week. It was concluded that low doses of L-carnitine supplementation may have positive effects in the broilers grown at high altitude.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Investigar los efectos de la L-carnitina como un medio potencial para reducir la incidencia de ascitis en pollos de engorde y su relación con parámetros fisiológicos y bioquímicos. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron 300 pollos de engorde machos de un día de edad (Ross 308) en el ensayo. El grupo sin suplementación de L-carnitina (0) se asignó como control y los grupos que recibieron suplementos de 100, 150, 200 y 250 mg/L de L-carnitina en agua se asignaron como grupos de tratamiento. La prueba se completó en 35 días. Resultados. La suplementación de L-carnitina no tuvo ningún efecto significativo sobre el aumento de peso vivo, consumo de alimento, consumo de agua y tasa de conversión alimenticia. Los niveles de plasma sanguíneo y los parámetros del hemograma HDL, triglicéridos, CK RBC y MCH se vieron afectados significativamente por L-carnitina (p<0.05). El valor del pH del parámetro del gas en sangre se vio significativamente afectado por la suplementación con L-carnitina en los pollos de engorde con ascitis. El valor del pH del gas en la sangre aumentó significativamente con la suplementación de 100 mg/L de L-carnitina en comparación con la del control (p<0.05). Mientras que el pH de la sangre fue de 7.21 en los animales con ascitis, se determinó como 7.48 en animales sanos. Las concentraciones de SO2 y ctO2 fueron mayores en animales sanos, mientras que las concentraciones de ctCO2P y hemoglobina fueron mayores en animales ascíticos (p<0.05). Conclusiones. Las tasas de mortalidad por ascitis a partir del grupo control se calcularon respectivamente como %; 20.00, 18.33, 26.67 y 28.33. 76.71% de las muertes totales de ascitis fueron en la quinta semana. Se concluyó que dosis bajas de suplementos de L-carnitina pueden tener efectos positivos en los pollos de engorde criados a gran altitude.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ascites , Chickens , Hypertension, Pulmonary , AcetylcarnitineABSTRACT
Objective To assess the effect of a program of vigorous physical exercises on the serum concentration of free and total L-carnitine, in male inmates at a prison in Boyacá, Colombia. Methods Pre-post intervention population-based study. 44 male prisoners with overweight and/or obesity, from a jail in Boyacá, Colombia were randomly assigned into two groups: an intervention group and a control group. The intervention consisted in participating in a vigorous exercise program over twelve weeks. Anthropometric measures and levels of free and total L-carnitine were every four weeks. Results There were significant increases in serum levels of free and total L-carnitine in the intervention group compared to the control group. Concurrently, in this group there was a reduction in body mass index (BMI), while in the control group there were no changes. Conclusion In overweight and/or obese patients, the routine practice of vigorous exercise plus caloric restriction offers significant benefits in reducing body fat volumes through the mechanisms of energetic consumption of long chain fatty acids.(AU)
Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de un programa de ejercicio físico intenso sobre las concentraciones séricas de L-Carnitina libre y total, en varones recluidos en una prisión de Boyacá, Colombia. Métodos Estudio de intervención antes - después, de base poblacional. 44 internos con sobrepeso y/o obesidad, de una prisión en Boyacá, Colombia, fueron aleatoriamente asignados a dos grupos: Uno de intervención y uno de control. La intervención consistió en un programa de práctica sistemática de ejercicio intenso, durante doce semanas continuas. Cada cuatro semanas se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y se determinaron los niveles séricos de L-Carnitina libre y total. Resultados Hubo un incremento significativo en los niveles séricos de L-Carnitina libre y Total en el grupo de intervención, comparado con lo registrado en el grupo control; simultáneamente, en el grupo de intervención se registró disminución en el índice de masa corporal (IMC), mientras que en el grupo control no se registraron cambios. Conclusión En presencia de sobrepeso y/o obesidad, la práctica rutinaria de ejercicios físicos intensos además de la restricción calórica, ofrece significativos beneficios en la reducción del volumen de grasa corporal por el mecanismo de consumo energético de los ácidos grasos de cadena larga.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Carnitine/administration & dosage , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Obesity/physiopathology , Prisoners , Exercise , ColombiaABSTRACT
La hiperamonemia se presenta en forma secundaria por aumento en la producción de amonio, como en la hemorragia gastrointestinal o disminución de la eliminación, como ocurre en errores innatos del metabolismo, principalmente en aquellos con defectos en el ciclo de la urea, insuficiencia hepática o fármacos. Clasificar la hiperamonemia y reportar las opciones terapéuticas en niños, su abordaje clínico y revisión de la literatura. Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal de niños con hiperamonemia. Variables: edad, género, etiología, niveles de amonio, clínica, tratamiento. 21 pacientes, 12 (57,12%) varones y 9 (42,88%) hembras. Edad promedio 3,91 años (rango:<1mes-14 años). Amonio promedio general 214,66 mmol/l (rango:110-980), clasificados según severidad: sin insuficiencia hepática 11/21 con promedio de amonio 99,44 y 201 mmol/l en hiperamonemia leve y moderada respectivamente. Clínica y laboratorio de insuficiencia hepática en 10/21 con promedio de amonio de 114,44, 287,51 y 756,66 en leve, moderada y severa hiperamonemia, con una diferencia significativa entre el nivel de amonio y la presencia o ausencia de insuficiencia hepática (p<0,0001); 5/10 con insuficiencia hepática ingresaron a terapia intensiva, 4 de ellos presentaron encefalopatía hepática, un paciente fallecido. Etiología: Error innato del metabolismo 33,33%, toxicidad por medicamentos 23,80%, hepatitis viral A fulminante 19,04% y otros virus 9,52%, hepatitis autoinmune 4,76% y urosepsis 4,76%. En los casos leves-moderados se administró lactulosa dosis respuesta vía oral 19/21 y por enema rectal 7/21 con L-carnitina en 15/21 y en Hiperamonemia severa adicionalmente Benzoato de sodio en 4/21 y hubo indicación de hemodiálisis en 3 pacientes. Restricción proteica en todos, vitaminoterapia y 6 niños tratados con ácido ursodeoxicólico. La hiperamonemia es multifactorial, requiere diagnóstico temprano, la clasificación de severidad permite el tratamiento oportuno para evitar complicaciones....
Hyperammonaemia occurs secondarily by increased production of ammonia, as gastrointestinal bleeding or decreased elimination, as occurs in inborn errors of metabolism, especially in those with defects in the urea cycle, liver failure or drugs. To classify the report hyperammonaemia and therapeutic options in children, its clinical approach and review of the literature. Prospective, descriptive and transversal children with hyperammonaemia. Variables: age, gender, etiology, ammonia levels, clinical treatment. 21 patients, 12 (57,12%) males and 9 (42,88%) females. Mean age 3,91 years (range: <1m-14a). ammonium 214,66 mmol / l (range :110-980), classified according to severity: no hepatic impairment 11/21 with 99,44 average ammonium and 201 mmol / l in Hyperammoanemia mild and moderate respectively. Clinical and laboratory liver failure 10/21 with ammonium averaging 114,44, 287,51 and 756,66 as mild, moderate and severe hyperammonemia, with a significant difference between the level of ammonia and the presence or absence of liver failure (p < 0,0001), 5/10 with liver failure admitted to intensive care, 4 of them had hepatic encephalopathy, a patient died. Etiology: An inborn error of metabolism 33,33%, 23,80% drug toxicity, fulminant viral hepatitis and other viruses 19,04% 9,52% 4,76% autoimmune hepatitis and urosepsis 4,76%. In mild-moderate cases were given oral lactulose Dose 19/21 and by enema rectal 7/21 with L-carnitine in 15/21 and further severe Hyperammonemia sodium benzoate 4/21 and was indication of hemodialysis in 3 patients. Protein restriction at all, vitamin therapy and 6 children treated with ácidoursodeoxicólico. Hyperammonemia is multifactorial, requires early diagnosis, classification of severity allows early treatment to avoid complications and development of irreversible neurological sequelae
Subject(s)
Female , Child , Sodium Benzoate/therapeutic use , Carnitine/therapeutic use , Hepatic Encephalopathy , Hyperammonemia/diagnosis , Hyperammonemia/therapy , Hepatic Insufficiency/pathology , Lactulose/therapeutic use , Gastroenterology , PediatricsABSTRACT
The urine excretion of L-carnitine (LC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) and propionyl-Lcarnitine (PLC) and their relations with the antioxidant activities are presently unknown. Liquid L-carnitine (2.0 g) was administered orally as a single dose in 12 healthy subjects. Urine concentrations of LC, ALC and PLC were detected by HPLC. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrogen monoxidum (NO) activities were measured by spectrophotometric methods. The 0~2 h, 2~4 h, 4~8 h, 8~12 h, 12~24 h excretion of LC was 53.13±31.36 µmol, 166.93±76.87 µmol, 219.92±76.30 µmol, 100.48±23.89 µmol, 72.07±25.77 µmol, respectively. The excretion of ALC was 29.70±14.43 µmol, 80.59±32.70 µmol, 109.85±49.21 µmol, 58.65±18.55 µmol, and 80.43±35.44 µmol, respectively. The urine concentration of PLC was 6.63±4.50 µmol, 15.33±12.59 µmol, 15.46±6.26 µmol, 13.41±11.66 µmol and 9.67±7.92 µmol, respectively. The accumulated excretion rate of LC was 6.1% within 24h after its administration. There was also an increase in urine concentrations of SOD and T-AOC, and a decrease in NO and MDA. A positive correlation was found between urine concentrations of LC and SOD (r = 0.8277) or T-AOC (r = 0.9547), and a negative correlation was found between urine LC excretions and NO (r = -0.8575) or MDA (r = 0.7085). In conclusion, a single oral LC administration let to a gradual increase in urine L-carnitine excretion which was associated with an increase in urine antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant capacities. These data may be useful in designing therapeutic regimens of LC or its analogues in the future.
A excreção urinária de L-carnitina (LC), acetil-L-carnitina (ALC) e propionil-L-carnitine (PLC) e as suas relações com as atividades antioxidantes são presentemente desconhecidos. Líquido de L-carnitina (2,0 g) foi administrada por via oral como uma dose única em 12 indivíduos saudáveis. As concentrações urinárias de LC, PLC e ALC foram detectados por HPLC. Atividades superóxido dismutase (SOD), a capacidade antioxidante total (T-AOC), malondialdeído (MDA) e óxido nítrico (NO) foram medidas por métodos espectrofotométricos. O 0~2 h, 2~4 h, 4~8 h, 8~12 h, 12~24 h excreção de LC foi 53,13±31.36 µmol, 166,93±76.87 µmol, 219,92±76.30 µmol, 100,48±23.89 µmol, 72,07±25.77 µmol, respectivamente. A excreηão de ALC foi 29,70±14.43 µmol, 80,59±32.70 µmol, 109,85±49.21 µmol, 58,65±18.55 µmol, e 80,43±35.44 µmol, respectivamente. A concentraηão de urina de PLC foi 6,63±4.50 µmol, 15,33±12.59 µmol, 15,46±6.26 µmol, 13,41±11.66 µmol e 9,67±7.92 µmol, respectivamente. A taxa de excreηão acumulada de LC foi de 6,1% 24 horas após sua administração. Houve também um aumento nas concentrações de urina de SOD e T-COA e diminuição de NO e de MDA. Correlação positiva foi encontrada entre as concentrações de urina de LC e SOD (r = 0,8277) ou T-AOC (r = 0,9547) e correlação negativa entre a excreção de LC e NO (r = -0,8575) ou MDA (r = 0,7085). Em conclusão, a administração oral única de LC leva ao aumento gradual na excreção urinária de L-carnitina, que foi associada com o aumento das enzimas antioxidantes na urina e as capacidades antioxidantes totais. Estes dados podem ser úteis no futuro para o planejamento de esquemas terapêuticos de LC ou os seus análogos, no futuro.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acetylcarnitine/pharmacokinetics , Carnitine/pharmacokinetics , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Antioxidants/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Abstract: the determination of carnitine levels through electrospray tandem mass spectrometry using human plasma for the detection of alteration in mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids and organic acidemias, has been described; however improving precision in the method used for such end is desirable. Materials y methods: carnitine in plasma was measured by tandem mass spectrometry using five different methods: derivatized (4 methods) and underivatized (1 method). Results: no significant difference was observed between the five functions evaluated. Conclusion: any of the functions evaluated can be used to determine carnitine in plasma.
Introducción: la determinación de los niveles de carnitina mediante el uso de espectrometría de masas en tándem, utilizando plasma humano, para la detección de alteraciones en la oxidación mitocondrial de ácidos grasos y acidurias orgánicas, ha sido descrita, sin embargo es deseable mejorar la precisión de los métodos usados para tal fin. Materiales y métodos: la carnitina en plasma fue analizada mediante espectrometría de masas en tándem mediante 5 diferentes métodos: derivatizando (4 métodos) y sin derivatizar (1 método). Resultados: no se observó diferencia significativa entre las cinco funciones evaluadas. Conclusión: cualquiera de las funciones aquí evaluadas, puede ser utilizada para determinar carnitina en plasma.
ABSTRACT
Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação oral de L-carnitina associada ao treinamento físico e muscular respiratório na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Participaram 14 voluntários com idade de 65±10,4 anos e diagnóstico clínico de DPOC moderado, classificados de acordo com a espirometria prévia. Os voluntários foram divididos em grupo treino esteira (GTE) e grupo treino muscular respiratório (GTMR). Realizaram o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6'), teste de caminhada com carga progressiva (TCP), avaliação nutricional do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), dose diária recomendada de L-carnitina, pressões inspiratórias (PImáx) e expiratórias máximas (PEmáx). Fizeram 30 min de caminhada em esteira, 3 vezes/semana por 10 semanas, e o GTMR realizou, ainda, 10 min de treinamento muscular inspiratório (Threshold® IMT) e 10 min de treinamento muscular expiratório (Threshold® PEP) à 50% da PImáx e PEmáx ajustados semanalmente. Após 10 semanas, foram reavaliados. No TC6' pré e pós-programa de treinamento físico, as variáveis alteradas foram: distância percorrida (DP), frequência cardíaca (FC) final, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) final, pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) final e Borg final no GTMR, no GTE as variáveis alteradas foram FC repouso, FC final, PAS final, Borg repouso e DP. Comparando os grupos no TC6, o GTE apresentou FC final, PAD final e Borg final maiores do que o GTMR na reavaliação; já no TCP, a FC final, PAS final, Borg final foram maiores no GTE, e DP foi maior no GTMR. Na avaliação respiratória, a PEmáx foi maior no GTMR na reavaliação. O treino aeróbio e suplementação de L-carnitina na DPOC otimizou a performance, a capacidade física e a tolerância ao esforço.
To evaluate the effects of oral supplementation of L-carnitine associated with physical and respiratory muscles training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Participated 14 COPD volunteers (65±10.4 years), divided in group training mat (GTM) and respiratory muscle training group (RMTG). Passed by the six minute walk test (6MWT) and shuttle walk test (SWT), nutritional assessment of body mass index (BMI), dose recommended daily L-carnitine and evaluation of the inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and expiratory muscle training (EMT). They made 30 min walk on a treadmill 3 times/week for 10 weeks, and the RMTG also carried out 10 min with inspiratory muscle training (Threshold® IMT) and 10 min with expiratory muscle training (Threshold® PEP) with 50% of the MIP and MEP adjusted weekly. After 10 weeks, the volunteers were reevaluated. In 6MWT pre and post physical training programs, the variables changed were distance travelled (DT), final cardiac frequency (FCF), final systolic blood pressure (FSBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and final Borg in RMTG. At GTM the variables changed were initial CF, final CF, SBP final, initial Borg and DT. Comparing the groups, we showed that in 6MWT, GTM presented final CF, final DBP and final Borg higher than RMTG in reevaluation. In shuttle walk test, the final SBP and final Borg were higher in GTM, and DT was higher in RMTG. In respiratory evaluation, the MEP was higher in RMTG in reevaluation. The aerobic training and L-carnitine supplementation in COPD patients presented performance optimization, improvement in physical capacity and greater exercise tolerance.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Breathing Exercises , Carnitine/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diet therapy , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/rehabilitation , Exercise Therapy , Respiratory MusclesABSTRACT
Objetivo: comparar dos técnicas como herramientas para el diagnóstico por laboratorio de la deficiencia de carnitina acilcarnitina translocasa, desorden poco frecuente de herencia autosómico recesiva en la oxidación de ácidos grasos. Materiales y métodos: los fibroblastos de pacientes y controles fueron incubados con sustratos tritiados y sustratos deuterados. Resultados: la oxidación de los sustratos tritiados se encontró muy deprimida en los fibroblastos de pacientes con esta enfermedad; sin embargo, no fue posible establecer un perfil característico para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad utilizando sustratos deuterados. Conclusión: la incubación de fibroblastos en presencia de sustratos tritiados constituye una buena herramienta para el diagnóstico por laboratorio de pacientes afectados por la deficiencia de carnitina acilcarnitina translocasa, no así la incubación con sustratos deuterados.
Objective: to compare two laboratory diagnosis techniques for carnitine acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, a rare inherited autosomal recessive disorder in fatty acid oxidation. Materials and methods: fibroblasts of patients and controls were incubated with tritiated substrates and deuterated substrates. Results: a severe depression for oxidizing the tritiated substrates was observed for the fibroblasts of patients with this disease; however it was not possible to establish a characteristic profile for the diagnosis of the disease using deuterated substrates. Conclusion: the incubation of fibroblasts using tritiated substrates constitutes a good tool for laboratory diagnosis of patients suffering carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, in contrast, incubation with deuterated substrates does not.