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Compounds(1-6) were isolated and identified from 90% ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of Cassia occidentalis through column chromatography with silica gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH-20. These compounds were identified as 7-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl)-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one(1), saccharonol A(2), S-6-hydroxymullein(3), 2-methyl-5-acetonyl-7-hydroxy-chromone(4), 2-(2'-hydroxypropyl)-5-methyl-7-hydroxychromone(5) and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone(6) based on their physicochemical and spectroscopic data. Among them, compound 1 was a new compound, and all the compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. DPPH method was employed to determine the antioxidant activities of these compounds in vitro. Six compounds exhibited weak antioxidant activities.
Subject(s)
Chromones , Plant Leaves , Senna Plant , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
Proximate composition, amino acid, mineral content, vitamin composition and anti-nutritional factors of Cassia occidentalis seed were determined using a standard method of analysis. The result showed that the seed had the following proximate composition on dry weight (DW) bases: ash (39.00%), moisture content (2.00%), crude protein (18.50%), crude lipid (7.55%, Crude fibre (16.30%) and carbohydrate (16.75%). Six amino acid was detected (isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, alanine, glutamine and valine) indicating that the seed is a good source of amino acid for adult. Vitamin composition (beta-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol) were also detected in the seed. The anti-nutrient analysis showed that the seed contains total phytate (1.25mg/100g) oxalate (1.70mg/100g) and nitrate (0.82mg/100g). While hydrogen cyanide was not detected. Elementary analysis revealed that the seed contain Na (0.015±0.02 mg/100g), Cu (0.028±0.04 mg/100g), Zn (0.441±0.10 mg/100g), Mg (2.003±0.30 mg/100g) and Mn (0.041±0.03 mg/100g) while Cd, Cr and Pb were not detected. Comparing the nutrients and anti-nutrient constituent with WHO and FAO values, the result indicated that the Cassia occidentalis seed had the potential to be used as a source of nutrient in alleviating macro and micronutrient deficiencies
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Insecticidal efficacy of oils from the leaves of Cassia occidentalisand Euphorbia milii on selected insect pests was studied. The oils were extracted via Soxhletapparatus with hexane, and test insects exposed to the oils at 3 dose levels (0.2mg, 0.4mg and 0.6mg) for 24 hours. The results showed contact insecticidal activity of E. miliioil at LD50s and LD90s (mg/kg) as 0.583 and 1.108 for Periplaneta americana, 0.681 and 1.215 for Tettigonia viridissima0.488 and 0.893 for Anopheles gambaie,C. occidentalisoil gave LD50s and LD90s (mg/kg) of 0.889 and 1.689 for P. americana, 1.013 and 1.973 for T. virdissima, and 0.722 and 1.847 for Anopheles gambaie. The corresponding values for the conventional insecticide; SWAN were 0.417 and 1.017 for P. americana, 0.607 and 1.111 for T. viridissimaand 0.40 and 0.743 for A. gambaie,respectively. The GC-MS analysis of plant oils revealed for E.milii,the presenceof hexadecanoic acid, 2 hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester; 6, 9,12,15-docosatetraenic acid methyl ester. For C. occidentalis,the presence of:phthalic acid isobutyl octyl ester; hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester; 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-methyl ester; methyl stearate; phthalic acid,2-ethylhexyl isohexyl ester; decane; oleic acid; 4,7,-methano-1h-indene,3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro and n-hexadecanoic acid were revealed. Overall, data from this study provides strong evidence that these oils possess bioactive metabolites with commendable degrees of insecticidal efficacy.
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In the present study, one new cycloartane triterpenoid, named cycloccidentalic acid C (1) and its glucoside, cycloccidentaliside VI (2) were isolated from the whole plant of Cassia occidentalis. Their structures were elucidated by a combinational analyses of 1D and 2D NMR data and HRMS. Compound 2 showed modest anti-HIV-1 activity with EC value of 1.44 μmol·L and TI (Therapeutic Index) value of 15.59.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-HIV Agents , Pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival , Glucosides , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Structure , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Senna Plant , Chemistry , Triterpenes , Chemistry , Pharmacology , ToxicityABSTRACT
For the purpose of finding new bioactive agents from ethnic medicines, the chemical study on Dai Medicine Cassia occidentalis was carried out. The chemical constituents from the seeds of C. occidentalis were isolated by column chromatographic methods on silica gel, MCI-Gel resin, Sephadex LH-20, and high performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The cytotoxicity of the compound for NB4, A549, SHSY5Y, PC3, and MCF7 cells line was also assayed by using the MTT method. Two sesquiterpenes (1 and 2) were isolated from this plant. Compound 1 is a new compound and named as methyl 6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-isopropyl-7-methoxynaphthalene-1-carboxylate. Compound 1 also displayed high cytotoxicity with the tested cancer cell-lines.
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The phytochemistry investigation on the Cassia occidentalis, a Dai Medicine, was carried out. The C. occidentalis was extracted with ethanol and then partitioned with EtOAc. The EtOAc soluble materials were subjected repeatedly to column chromatography on silica gel and preparative RP-HPLC, leading to isolation of a nor-sesquiterpene, 3-isopropyl-1,6-dimethoxy-5-methyl-naphthalen-7-ol (1), and a sesquiterpene, 2,7-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-6-methyl-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde (2). Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic studies. Compound 1 is a new compound. Compound 2 is also isolated from C. occidentalis for the first time. In addition, the cytotoxicity of compound 1 for NB4, A549, SHSY5Y, PC3, and MCF7 cells line was assayed by using the MTT method, and it displayed potential cytotoxicity for the tested cancer cell-line with IC₅₀ valves of (1.8±0.2), (1.2±0.2), (0.9±0.1), (2.2±0.3), (2.6±0.3) μmol•L⁻¹, respectively.
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Senna species have been widely used by American, African and Indian ethic groups mainly in the treatment of feebleness, constipation, liver disorders and skin infections. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link is a perennial shrub native to South America and indigenous to tropical regions throughout the world. Current study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from S. occidentalis prepared from different parts of the plant. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against standard pharmaceutical microorganisms by spectrophotometry and microdilution technique. Escherichia coli was sensitive only to compounds extracted from seeds which may be proteinaceous. A broader antimicrobial spectrum was demonstrated by the hydroalcoholic extract of seeds, mostly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in vitro toxicity using mouse fibroblasts indicated that the extract might be a biocompatible ingredient for topical formulations, while the hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts demonstrated to be potentially cytotoxic.
Espécies de Senna são amplamente utilizadas por tribos americanas, africanas e indianas, principalmente para tratar a fraqueza, a constipação, as desordens do fígado e também em preparações tópicas para infecções de pele. A Senna occidentalis (L.) Link é um arbusto perene nativo da América do Sul encontrado em regiões tropicais. Este trabalho avaliou a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos de diferentes partes da planta. A atividade antimicrobiana foi estabelecida frente aos microrganismos padrões farmacêuticos por espectrofotometria e técnica de microdiluição. A Escherichia coli apresentou sensibilidade apenas a componentes extraídos das sementes, os quais podem ser de natureza proteica. O espectro mais amplo de atividade antimicrobiana foi obtido com o extrato hidroalcoólico das sementes, principalmente contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A toxicidade in vitro utilizando fibroblastos de camundongo indicou que este extrato pode ser um ingrediente biocompatível para formulações de uso tópico. Já o extrato hidroalcoólico de partes aéreas demonstrou ser potencialmente citotóxico.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Antifungal Agents , Fabaceae , Fibroblasts , Medicine, Traditional , Senna Plant/cytologyABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the putative diuretic and antioxidant properties of Cassia occidentalis (C. occidentalis) leaves' aqueous extract. Methods: Adult rats were administered with C. occidentalis leaves aqueous extract acutely (24 h) and subchronically (7 d), at doses 80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 mg/kg (per os). Negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water, while the two positive control groups received the diuretic drugs furosemide (20 mg/kg, ip.) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (20 mg/kg, ip.). Urinary elimination of electrolytes in response to treatments was evaluated, together with changes in concentrations of creatinine, urea, aldosterone, glucose, and albumin in urine and plasma. Various urinary indicators of kidney function and plasmatic markers of oxidative stress were also assessed. Results: The acute administration of C. occidentalis increased the urinary excretion of 107.58% at the higher dose tested, compared to negative control. The reference drugs furosemide and HCTZ induced increases of 84.27% and 48.05%, respectively. Acutely, the extract induced Na
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OBJECTIVE@#To assess the putative diuretic and antioxidant properties of Cassia occidentalis (C. occidentalis) leaves' aqueous extract.@*METHODS@#Adult rats were administered with C. occidentalis leaves aqueous extract acutely (24 h) and subchronically (7 d), at doses 80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 mg/kg (per os). Negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water, while the two positive control groups received the diuretic drugs furosemide (20 mg/kg, ip.) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (20 mg/kg, ip.). Urinary elimination of electrolytes in response to treatments was evaluated, together with changes in concentrations of creatinine, urea, aldosterone, glucose, and albumin in urine and plasma. Various urinary indicators of kidney function and plasmatic markers of oxidative stress were also assessed.@*RESULTS@#The acute administration of C. occidentalis increased the urinary excretion of 107.58% at the higher dose tested, compared to negative control. The reference drugs furosemide and HCTZ induced increases of 84.27% and 48.05%, respectively. Acutely, the extract induced Na(+) and Cl(-) elimination, whereas subchronically an increase in K(+) elimination was also observed. The extract also improved the kidney function indexes and oxidative stress markers. These effects were dose-dependent and comparable with positive control observations.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our findings strongly suggest that C. occidentalis aqueous extract has diuretic and antioxidant activities, and deserves further studies considering the potential for the treatment of hypertension.
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Background: Cassia occidentalis is traditionally used to treat helminth infestations in poultry. We investigated the in-vitro anthelmintic activity of the methanolic leaf extract of this plant against Heterakis gallinarum and Ascaridia galli worms and its acute toxicity. Methods: Leaves of the plant were air dried, ground into powder and extracted with 70% methanol, filtered and dried at 50℃ into a dark green semi-solid mass. The worms were isolated from fresh intestines of local chicken and pheasants or turkeys freshly slaughtered in Kampala markets. They were placed in conical flasks containing Goodwin’s solution, kept in a water bath set at 39°C and exposed to 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24mg/ml extract concentrations. Percent worm mortality was determined for each concentration at 12h intervals. piperazine and ivermectin were used as positive controls. For acute toxicity evaluation, Swiss mice were divided into 5 groups (n=6) and administered per os with extract doses of 5,000, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000 and 25,000mg/Kg. The EC50 was determined by a plot of mortality probits against log extract concentration. Results There was a concentration-dependent relationship with worm mortality. The mean worm mortality for A. galli was significantly higher for the extract than for piperazine at 16 and 20mg/ml (p<0.05) and 24 mg/ml concentrations (p<0.01). Activity against H. gallinarum was not significantly different from that of ivermectin. The EC50 of the extract was 11.78mg/ml for A. galli and 17.78mg/ml for H. gallinarum. The extract is safe according to OECD acute toxicity guidelines since no mortality and toxicity signs were observed in mice even at 25,000mg/kg. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the anthelmintic activity of C. occidentalis and this could explain its use in traditional medicine as a remedy against helminth infections over the generations in many parts of Uganda.
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Aims: To investigate in vitro antioxidant/radical scavenging activities and hepatoprotective ability of ethanolic leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis (COLEX) in male Wistar rats treated with sodium arsenite (NaAsO2). Study Design/Methodologies: Using four different methodologies, the anti-oxidant/free radical scavenging activities of COLEX were determined in comparison with standard antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). For the hepatoprotection study, four groups of rats were used. Groups A: Control group given distilled water only; B: Given NaAsO2 at 2.5 mg•kg-1 bw/day (p.o.) for 2 weeks; C: Administered COLEX alone at 200 mg•kg-1 bw a day for 2 weeks (p.o.); D: Pre-treated with COLEX for 2 weeks followed by NaAsO2. The activities of the enzymes aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ- glutamyl transferase (γGT) were determined in the treated and control animals as indices of hepatotoxicity. Place and Duration of the Study: The animal treatment and analyses were carried out at Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan between February and June 2008. Results: At 25, 40 and 50 μg•ml-1 concentrations of the extracts or the antioxidants, the reducing power is of the order BHA > BHT > COLEX. At 50 μg•ml-1, the percentage inhibitions of peroxidation by COLEX, BHA and BHT were respectively 96.2%, 97.3% and 98.4% while percentage DPPH scavenging effect of COLEX, BHA and BHT were 62.5%, 67.5% and 61.3% respectively. The H2O2 scavenging activities were respectively 53.0%, 85.3% and 97.8% for COLEX, BHA and BHT. Pre-treatment with COLEX before administration of NaAsO2 led to significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the mean liver and serum γGT, and serum ALP and AST activities when compared with group administered only NaAsO2. Conclusion: COLEX exhibited hepatoprotective effects against NaAsO2 toxicity in male rats.
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Descreve-se um surto de intoxicação por Senna occidentalis em javalis no Estado de Goiás. De um rebanho de 80 javalis, 15 adoeceram e um morreu. Os sinais clínicos observados foram apatia, prostração, ataxia, tremores musculares, incoordenação, relutância em mover-se, decúbito esternal ou lateral, paresia e paralisia espástica, principalmente dos membros pélvicos. As principais alterações macroscópicas consistiam de palidez moderada a acentuada da musculatura esquelética dos membros pélvicos e torácicos e no lombo, especialmente nos músculos da coxa. Microscopicamente, observou-se degeneração e necrose flocular, multifocal, leve a moderada, monofásica, com fragmentação de fibras na musculatura esquelética. Nos cortes transversais, havia fibras musculares tumefeitas e hipereosinofílicas. Adicionalmente, havia degeneração microvacuolar hepatocelular difusa, leve a moderada. A atividade sérica da CK estava acentuadamente elevada em dois javalis avaliados e da TGO aumentou em um javali afetado.
An outbreak of poisoning by Senna occidentalis in wild boars in Goiás, Brazil, is described. Out of 80 wild boars, 15 were affected and one died. Clinical signs included apathy, muscle tremors, incoordination, reluctance to move, sternal or lateral recumbence, and paresis and spastic paralysis, especially in the hind limbs. Gross lesions were characterized by moderate to severe paleness of the skeletal muscles of the hind and thoracic limbs and loin, and were marked in the thigh muscles. Histologically, a monophasic, mild to moderate, multifocal floccular muscle degeneration and necrosis with skeletal fiber sarcoplasmic fragmentation was observed. In transverse sections there were multiple swollen and hypereosinophilic muscle fibers. In addition, mild to moderate, diffuse microvacuolar degeneration was seen in the liver. Creatine phosphokinase serum activity was severely elevated in two evaluated wild boars. In one of them, there was elevation of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase serum activity.
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Cassia occidentalis Linn. mast cell degranulation at a dose of 250 mg/kg, showed dose dependent stabilizing activity towards human RBC, with is widely used in traditional medicine of India to treat a number of clinical conditions including allergy and inflammatory manifestations. In the present study anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of C. occidentalis whole plant ethanolic extract (CO) was investigated. Effects of CO on rat mast cell degranulation inhibition and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization were studied in vitro following standard methods. The anti lipidperoxidant effects of CO were also studied in vitro. Effect of CO on carrageenan-induced mouse paw oedema inhibition was also assessed. CO significantly decreased maximum protection of 80.8% at 15 μg/ml. The extract also caused significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of murine hepatic microsomes at 100 μg/ml (56%) and significantly reduced carrageenan induced inflammation in mice at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Results of the present study indicated that CO inhibited mast cell degranulation, stabilized HRBC membrane thereby alleviating immediate hypersensitivity besides showing anti oxidant activity.
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Cassia occidentalis is an annual shrub found in many countries including India. Although bovines and ovines do not eat it, parts of the plant are used in some traditional herbal medicines. Several animal studies have documented that fresh or dried beans are toxic. Ingestion of large amounts by grazing animals has caused serious illness and death. The toxic effects in large animals, rodents and chicken are on skeletal muscles, liver, kidney and heart. The predominant systems involved depend upon the animal species and the dose of the beans consumed. Brain functions are often affected. Gross lesions at necropsy consist of necrosis of skeletal muscle fibres and hepatic centrilobular necrosis; renal tubular necrosis is less frequent. Muscle and liver cell necrosis is reflected in biochemical abnormalities. The median lethal dose (LD 50) is 1 g/kg for mice and rats. Toxicity is attributed to various anthraquinones and their derivatives and alkaloids, but the specific toxins have not been identified. Data on human toxicity are extremely scarce. This review summarizes information available on Cassia toxicity in animals and compares it with toxic features reported in children. The clinical spectrum and histopathology of C. occidentalis poisoning in children resemble those of animal toxicity, affecting mainly hepatic, skeletal muscle and brain tissues. The case-fatality rate in acute severe poisoning is 75-80 per cent in children.
Subject(s)
Animals , Brain/drug effects , Humans , India , Liver/drug effects , Medicine, Traditional , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Senna Plant/poisoning , SyndromeABSTRACT
Senna occidentalis (sin. Cassia occidentalis) é um arbusto perene nativo da América do Sul e distribuída em regiões tropicais ao redor do mundo, frequentemente contaminando pastos e culturas de cereais. Inúmeros estudos demonstraram que esta planta é tóxica para animais. Na medicina popular, tribos americanas, africanas e indianas usam preparações da S. occidentalis como tônico, estomáquico, febrífugo, laxante e antimicrobiano. Diversas propriedades biológicas da espécie já foram comprovadas, tais como a antibacteriana, antifúngica, antimalárica, antitumoral e hepatoprotetora. As análises fitoquímicas evidenciaram que as antraquinonas, os flavonóides e outros derivados fenólicos são os seus principais constituintes. Esta revisão apresenta dados etnofarmacológicos, químicos e biológicos publicados na literatura sobre S. occidentalis.
Senna occidentalis (syn. Cassia occidentalis) is a perennial shrub, native to South America and indigenous to tropical regions throughout the world, often contaminating pastures and cereal crops. There have been many reports showing that S. occidentalis is toxic to animals. In traditional medicine, some American, African and Indian ethnic groups use S. occidentalis preparations in stomach treatments and as a tonic, febrifuge, laxative and topical antimicrobial agent. Several biological properties of this species have been proved, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antitumor and hepatoprotective activity. Phytochemical analysis has shown that anthraquinones, flavonols and other phenolics are its major constituents. In this paper we present an overview of the ethnopharmacological, chemical and biological data published in the literature on S. occidentalis.
Subject(s)
Caesalpinia/chemistry , Caesalpinia/toxicity , Cassia/chemistry , Cassia/toxicity , /chemistry , /toxicity , Fabaceae , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
Objective To simulate the solution drought stress conditions with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 for study on the seed germination of Cassia occidentalis.Methods The seed of C.occidentalis was treated with 5% and 10% PEG 6000,respectively,then the germination rate,the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD),and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured.Results Compared with the same period of the control,soaking with 5% PEG 6000 for 5 h could increase the activity of SOD and POD,decrease the content of MDA.PEG Pretreatment could decrease free radical accumulation and make cell membrane system less damaged in the course of absorbing water in seed.Conclusion Soaking with 5% PEG 6000 for 5 h could increase the seed germination rate of C.occidentalis.