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OBJECTIVE： To optimize the extraction technology of osthole from the pine needles of Cedrus deodara. METHODS： HPLC method was adopted to determine the content of osthole. Based on single factor test， ethanol volume fraction， extraction time and material-solvent ratio were selected as influential factors， and the content of osthole was selected as response value. Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction technology of osthole in pine needles of C. deodara. Validation test was conducted. RESULTS： The optimal extraction technology was as follows as ethanol volume fraction of 88％， material-solvent ratio of 1 ∶ 20 （g/mL）， extracting for 2 times， lasting for 57 min each time. Under this technology， average content of osthole was 0.675 7 mg/g （RSD＝1.78％， n＝3）， and the relative error of which to predicted value 0.680 9 mg/g was 0.59％. CONCLUSIONS： The optimal extraction technology is simple and feasible，and it can be used for the extraction of osthole from the pine needles of C. deodara.
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Objective: To research the simultaneous purification process of shikimic acid and total flavonoids from pine needles of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don. Methods: Taking the purity of shikimic acid and total flavonoids as the evaluation indicator, the purification effect of six macroporous resins were evaluated. Orthogonal design L9(34) and single factor experiments were employed to optimize the purification conditions by comprehensive scoring. The purification capacity of the best resin was investigated by the sample mass concentration, the volume flow of the sample, the ratio of the resin to the drug, the amount of water for washing, the concentration of ethanol, and the elution of ethanol. Results: XAD 7HP macrophous resin offered better purification effect of shikimic acid and total flavonoids from pine needles of C. deodara than other macrophous resins. The optimum purification condition was confirmed as follows: The concentration of shikimic acid in the sample was 11.59 mg/mL, and total flavonoids concentration was 6.9 mg/mL; The flow rate was 8 BV/h, and the sample volume was 2.0 mL/g; The shikimic acid was eluted with loading capacity and 4 BV of water; The total flavonoids was eluted with 4 BV of 70% ethanol successively. The purity of shikimic acid can be increased from 19.25% to 28.98%, and the purity of total flavonoids can be increased from 11.92% to 54.45%. Conclusion: The optimized purification process is stable, feasible and suitable for pilot enrichment of shikimic acid and total flavonoids from pine needles of C. deodara.
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OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of total lignans from pine needles of Cedrus deodara. METH-ODS:Using ethanol volume fraction,ratio of liquid to solid and extraction time as response factor,the content of total lignans as response value,the response surface methodology test was conducted based on Box-Behnken design to optimize the extraction tech-nology of total lignans from pine needles of C. deodara. RESULTS:The optimal extraction technology was as follows as ethanol volume fraction of 78%,ratio of liquid to solid 25∶1,extraction time 1.75 h. The content of total lignans from pine needles of C. deodara was 99.2 mg/g,which was close to predicted value 100.49 mg/g,with relative deviation of 0.65%. CONCLUSIONS:Op-timized extraction technology of pine needles of C. deodara by response surface methodology is feasible and stable,and has good predictability.
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This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of seeds flavonoids extract of Cedrusatlantica Manetti (Pinaceae), Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae) and Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) species by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method. In DPPH scavenging assay the IC50value of the extract was found to be respectively 0.40, 1.21 and 0.41 mg.ml-1while to the IC50 value of the reference standard Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was 0.003 mg.ml-1. The seeds flavonoids extract of C. atlantica Manetti had a strong scavenger power of free radicals. This study suggests that the mean species may act as a providing antioxidant properties and offering effective protection from free radicals. Then, it’s necessary to identify and isolate the compounds that are responsible to the antioxidant activity.
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Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae) has been used traditionally in Ayurveda for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. 3,4-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)furan-2,5-dione (BDFD) was isolated from heart wood of Cedrus deodara and was shown to have antiepileptic and anxiolytic activity. Thus, the present study was aimed to explore its anti-depressant effect and to correlate the effect with serotonin and nor adrenaline levels of brain. Albino mice were used as experimental animal. Animals were divided in to three groups; vehicle control, imipramine (30 mg/kg i.p.), BDFD (100 mg/kg i.p.). Tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) was performed to evaluate antidepressant effect of BDFD. BDFD (100 mg/kg, i.p.) showed a significant decrease in immobility time when subjected to FST whereas immobility time was not significantly altered in TST. BDFD treatment increased serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the brain which is indicative of BDFD having possible atypical antidepressant action.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Brain , Cedrus , Central Nervous System Diseases , Epinephrine , Heart , Hindlimb Suspension , Imipramine , Norepinephrine , Rodentia , Serotonin , WoodABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents in the n-butanol extract of pine needles of Cedrus deodara. Methods: Chemical constituents were separated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography column. The structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and DEPT). Results: The compounds were identified as 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4″-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2″-methoxyphenoxy]-1, 3-propanediol (1), (7S, 8R)-9, 9'-dihydroxy-3, 3'-dimethoxy-7, 8-dihydro-benzofuran-1'-propanol base neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucoside (2), (7R, 8R)-3', 9, 9'- trihydroxy-3-methoxy-7, 8-dihydro-benzofuran-1'-propanol base neolignans-9-O-α-L-rhamnoside (3), (6R, 9R)-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-α- ionol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), (6R, 9R)-3-oxo-α-ionol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), shikimic acid butyl ester (6), quinic acid butyl ester (7), (6S, 9R)-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-α-ionol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), 5-p-trans-coumaroylguinic acid (9), and (E)-1-O-p- coumaroyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (10). Conclusion: Compounds 1-7 are isolated from C. Trew for the first time.
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Cedrus libani forests have been under anthropogenic pressure for thousands of years. The unattainable topography of the Taurus mountain range (Southern Anatolia) has prevented cedar in this region from being extirpated, in contrast to its other distribution areas in Syria and Lebanon. Numerical analyses of relev?confirmed the individuality of associations, as well as the division of C. libani forests into two ecological and floristically different groups/alliances (Abieti-Cedrion and Lonicero-Cedrion). Abieti-Cedrion is distributed in the middle and eastern Taurus whereas Lonicero-Cedrion appears in the Western Taurus. The main gradients of C. libani forests were detected. It was noticed that the distribution and floristic composition of C. libani forests is strongly affected by the geographical factors. Topographical factors are also influential on their distribution. C. libani forests are fundemantal components of the Mediterranean phytogeographical region and floral elements, but under more continental conditions, where the influence of the Mediterranean climate decreased, the proportion of Iran-Turanian and Euro-Siberian floral elements increase, especially towards the east and north, as well at higher altitudes and on steeper sites.
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Objective To study the chemical constituents of flavonoids in pine needles of Cedrus deodara.Methods Flavonoids were isolated and purified from ethyl acetate extract of pine needles by chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20.Their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence.Results Five flavonoids were isolated and purified.Their structures were identified as cedrusone A(1),myricetin(2),2R,3R-dihydromyricetin(3),quercctin(4),and 2R,3R-dihydroquercetin(5).Conclusion Compound 1 is a new compound.Compounds 2-5 are isolated from pine needles of this genus for the first time.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents of flavonoids in the pine needles of Cedrus deodara. Methods: Flavonoids were isolated and purified from ethyl acetate extract of the pine needles by chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. Results: Five flavonoids were isolated and identified as 3′,5′-dimethoxymyricetin-3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)- α-D-glucopyranoside (1), myricetin (2), 2R,3R-dihydromyricetin (3), quercetin (4), and 2R,3R-dihydroquercetin (5). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound named as cedrusone A. Compounds 2-5 are isolated from the pine needles in the plants of Cedrus Trew for the first time.
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In order to evaluate environmental factors limiting distribution of species, diversity of epiphytic lichens was studied in 34 sites along an altitudinal gradient from 1300 to 1900 m on north-facing and south-facing slopes of Elmali Cedar Research Forest (Antalya province, Turkey) regarding the dispersion of lichens in different tree-diameter classes (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, 30-45 cm, 45-60 cm and >75 cm). The results showed that the relationship between diameter classes with the number of lichen species was R2=0.6022. The highest number of species was in the diameter class of 30-45 cm. There was a clear relationship between all parameters, diameter, altitude and aspect, with species richness. Changes in the community structure of the epiphytic lichen vegetation were detected along an altitudinal gradient revealing the highest species richness in the highest zone. The elevation affected both the number and the composition of the lichen communities and the relationship between the altitudinal zones with number of lichen species was designated as R2=0.6462. The number of species was higher in the north aspects than in the south aspects in all diameter classes. The species number depending on the altitude was also higher in the north-facing slopes than in the south-facing slopes.
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Release cutting is ecologically and economically one of the most important silvicultural treatments for establishing a new stand. The study was designed to determine the suitable silvicultural treatments of different spacing of thinning for release cutting on young natural lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich) stands at the thicket stage. Studies were carried out at Bucak and Gölhisar forest districts in the Western Mediterranean region of Turkey between the years of 1999-2005. Results showed that release cutting treatment had a positive effect on diameter growth for individual trees with the 1.5 m x 3 m spacing and positively correlated with spacing of thinning. However, there was not significant effect of the thinning application on height growth of young natural Lebanon cedar stands.