ABSTRACT
In recent years, with the progress of research on the molecular mechanism of cell death, it has been discovered that there are many new types of programmed cell death, including non-apoptotic (10 types) and apoptotic (2 types), which are widely involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and tumors. It is also a frontier research topic and provides new ideas for disease prevention and treatment. This article reviews the published literature on programmed cell death, focusing on the characteristics of cell necrosis, apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, neutrophil inflammatory cell death (NETosis), cuproptosis, and widespread apoptosis (PANoptosis), as well as their relationship with infectious diseases.
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Objective: To improve the screening efficiency of the active ingredients in natural products by building up a kind of novel and efficient magnetic nanoparticle-assisted cell membranes (MN-CMs) fishing assay employing specific affinity interactions between active ingredients and receptors on cell membranes (CMs). Methods: The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were combined with erythrocyte membrane of rabbits to fish active ingredients from water extracts of Angelica sinensis, and the fishing results were analyzed by GC-MS. Results: The particle size of the self-made magnetic beads was about (250.6 ± 3.3) nm (n = 3) with PDI index at 0.010 ± 0.003 (n = 3), and the beads were monodisperse, strongly magnetic and superparamagnetic, the saturation magnetization was 83.4 emu/g. The combination of MNPs and CMs was stable, the maximum combined amount was 1.02 mg CMs/10 mg MNPs, and the combination was able to keep better enzyme activity of CMs in the fishing assay. GC-MS results showed that ligustilide was fished out as the active compound from water extracts of A. sinensis by MN-CMs assay with the retention time at 20 min, and the new established fishing assay could effectively avoid the interference of inactive components. Conclusion: Ligustilide, one of the active ingredients in A. sinensis, can be screened out by the established fishing assay of MN-CMs. The developed fishing method in this workmakes up for some deficiencies of traditional screening method and provides a novel and efficient way to screen ingredients from natural products.
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@#In recent years, erythrocyte-inspired delivery systems have gained much attention. Erythrocytes(red blood cells, RBCs)are natural components of our bodies. Compared to the conventional drug delivery systems, RBCs have such advantages, as higher degree of biocompatibility and longer half-life. Herein, characteristics for drug delivery, preparation methods and recent research of RBC carriers are reviewed. Besides the latest development on RBC membrane-camouflaged nanoparticle systems(RBC-NP)and RBC membrane nanosponges, which have emerged as new trends of erythrocyte-inspired delivery systems are introduced.
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Objective To study the damage focused ultrasound inflicts on the membrane permeability of Ehrlich ascitic tumor (EAC) cells and the relationship between changes in membrane permeability and focused ultra-sound exposure time. Methods The relative survival rate of tumor cells was examined at various intensities and dif-ferent exposure times using focused 2.2 MHz ultrasound. The uhrastructure changes were evaluated with a scanning electron microscope after different exposures. Membrane permeability was investigated by incorporating fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD5OO) , and membrane damage was evaluated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Results Morphological observation showed there were numerous microvilli on the surface of un-exposed cells. When the cells had been irradiated with focused ultrasound for 30 s there was only a slight effect on the shape of the cells and the number of microvilli was slightly reduced. When the cells were exposed to ultrasound for 60 s, the surface of many cells became relatively smooth with no obvious microvilli, and several small craters were seen on the surfaces of cells where the cytoplasm seemed to have extruded through the membrane. The cell membrane was seri-ously damaged by sonoporation. The loading of FD500 in the unexposed cells was only 0.21%. When the cells had been sonicated with focused ultrasound for 30 s or 60 s, the loading of FD500 increased to 11.46% and 18.50% re-spectively. The released LDH activities in the 30 s group and 60 s group were 2.94±0.02 and 3.28±0.04 U/L, respectively. The activities of LDH increaased as the focused ultrasound exposure time was prolonged. Conclusion Focused ultrasound may damage the cell membrane permeability of EAC cells, and the damage increases as the expo-sure time is prolonged from 30 s to 60 s.