Effects of Physical Heterogeneity Variation on Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells During Senescence / 医用生物力学

With the multi-directional differentiation potential such as osteogenic differentiation, chondrogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in basic research and clinical applications. The differentiation potential of MSCs is altered during senescence. Osteogenic differentiation potential decreases, while the lipogenic differentiation potential increases in aging MSCs. Changes in differentiation potential of MSCs during senescence are accompanied with cell physical heterogeneity variation (cell size, cell stiffness and nucleoplasmic ratio). Studies have shown that changes in physical heterogeneity of stem cells may be a key factor leading to the differences in differentiation potential of MSCs. Therefore, studies on physical heterogeneity variation of MSCs during senescence will provide a new research direction in fate prediction of stem cell. In this review, the effects of physical heterogeneity variation on differentiation potential of MSCs were summarized, and the corresponding mechanism was also discussed.

Development of morphology engineering for production of bio-based chemicals / 生物工程学报

Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have been widely used to construct microbial cell factories for efficient production of bio-based chemicals, which mainly focus on the modification and regulation of metabolic pathways. The characteristics of microorganisms themselves, e.g. morphology, have rarely been taken into consideration in the biotechnological production processes. Morphology engineering aims to control cell shapes and cell division patterns by manipulating the genes related to cell morphology, providing a new strategy for developing efficient microbial cell factories. This review summarized the proteins related to cell morphology, followed by illustrating a few examples of using morphology engineering strategies for improving production of bio-based chemicals. This includes increasing intracellular product accumulation by regulating cell size, enhancing extracellular secretion of target products by improving cell permeability, reducing production cost by achieving high cell density, and improving product performance by controlling the degree of product hydrolysis. Finally, challenges and perspectives for the development of morphology engineering were discussed.

Quantitative Cellular Evaluation and Anatomical Organization of the External Region of Different Genetic Materials and Maturation Stages of Tomato Processing

Abstract The effect of the anatomical structure of tomato skin may be significant for quality determination at the harvest point, but the definitions of cells that constitute the skin of fleshy fruits, such as tomato, are still unclear, providing contradictory descriptions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidermal tissue of different genetic materials of tomato processing (IT761, U2006, TC2736, CVR2909 and F3060) and maturation stage, in order to compare and choose genetic materials with morphological characteristics of the epidermis region more appropriate for the bulk transport. Micrographs were used for cell measurements using the Image J software. Cuticle undergoes thickening during fruit growth, and reduction in full maturation. Genetic materials presenting fruits with thicker cuticle at the harvest stage (CVR2909, F3060 and IT761) were more advantageous due to their mechanical resistance. Cuticle deposition ends before full fruit maturation, resulting in a decrease in the amount of cutin per surface unit, consequently decreasing cuticle thickness in the ripe fruit. The characteristics observed in the tomato fruit mesocarp clearly showed the disruption of the cell wall during the fourth maturation stage related to loss of fruit firmness. Among the new genetic materials, F3060 has a greater potential to become cultivated for industrialization due to its morphological characteristics, such as elevated cuticle thickness and high values for width, height, perimeter and area of epidermal cells in full maturation stage, which make it suitable for bulk transport.

The variety of the neutrophil volume and cytoplasm-nucleus complex and their significance in acute bacterial infection and stringency diseases / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the variety and clinical value of the neutrophil volume and cytoplasm-nucleus complex in patients with bacterial infection, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular accident and major surgery operation. Methods 125 patients with bacterial infection, 64 patients with acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascular accident, 66 patients after major surgery operation and 69 normal subjects were selected in the study. Total WBC counts (WBC), percentage of neutrophils (NE), and the VCS parameters of neutrephils including the mean channels of cell volume ( NEV), conductivity ( NEC), light scatter(NES) and the SD of these parameters( NEVSD, NECSD, NESSD)were measured by automatic blood cell analyzing instrument. The sensitivity and specificity of the WBC, NE and the VCS parameters of neutrophils were analyzed with receive operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results The levels of NEV, NES and NEVSD in acute bacterial infection group were 154.3 ± 15.2, 135.7 ± 9.9, 26.8 ± 4.2 respectively. The levels of NEV, NES and NEVSD in post major surgery operation group were 147.2±8.9, 141.5 ± 7.7, 23.0 ± 2. 8 respectively. The levels of NEV, NES and NEVSD in acute cardiovascular or cerebruvascular accident group were 144.9 ± 5. 2, 146.0 ±5.0, 19. 6±1.6 respectively. The levels of NEV, NES and NEVSD in healthy control group were 139.7±4.6, 145.0±3.8, 18.2±1.3 respectively. The differences of these parameters among these groups had statistical significance ( F = 17. 650, 38. 122, 54. 604,P<0. 05). And the changes of NEV, NES and NEVSD in bacterial infection group were most obvious among those three groups. The levels of NEV, NES and NEVSD were 146.5±9.5, 144.3 ± 9.4, 21.3 ± 3.3 respectively in stress diseases groups which included acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascular accident group and post major surgery operation group. The differences of these parameters between stress diseases group and acute bacterial infection group had statistical significance ( t = - 2.840, 7.533, - 8.999,P<0.01). The areas under the ROC curve of NEVSD, NEC, NES and NECSD were 0.893, 0. 845, 0. 833 and 0. 849 respectively. The sensitivity of 83. 3% and specificity of 82. 0% could be achieved by selecting the cut-off equal to or greater than 24. 0. Conclusions The variety of neutrophil volume, nuclear size and cytoplasmic granularity changed obviously in patients with acute bacterial infection and common stress diseases, and the variety in acute bacterial infection is more obvious than that in common stress diseases. The sensitivity and specificity of VCS parameters of neutrophils are higher than those of WBC or NE for predicting infection, and the NEVSD is the most predictable indicator of acute bacterial infection.

Produção de couve-brócolo em função do tipo de bandeja e idade das mudas / Broccoli production in function of container type and seedling age

O experimento foi realizado de março a agosto de 2005, na FCA/UNESP em São Manuel (SP) e objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar os efeitos dos tipos de bandeja de poliestireno expandido com 128 e 200 células e das idades das mudas de 32, 39, 46 e 53 dias após a semeadura no transplantio sobre a produção de couve-brócolo 'Legacy'. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com oito repetições. Foram avaliados, por ocasião da colheita, a massa e o diâmetro da "cabeça" e o número de folhas por planta. Observou-se que os tipos de bandejas e as idades das mudas não influenciaram a massa e o diâmetro da "cabeça", bem como o número de folhas por planta.

The experiment was carried out from March to August 2005, at FCA/UNESP in São Manuel, São Paulo State. The purpose of the present research was to study the effects of type of extended polystyrene trays with 128 and 200 cells and seedling ages of 32, 39, 46 and 53 days after sowing at transplanting in the production of broccoli 'Legacy'. The experimental outline was in randomized blocks, with eight replications. Head weight and diameter and leave number per plant were evaluated. It was observed that container type and seedlings age didn't influence the head weight and diameter and the leave number per plant.

Characterization of Genes Related to the Cell Size Growth and CCN Family According to the Early Folliculogenesis in the Mouse / 대한불임학회지

OBJECTIVES: Previously, we sought to compile a list of genes expressed during early folliculogenesis by using cDNA microarray to investigate follicular gene expression and changes during primordialprimary follicle transition and development of secondary follicles (Yoon et al., 2005). Among those genes, a group of genes related to the cell size growth was characterized during the ovarian development in the present study. METHODS: We determined ovarian expression pattern of six genes related to the cell size growth (cyr61, emp1, fhl1, socs2, wig1 and wisp1) and extended into CCN family (connective tissue growth factor/cysteine-rich 61/nephroblastoma-overexpressed), ctgf, nov, wisp2, wisp3, including cyr61 and wisp1 genes. Expression of mRNA and protein according to the ovarian developmental stage was evaluated by in situ hybridization, and/or semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS: Among 6 genes related to the cell size growth, cyr61 and wisp1 mRNA was detected only in oocytes in the postnatal day5 mouse ovaries. cyr61 mRNA expression was limited to the nucleolus of oocytes, while wisp1 was expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleolus of oocytes, except nucleus. cyr61 mRNA expression, however, was found in granulosa cells from secondary follicles. The rest 4 genes in the cell size growth group were detected in oocytes, granulosa and theca cells. Cyr61 and Wisp1 proteins were expressed in the oocyte cytoplasm from primordial follicle stage. Especially, Cyr61 protein was detected in pre-granulosa cells, Wisp1 protein was not. By using RT-PCR, we evaluated and decided that Cyr61 protein is produced by their own mRNA in pre-granulosa cells that was not detected by in situ hybridization. cyr61 and wisp1 genes are happen to be the CCN family members. The other members of CCN family were also studied, but their expression was detected in oocytes, granulose and theca cells. CONCLUSIONS: We firstly characterized the ovarian expression of genes related to the cell size growth and CCN family according to the early folliculogenesis. Cyr61 protein expression in the pre-granulosa cells is profound in meaning. Further functional analysis for cyr61 in early folliculogenesis is under investigation.

The effects of adramycin on the human liver hilar cholangiocarcinona cell line FRH-0201 / 中国现代普通外科进展

Objective:To investigate the effects of adramycin on cell line of FRH-0201.Methods:Human hilar cholangiocarcinona cell line were cultured with adramycin (2?g/ml) through lasting different times,finally this cell line can survive after 72h cultured in the culture liquid with the adramycin(1?g/ml) .Then the medium was replaced with a fresh one without adramycin,and the cells were continuously cultured for 1 month.The in vitro studies included the observation of the appearance with optical microscope,MTT cell proliferation assay,analysis of the cell cycle by Flow cytometry(FACS),assays of tumor marker using en{yme-linked immunosor bent assay(ELISA),the fluorescence density of adramycin.Results:Compared to the parent FRH-0201cell line:The morphology showed typical morphological characteristics,the doubling time prolonged about 3h,the cell cycle by flow cytometry identified in G_1,G_2 and S phase of cell cycle were 40.50%,19.74%and 39.77% in trial group,and 69.83%,7.29%and 22.88% in parent group,respectively.Tumor marker has no difference between them,the fluorescence density of epirubicin descending 5.2 times.Conclusion:The adramycin can affect the cell cycle and cause the change of metabolism.

Effects of Wax Guard on Weight, Triglyceride, Leptin and Fat Cell Size in Rats Fed on a High Fat Diet

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wax gourd on weight, triglyceride, leptin and fat cell size in rats fed a high-fat diet. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed an experimental diet containing total dietary fat at 40% of calories with wax gourd 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w) for 4 weeks. Weight gain and triglyceride level fell significantly in the 15% wax gourd group compared to the control group. Epididymal fat pad, abdominal fat and perirenal fat tended to decrease in the 15% wax gourd group. Leptin and free fatty acid level were not significantly different among the groups. Fat cell size significantly decreased in the 10% and 15% wax gourd groups compared to the control group. Weight gain correlated positively with visceral fat masses and the levels of leptin and triglyceride. Fat cell size significantly correlated with visceral fat and leptin level. Therefore, the 15% wax gourd diet substantially reduced weight, triglyceride and fat cell size.

Corneal Endothelial Cell Change after Phacoemulsification according to the Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the change of corneal endothelial cell morphology after phacoemulsification according to the degree of the severity of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Preoperative and postoperative 6 months after phacoemulsification, the specular microscopy was performed on all the subjects. The patients were divided into three groups: Group I (n=30 eyes), non diabetic, Group II (n=30 eyes), diabetes with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and Group III (n=30 eyes), diabetes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). RESULTS: Postoperative corneal endothelial cell density and hexagonality significantly decreased, and cell size variation coefficient increased in all groups compared to preoperative stage (P<0.001). At the postoperative 6 months, corneal endothelial cell density was significantly decreased in all groups (P<0.001). Cell size variations were significantly increased in Group III compared to Group I and Group II (P<0.05), but the percentage of hexagonal cell was not significantly decreased in all groups (P=0.082). CONCLUSIONS: Corneal endothelial cell density significantly decreased and cell size variation coefficient significantly increased in diabetic retinopathy patients undergoing phacoemulsification compared to normal. Therefore, it may be necessary to observe for the postoperative corneal complications in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy after phacoemulsification.

The Measurement of Red Cell Size in Peripheral Blood Smear:Comparison of Mean Corpuscular Area and Mean Corpuscular Volume / 대한임상병리학회지

BACKGROUND: We intended to investigate the relationship between red cell size observed through a light microscope and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measured by an automatic hematology analyzer. METHODS: 164 samples which were referred for complete blood count analysis and peripheral blood cell morphology were selected. MCV was measured by Gen-S (Coulter Co., USA). Smear slides of the same samples were examined on a microscope with a CCD camera connected to it. The image observed through the microscope emerged on an IBM-compatible computer system through the CCD camera. Mean red cell size-mean corpuscular area (MCA) of the captured image was calculated by Image-Pro Plus, the image capture and analyzing software. RESULTS: The coefficient of variation (CV) of MCA measurement, which was done 5 times on 10 slides, was 1.5-3.6%. Compared to the measurements performed in the ideal zone, MCA was measured lower in the thickly smeared zone (medial zone) and higher in the thinly smeared zone (lateral zone) on smear slide observation. The correlation between MCA and MCV values was poor (R=0.641, P<0.01). The normal reference range of MCA measurement was 37.40-50.22 m2. CONCLUSIONS: As the red cell size observed on the light microscope does not correlate well with the MCV measured by automatic analyzer, the determination of red cell size by microscopic peripheral blood smear requires profound caution.

Osmolarity, cell volume and proliferation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To investigate the relationship between osmolarity, cell volume and cell proliferation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. METHODS: MTT method was applied to detect the proliferation ability of the poorly-differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell (CNE-2Z) under various osmolarity conditions. The flow cytometry was used to analyse cell cycle distribution. Cell volume was obtained by the image analysis of living cells and cell viability was determined by the trypan blue assay. RESULTS: Cultivation of cells under the hypertonic conditions of 370 and 440 mOsmol/L increased cell volume by 8.7% and 27.8% and facilitated cell proliferation by 22.2% and 33.9%, respectively. However, hypotonic incubation of cells with osmolarity of 160 and 230 mOsmol/L decreased cell volume by 12.8% and 4.1% and inhibited cell proliferation by 34.0% and 15.6%, respectively. Cell volume was positively correlated with cell proliferation rate. Long-term cultivation of cells under anisotonic conditions did not significantly alter cell cycle distribution, but hypotonic cultivation decreased cell viability. CONCLUSION: Proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells was closely correlated with the osmolarity of culture medium and cell volume. Hypotonic cultivation may inhibit cell proliferation by decreasing cell volume to facilitate cell death mechanisms.

Methods to Assess Biomass of Aquatic Bacteria / 微生物学通报

Bacterial biomass is considered as one of the central parameters in the research on marine ecosystems. Now, the methods to convert bacterial biomass could depend on bacterial volume, but there is some difference among the different conversion models. Not only the measurements of bacterial volume and bacterial carbon concentration, the conversion factor between the volume and bacterial biomass, but also the conversion model will be discussed in this paper. Conclusions can be reached that flow cytometry is available to assess bacterial volume and X ray microanalysis is the best method to measure single bacterial biomass and allometric model is widely used in conversion of biomass.

EFFECT OF MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT ON CELL DENSITY AND CELL SIZE OF RETINAL GANGLION CELLS IN CHICKS / 解剖学报

Objective To study the effect of monochromatic light on the distribution of retinal ganglion cells in chicks. Methods Sixty One-day-old male broilers were reared under four light treatments,red(660nm),green(560nm),blue(480nm) and white(400-760nm) by using LED(light-emitting diodes) as light sources until the 49th day(n=15).Light intensity was 15 lux at the height of birds' heads and scheduled for 23hours of light and 1hour of darkness during the entire experiment.The retinas were stained by Nissl-staining and DiI-labeling.The retinal area,cell size and density in ganglion cell layer were estimated by image analysis. Results The retinal area and RGCs' number in the blue and green light groups were higher than that in the red and white light groups(10.35% and 17.07%,P