Seguridad de dispositivos móviles y aplicaciones en función de la educación en tiempos de COVID-19 / Security of mobile devices and applications as a function of education in times of COVID-19

Introducción: En tiempos de COVID-19 constituye una necesidad utilizar dispositivos y aplicaciones móviles para el desarrollo del proceso docente-educativo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus, sin descuidar elementos de seguridad que permiten garantizar la preservación de la confidencialidad de los datos personales de estudiantes y profesores. Objetivo: Identificar el estado de preparación inicial de estudiantes y profesores de la carrera Licenciatura en Sistemas de Información en Salud, en temas orientados a la seguridad de dispositivos y aplicaciones móviles en función de la educación. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio realizado en los cursos académicos 2019-2020 y 2020-2021. Se trabajó con una muestra probabilística de 50 estudiantes y profesores. Se emplearon métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadístico-matemático. Se estructuró la variable dependiente en tres dimensiones y seis indicadores, y se definieron las fuentes de información y los principios éticos. Resultados: Se identificaron los conocimientos teórico-prácticos de estudiantes y profesores en seguridad de dispositivos y aplicaciones móviles en función de la educación; adicionalmente, la actitud y motivación que manifestaron en cuanto al uso de métodos técnicos de seguridad y superación. Conclusiones: Existen insuficientes métodos de seguridad técnica en dispositivos y aplicaciones móviles, y falta de cultura tecnológica orientada al uso de las redes de la Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba para el acceso a internet; de ahí la importancia de proteger los datos personales almacenados en dispositivos y aplicaciones móviles. Asimismo, desconocimiento de avisos y políticas de privacidad de las aplicaciones móviles, e insuficientes acciones formativas orientadas al uso correcto de las aplicaciones y la protección de los datos personales(AU)

Introduction: In times of COVID-19 it constitutes a necessity to use mobile devices and applications for the development of the teaching-educational process at the University of Medical Sciences of Sancti Spíritus, without neglecting security elements that allow guaranteeing the preservation of the confidentiality of personal data of students and teachers. Objective: To identify the state of initial preparation of students and teachers of the Bachelor's Degree in Health Information Systems, in topics oriented to the security of mobile devices and applications in terms of education. Methods: Exploratory study conducted in the academic years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. We worked with a probability sample of 50 students and teachers. Theoretical, empirical and statistical-mathematical methods were used. The dependent variable was structured in three dimensions and six indicators, and the sources of information and ethical principles were defined. Results: Theoretical-practical knowledge of students and teachers in security of mobile devices and applications as a function of education was identified; additionally, the attitude and motivation they manifested regarding the use of technical methods of security and self-improvement. Conclusions: There are insufficient technical security methods in mobile devices and applications, and lack of technological culture oriented to the use of the networks of the Cuban Telecommunications Company for Internet access; hence the importance of protecting personal data stored in mobile devices and applications. Likewise, lack of knowledge of privacy notices and policies of mobile applications, and insufficient training actions oriented to the correct use of applications and the protection of personal data(AU)

A review of teleradiology in Africa ­ Towards mobile teleradiology in Nigeria

eHealth is promoted as a means to strengthen health systems and facilitate universal health coverage. Sub-components (e.g. telehealth, telemedicine, mhealth) are seen as mitigators of healthcare provider shortages and poor rural and remote access. Teleradiology (including mobile teleradiology), widespread in developed nations, is uncommon in developing nations. Decision- and policy-makers require evidence to inform their decisions regarding implementation of mobile teleradiology in Nigeria and other subSaharan countries. To gather evidence, Scopus and PubMed were searched using defined search strings (September 2020). Duplicates were removed, and titles and abstracts reviewed using specified selection criteria. Full-text papers of selected resources were retrieved and reviewed against the criteria. Insight from included studies was charted for eight a priori categories of information: needs assessment, implementation, connectivity, evaluation, costing, image display, image capture and concordance. Fifty-seven articles were identified, duplicates removed and titles and abstracts of remaining articles reviewed against study criteria. Twenty-six papers remained. After review of full-texts, ten met the study criteria. These were summarised, and key insights for the eight categories were charted. Few papers have been published on teleradiology in sub-Saharan Africa. Teleradiology, including mobile teleradiology, is feasible in sub-Saharan Africa for routine X-ray support of patients and healthcare providers in rural and remote locations. Former technical issues (image quality, transmission speed, image compression) have been largely obviated through the high-speed, high-resolution digital imaging and network transmission capabilities of contemporary smartphones and mobile networks, where accessible. Comprehensive studies within the region are needed to guide the widespread introduction of mobile teleradiology.

Identificação dos parâmetros para o registro de ferida com câmera de telefone celular / Parameters identification for the record of wounds with cellphone cameras

Introdução: A ferida crônica demanda cuidados para a cura, o que exige planejamento, organização, execução e avaliação contínua dos pacientes e de sua ferida, de modo a promover uma assistência segura e de qualidade. Essa atividade pode ser apoiada pelo registro fotográfico para identificar alterações no leito e na borda da ferida, além da pele ao redor. Entretanto, o registro das feridas realizado sem a aplicação das técnicas impede a geração de imagens com qualidade documental e fornece dados pouco precisos sobre a condição da ferida. Objetivo: Analisar os parâmetros do registro fotográfico da ferida com câmera de telefone celular. Método: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, realizado em seis etapas distintas. Na primeira etapa, foi realizada a revisão de escopo, a qual permitiu estabelecer parâmetros para o registro fotográfico. A segunda consistiu em testar os parâmetros utilizando simuladores no ambiente pré-clínico. Na terceira etapa, ocorreu o teste piloto em ambiente clínico com um paciente, o qual resultou em 12 fotografias, com o intuito de definir o equipamento e a avaliação dos parâmetros. Na quarta etapa, foram testados os parâmetros na prática clínica com três telefones celulares (Samsung Galaxy A51, Samsung Note 10 Lite, Iphone 11) e três pacientes com diferentes cores de pele (parda, preta e branca). Foram geradas 90 fotografias de feridas, posteriormente submetidas à validação cromática pelo Delta E. Na quinta etapa, os parâmetros foram avaliados para consistência da imagem fotográfica por meio do Delta E para a validação cromática, além da validação visual das imagens pelos enfermeiros (ruim, regular, bom, ótimo). Na sexta etapa, foi construído um protótipo para o registro fotográfico de feridas para profissionais da saúde. Resultados: Foram selecionadas oito publicações nas bases de dados pesquisadas, o que permitiu elencar 38 recomendações, agrupadas em 10 parâmetros: 1) termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido; 2) equipamentos; 3) posição e preparo do paciente; 4) identificação da ferida; 5) posicionamento da câmera; 6) iluminação; 7) fundo da imagem; 8) foco, profundidade de campo; 9) consistência de cor; 10) armazenamento de imagens. A etapa pré-clínica permitiu excluir do estudo o uso de câmera fotográfica e manter três tipos de celulares, o fundo branco e o azul para o registro fotográfico. Considerando o valor de Delta E, uma imagem com fundo branco teve 11,4 para pele parda, 8,2 para preta e 13,4 para branca. Nessa condição, a menor média foi para a cor preta, com celular Note 10. O Delta E médio das imagens dos três pacientes e três tipos de celulares foi menor sem cartela e obteve 10,6 para a cor parda, 8,2 para a preta e 13,6 para a branca, com a menor média para a cor de pele preta e celular Note 10; com iluminação LED, obteve-se 10 para a cor parda, 7,7 para a preta e 10,8 para a branca, com a menor média para a cor parda e celular Note 10. Na validação visual das imagens, os enfermeiros consideraram o posicionamento bom e ótimo (ângulo) do eixo da objetiva perpendicular ao plano da ferida (100%); fundo branco (90%) e fundo azul (70%); iluminação - sem brilho especular (80%); cor da pele preta e telefone Iphone (90%); pele parda e celular Note 10 (70%) e Iphone (70%); cor de pele branca e telefone Iphone (90%). Conclusão: Os resultados gerados podem contribuir para a melhoria da consistência das imagens para documentação de feridas por meio de registro fotográfico padronizado com telefone celular.

Introduction: Chronic wounds demand healing, which requires planning, organization, execution, and continuous evaluation of patients and their wounds in order to provide safe and quality care. This activity can be facilitated by photographic recording to identify changes to the wound bed, the edge, and the skin around it. However, recording wounds without using the correct techniques interferes with creating images with documentary quality and provides inaccurate data on the condition of the wounds. Objectives: To analyze the parameters of the photographic record of the wound with a cell phone camera. Method: This descriptive research was carried out in six different stages, with the participation of 10 nurses in the fifth stage, chosen through convenience sampling. The scoping review enabled the establishment of parameters for the photographic record. The second phase consisted of testing the parameters using simulators in the preclinical environment. In the third stage, the pilot study took place in a clinical environment with a patient, resulting in 12 photographs to define the equipment and evaluate the parameters. In the fourth stage, those parameters were tested within clinical practice using three cellphones (Samsung Galaxy A51, Samsung Note 10 Lite, iPhone 11) and three patients with different skin colors (brown, black, and white). Ninety photographs of wounds were generated and subsequently submitted to chromatic validation by Delta E. In the fifth stage, the parameters were tested for consistency of the photographic image through Delta E for chromatic validation, in addition to the visual validation of the images by the nurses (ranked as poor, fair, good, excellent). In the sixth stage, a prototype was built for the photographic recording of wounds for healthcare professionals. Results: Eight publications were selected in the researched bases, which enabled the listing of 38 recommendations grouped into ten parameters: 1) a term of free and informed consent; 2) camera positioning; 3) focus, depth of field; 4) lighting; 5) image background; 6) wound identification; 7) image storage; 8) position and preparation of the patient; 9) color consistency; 10) equipment. The preclinical stage excluded the need for a camera for the study, and three types of cellphones were used instead, as well as a white and blue background for the photographic record. record. Considering the Delta E value, images with a white background received 11.4 for brown skin color, 8.2 for black, and 13.4 for white. In this condition, the lowest average was for black skin, with the Note 10 cellphone. The average Delta E of the images of the three patients and three types of cellphones was lower without the color card and obtained 10.6 for brown color, 8.2 for black color, and 13.6 for white, with the lowest average for black and Note 10 phone. As for the LED lighting, the brown color obtained 10, 7.7 for black, and 10.8 for white, with the lowest average for the brown color and the Note 10 phone. For the visual validation of the images, the nurses considered the positioning good and excellent (angle) for the objective axis perpendicular to the wound plane (100%); white (90%) and blue (70%) background; lighting - no specular glare (80%); black skin color and iPhone phone (90%); brown skin color and Note 10 phone (70%) and iPhone (70%); white skin color and iPhone phone (90%). Conclusion: The results may contribute to the improvement of the image consistency for the documentation of wounds through the standardized photographic record with a cellphone

Escala para medir tecnodependencia en el ámbito personal, familiar, social y laboral en población mexicana / Technodependence in personal, familiar, social and labor sphere in Mexican population measuring scale

Resumen Introducción: El uso de la tecnología se ha posicionado como una herramienta indispensable en la actualidad en ámbitos laborales, escolares y hasta en las interacciones sociales. Con ello el involucramiento con las tecnológicas permiten desempeñarnos con mayor productividad y eficiencia; sin embargo, un uso desadaptativo puede propiciar diversas afecciones que inciden en la salud y relaciones de los usuarios. Objetivo: Se diseñó una escala para medir tecnodependencia en las personas, conformada por cinco factores que fueron nombrados como Phubbing, Generación Muda, Uso de la Tecnología al Conducir, Uso compulsivo del Celular y la Vida en Redes Sociales. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal, con diseño no experimental y muestreo no probabilístico, que contó con 1026 participantes, de los cuales el 63 % correspondía a hombres. Se utilizó la Escala de Tecnodependencia elaborada por los autores para el presente estudio, conformada por un total de 15 reactivos divididos en cinco factores (Uso del celular al conducir, Vida en redes sociales, Generación Muda, Uso compulsivo del celular y Phubbing), además de las variables sociodemográficas, con un índice de confiabilidad de 0,83. Resultados: Se encontró correlación estadísticamente significativa entre los cinco factores que definen la escala, con un 59,23 % de la varianza explicada, un índice de confiabilidad a través del Alfa de Cronbach =0,83 y con un buen ajuste (chi-cuadrada= 245,957; GI= 136; CMIN/DF= 3,23; p=0,000; CFI=0,972; y RMSE=0,047). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que la escala cuenta con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para medir tecnodependencia en población mexicana. Con esta investigación se aporta una escala con la que se pretende estimular la investigación sobre esta variable en el país y que en un mediano plazo permitirá entender su etiología, estudiar la relación que mantiene con otros factores de riesgo psicosocial y diseñar programas de prevención e intervención con el fin de mejorar la relación de los usuarios, con las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación, creando a su vez espacios de uso saludables.

Abstract Introduction: The use of technology has positioned as an indispensable tool in the nowadays of the labor, scholar, and even social spheres. With that, the involving with the technologies allows us to perform with higher productivity and efficiency. However, a disadaptative use can promote diverse conditions that influence in the health and social relations of the users. Objective: It was designed a scale for the measure of technology dependence in people, integrated by five factors that were named Phubbing, Generation Mute, Use of technology while driving, Compulsive use of cellphone, and Life on social media. Method: 1026 subjects participated, of which 63 % were males. Quantitative, cross-sectional study, with non-experimental design and non-probability sampling, that had 1026 participants, of which 63 % were men. The Technodependence Scale developed by the authors for the present study was used, made up of a total of 15 items divided into five factors (Cell phone use when driving, Life in social networks, Mute Generation, Compulsive cell phone use and Phubbing), in addition to sociodemographic variables, with a reliability index of 0,83. Results: It was found statistically significant correlation between the five factors that define the scale, with a 59,23 % of the explained variance, reliability index through Cronbach's alpha = 0,83, and a good adjustment (chi-square= 245,957; GI= 136; CMIN/DF= 3,23; p=0,000; CFI= 0,972; and RMSE=0,047). Conclusions: The findings suggest that the scale has adequate psychometric properties to measure technodependence in the Mexican population. This research provides a scale with which it is intended to stimulate the research on this variable in the country and that in the medium term will allow understanding its etiology, studying its relationship with other psychosocial risk factors and designing prevention and intervention programs in order to improve the relationship of users, with Information and Communication Technologies, creating in turn healthy spaces for use.

Validation of the Cell Phone Dependence Scale

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: The boundary between cellphone use and abuse is quite tenuous. Research is required to evaluate the use of this device interacting in the everyday life of users, whether to speak or to perform tasks. OBJECTIVE: To construct a novel and specific scale to evaluate cellphone dependence checking its psychometric properties for clarity, accuracy and reliability. METHODS: Validation of a Cellphone Dependence Scale (CPDS) was performed in 5 phases: 1- initial scale construction with 20 questions, 2- expert evaluation, 3- application to 200 volunteers, 4- statistical analysis and results, and 5- elaboration of the final version of the CPDS. RESULTS: We used the R statistical program Version 3.4.2 and the "dplyr" package to present the descriptive statistics, the hypotheses tests of differences of means and the factorial analysis. The results provided a validated and accepted final version for CPDS. The last step of the study was to calculate Cronbach's alpha, in order to measure the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The value found was 0.897, which is considered very good. CONCLUSIONS: This project resulted in the construction of the final CPDS version suitable for the clinical context and to be used in the conduct of research on cellphone dependence. CPDS may contribute to future studies, conscious use of cellphones, harm reduction, and improved quality of life vis-à-vis the cellphone.

Impacts of electromagnetic radiation from cellphones and Wi-Fi on spermatogenesis / 中华男科学杂志

With the development of Wi-Fi technology and widespread exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR), people are increasingly concerned about the health hazards caused by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as from cellphones and Wi-Fi, particularly about the current decline in sperm concentration and increase in male infertility. Long-term exposure to EMR not only damages male reproductive organs, but also affects the number, morphology, motility and oocyte-binding ability of sperm, and indirectly increases the risk of infertility. However, EMR is not unavoidable. Low-intensity short-term or intermittent exposure to EMR has little adverse effect on reproductive organs and sperm. And many antioxidant and anti-free radical agents, such as vitamin E and melatonin, can protect some special populations from EMR. This review presents an overview of the impacts of EMR from cellphones and Wi-Fi on sperm, some countermeasures, and prospects of EMR protection.

Social network analysis and modeling of cellphone-based syndromic surveillance data for Ebola in Sierra Leone

OBJECTIVE@#To explore and visualize the connectivity of suspected Ebola cases and surveillance callers who used cellphone technology in Moyamba District in Sierra Leone for Ebola surveillance, and to examine the demographic differences and characteristics of Ebola surveillance callers who make more calls as well as those callers who are more likely to make at least one positive Ebola call.@*METHODS@#Surveillance data for 393 suspected Ebola cases (192 males, 201 females) were collected from October 23, 2014 to June 28, 2015 using cellphone technology. UCINET and NetDraw software were used to explore and visualize the social connectivity between callers and suspected Ebola cases. Poisson and logistic regression analyses were used to do multivariable analysis.@*RESULTS@#The entire social network was comprised of 393 ties and 745 nodes. Women (AOR = 0.33, 95% CI [0.14, 0.81]) were associated with decreased odds of making at least one positive Ebola surveillance call compared to men. Women (IR = 0.63, 95% CI [0.49, 0.82]) were also associated with making fewer Ebola surveillance calls compared to men.@*CONCLUSION@#Social network visualization can analyze syndromic surveillance data for Ebola collected by cellphone technology with unique insights.

Social network analysis and modeling of cellphone-based syndromic surveillance data for Ebola in Sierra Leone

Objective To explore and visualize the connectivity of suspected Ebola cases and surveillance callers who used cellphone technology in Moyamba District in Sierra Leone for Ebola surveillance, and to examine the demographic differences and characteristics of Ebola surveillance callers who make more calls as well as those callers who are more likely to make at least one positive Ebola call. Methods Surveillance data for 393 suspected Ebola cases (192 males, 201 females) were collected from October 23, 2014 to June 28, 2015 using cellphone technology. UCINET and NetDraw software were used to explore and visualize the social connectivity between callers and suspected Ebola cases. Poisson and logistic regression analyses were used to do multivariable analysis. Results The entire social network was comprised of 393 ties and 745 nodes. Women (AOR = 0.33, 95% CI [0.14, 0.81]) were associated with decreased odds of making at least one positive Ebola surveillance call compared to men. Women (IR = 0.63, 95% CI [0.49, 0.82]) were also associated with making fewer Ebola surveillance calls compared to men. Conclusion Social network visualization can analyze syndromic surveillance data for Ebola collected by cellphone technology with unique insights.

Cellphone electromagnetic radiation damages the testicular ultrastructure of male rats / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>Objective</b>To investigate the influence of cellphone electromagnetic radiation (CER) on the testicular ultrastructure and the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in male rats.atability, feasibility, applicability, and controllability in the construction of experimental animal models, we compared the major anatomic features of the penis of 20 adult beagle dogs with those of 10 adult men. Using microsurgical techniques, we performed cross-transplantation of the penis in the 20 (10 pairs) beagle dogs and observed the survival rate of the transplanted penises by FK506+MMF+MP immune induction. We compared the relevant indexes with those of the 10 cases of microsurgical replantation of the amputated penis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty adult male SD rats were equally randomized into a 2 h CER, a 4 h CER, and a normal control group, the former two groups exposed to 30 days of 900 MHz CER for 2 and 4 hours a day, respectively, while the latter left untreated. Then the changes in the ultrastructure of the testis tissue were observed under the transmission electron microscope and the apoptosis of the spermatogenic cells was determined by TUNEL.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal controls, the rats of the 2 h CER group showed swollen basement membrane of seminiferous tubules, separated tight junction of Sertoli cells, increased cell intervals, apparent vacuoles and medullization in some mitochondria, and increased apoptosis of spermatogenic cells, mainly the apoptosis of primary spermatocytes (P<0.05 ). In comparison with the 2 h CER group, the animals of the 4 h CER group exhibited swollen basement membrane of seminiferous tubules, more separated tight junction of Sertoli cells, wider cell intervals, incomplete membrane of spermatogonial cells, fragments of cytoplasm, nuclear pyknosis and notch, slight dilation of perinuclear space, abnormalities of intracellular mitochondria with vacuoles, fuzzy structure, and fusion or disappearance of some cristae, and increased damage of mitochondria and apoptosis of spermatogenic cells, including the apoptosis of spermatogonial cells, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes (P<0.05 ).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CER can damage the testicular ultrastructure and increase the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells of the male rat in a time-dependent manner, and the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells may be associated with the damage to mitochondria.</p>

The relationship between Internet addiction and steps -A cross-sectional study in a sample of male college freshmen in Japan- / 体力科学

The present study aimed to examine the effects of Internet addiction on daily steps. A cross-sectional study was performed at the Osaka Institute of Technology. A total of 334 male college freshmen were analyzed. The participants were assigned to five groups according to Internet addiction levels. Internet addiction levels were assessed by Diagnostic Questionnaire, which has been reported by Young (1998), and we measured daily steps of the participants using a pedometer during usual 1 week. There were no significant trends or differences among five groups in physical characteristics of the participants, sleep duration, frequency of eating breakfast, and walking during commute time. However, with the level of Internet addiction increasing, daily steps showed a statistically significant decreasing trend. Therefore, Internet addiction levels might be related to reductions in steps in a dose-response manner. To clarify this point, further investigations will be required after considering confounding factors.

The examination of a decline in steps in the last decade and its reason -A serial cross-sectional study in male college freshmen- / 体力科学

The present study aimed to investigate whether daily steps in male college students have actually decreased in the last decade. If the decline in steps is found, we additionally aimed to examine whether the decline in steps is attributed to a reduction of exercise or, rather, to a reduction of non-exercise activity. A serial cross-sectional study was performed from 2003 to 2012 at the Osaka Institute of Technology. A total of 1,215 male college freshmen were analyzed. Every year, scores of the physical activity levels were evaluated by a questionnaire, and we measured daily steps of participants using a pedometer during usual 1 week. Daily behavior record was also analyzed (n = 69). There were no significant trends or differences in characteristics of participants and the scores of physical activity levels throughout the 10 years. However, interestingly, significant decreasing trends were observed in the steps of average and weekend. In addition, daily behavior record analyses indicate that a cell-phone or a PC usage increased significantly in both weekday and weekend and that playing video games increased significantly in weekday. Therefore, these data support the view that daily steps have actually reduced in the last decade. Our findings also raise the possibility that the decline in steps may be related to the decline in non-exercise activity associated with the increase in a cell-phone or a PC usage and playing the video games.