Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates proliferation of stem/progenitor cells: what we need to know to translate basic science research into clinical applications / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising therapy that has been increasingly explored in basic research and clinical applications. LIPUS is an appealing therapeutic option as it is a noninvasive treatment that has many advantages, including no risk of infection or tissue damage and no known adverse reactions. LIPUS has been shown to have many benefits including promotion of tissue healing, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration; inhibition of inflammation and pain relief; and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The biophysical mechanisms of LIPUS remain unclear and the studies are ongoing. In recent years, more and more research has focused on the relationship between LIPUS and stem/progenitor cells. A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Embase databases to July 2020 was performed. LIPUS has many effects on stem cells. Studies show that LIPUS can stimulate stem cells in vitro; promote stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration; maintain stem cell activity; alleviate the problems of insufficient seed cell source, differentiation, and maturation; and circumvent the low efficiency of stem cell transplantation. The mechanisms involved in the effects of LIPUS are not fully understood, but the effects demonstrated in studies thus far have been favorable. Much additional research is needed before LIPUS can progress from basic science research to large-scale clinical dissemination and application.

Research progress of effective components of traditional Chinese medicine in anti-aging and anti-tumor mechanism / 药学学报

Increasing research have found a high correlation between senescence and tumor. Cellular senescence can inhibit tumorigenesis while the cellular microenvironment altered by senescent cells can promote the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. Some cellular signaling pathways are commonly involved in aging process and carcinogenesis. The deregulation and imbalance of these pathways results into senescence and tumor development. Thus, agents that balance these pathways may effective for anti-aging and anti-tumor. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for the activation of multiple signaling pathways and molecular targets both associated with aging and tumor, with few side effects. Therefore, the article reviewed the cellular signalings that cross between the aging and tumors, and on this basis, summarized the current effective components of TCM with anti-aging and anti-cancer properties, as well as the potential mechanisms of these components in the cross signalings, to provide new research strategies and perspectives for effective components of TCM to treat aging and tumors.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for regenerating peripheral nerves: Potential for penile nerve / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Peripheral nerve damage, such as that found after surgery or trauma, is a substantial clinical challenge. Much research continues in attempts to improve outcomes after peripheral nerve damage and to promote nerve repair after injury. In recent years, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been studied as a potential method of stimulating peripheral nerve regeneration. In this review, the physiology of peripheral nerve regeneration is reviewed, and the experiments employing LIPUS to improve peripheral nerve regeneration are discussed. Application of LIPUS following nerve surgery may promote nerve regeneration and improve functional outcomes through a variety of proposed mechanisms. These include an increase of neurotrophic factors, Schwann cell (SC) activation, cellular signaling activations, and induction of mitosis. We searched PubMed for articles related to these topics in both in vitro and in vivo animal research models. We found numerous studies, suggesting that LIPUS following nerve surgery promotes nerve regeneration and improves functional outcomes. Based on these findings, LIPUS could be a novel and valuable treatment for nerve injury-induced erectile dysfunction.

Research progress about the anti-aging effect and mechanism of flavonoids from traditional Chinese medicine / 药学学报

Aging is a normal physiological process involving coaction of many factors. The anti-aging effects of natural products have been studied by many domestic and international scholars, but not far enough, which still needed to be explored. Flavonoids, as natural products, have a variety of pharmacological activities and present in many traditional Chinese medicines. In recent years, research results indicate that flavonoids can delay the aging process of the nervous, immune, and reproductive systems, and the liver, skin and other tissues. The anti-aging effects of flavonoids have attracted more and more attention. Therefore, development of anti-aging drugs from flavonoids is of great significance to improve the quality of life for the elderly and slow the process of aging. However, the mechanism of the anti-aging effect of flavonoids remains unknown at present. This review will discuss the anti-aging effect and mechanisms of flavonoids in traditional Chinese medicine from the aspects of cellular signaling pathways and metabolic pathways based on the modern theories of aging.

Avaliação dos mecanismos envolvidos na inibição da proliferação e na indução da apoptose de linhagem leucêmica pelo óleo de sementes de Pterodon pubescens e suas frações/subfrações / Assessment of the mechanisms involved in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of lineage leukemia by oil seed Pterodon pubescens and its fractions/subfractions

Alterações no ciclo celular e desenvolvimento de tumor encontram-se intimamente ligados. Expressão inadequada e/ou mutações de quinases dependentes de ciclinas, ciclinas e inibidores de quinases dependentes de ciclinas têm sido descritas em vários tipos de cânceres. Portanto, a busca por novas molédulas que têm como alvo eventos em tal via bioquímica tem aumentado ao longo dos anos. Como as plantas são importantes fontes de novas potenciais drogas quimioterápicas, o estudo da fitoquímica, aliado às pesquisas farmacológicas, permite desvendar novas substâncias com potencial anti câncer. Embora efeitos antitumorais tenham sido demonstrados para extratos de Pterodon pubescens, os mecanismos que induzem estes efeitos ainda não estão esclarecidos. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos subfracionar a fração hexano do extrato bruto de frutos de Pterodon pubescens, avaliar alguns mecanismos pelos quais a subfração mais ativa exerce seu efeito antiproliferativo sobre linhagem leucêmica (K562) e tentar identificar compostos envolvidos em tais efeitos. O extrato bruto (OPp) foi obtido por maceração em etanol e posteriormente foi feita uma partição líquido-liquido obtendo-se a fração Hexano (HEX). O subfracionamento por coluna de sílica da HEX resultou em oito subfrações, sendo que a subfração 5 (SF5) a que apresentou menor complexidade por cromatografia gasosa e maior efeito biológico. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada pelo método de redução do sal tetrazol (MTT) e a proliferação celular pela síntese de DNA e curva de crescimento. As fases do ciclo celular e a apoptose foram analisados por citometria de fluxo e a expressão do RNA mensageiro por RT-PCR. A expressão de proteína foi avaliada por Western blotting e a identificação de compostos por CG-EM e 13C-RMN. A SF5 exerceu efeito citotóxico maior do que o extrato bruto, fração HEX e as outras subfrações. Na síntese de DNA e curva de crescimento, a SF5 exerceu efeito inibitório tempo e concentração...

Alterations in the cell cycle and tumor development are closely connected. Inapropriated expression and/or mutations of cyclin dependet kinases, cyclins and cyclin kinase inhibitors have been described in many kinds of cancer. So, the search of new molecules that have such biochemical pathway as target has increased over the years. Since plants are important sources of new potential chemotherapic drugs, phytochemical studies combined to pharmacological investigations permit the discover of new substances with potential anti-cancer properties. Although anti tumor effects have been demonstrated for Pterodon pubescens extracts, its mechanisms are still obscure. Therefore, the aims of present work were to subfractionate the HEX fraction of Pterodon pubescens, evaluate some mechanisms by which the most active subfraction exerts its antiproliferative effect on leukemic cell line (K562) and try to elucidate compounds involved in such effects. The crude extract (PpO) was obtained by maceration in ethanol with further liquid-liquid partition yielding the Hexan fraction (HEX). The HEX subfractioning by silica column yielded 8 subfractions, being the subfraction 5 (SF5) that with minor complexity by gas chromatography and greater biological effect. The citotoxicity was evaluated by tetrazolium salt reduction (MTT) and cellular proliferation by DNA synthesis and growth curve. The cell cycle phases and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and messenger RNA expression by RT-PCR. The protein expression was evaluated by Western blotting and the identification of compounds by GC-MS and 13C-NMR. SF5 induced greater citotoxic effects when compared to crude extract, HEX fraction or the others subfractions. On DNA synthesis and growth curve, SF5 induced time and concentration dependent inhibiory effect, also greater than HEX fraction. The cell cycle analysis showed an increase of cells on G1 phase with consequently reduction of S and G2/M phases. SF5 inhibited the MAP...

The use of intra-cellular signaling pathways in anesthesiology and pain medicine field / 대한마취과학회지

At the level of individual cells, signaling is crucial in cell division, differentiation, metabolic control and death. Reception of the signals depends on receptor proteins that are usually at the cell surface, and these receptor proteins bind the signal molecule. The binding activates the receptor, which in turn activates one or more of the intra-cellular signaling pathways. These relay chains of molecules, mainly intra-cellular signaling proteins, process the signal inside the receiving cell and distribute it to the appropriate intra-cellular targets. Cell signaling pathways are involved in the pathophysiology of many diseases and also in the mechanisms of action of many drugs, including local and general anesthetics. Knowledge of the basic cell signaling mechanisms is essential for understanding many of the pathophysiologic and pharmacologic mechanisms. Therefore, if we focus on applying the new cellular and molecular biologic research, these efforts could identify the mechanism of diseases and help develop new drugs in the field of anesthesiology and pain medicine.

Interference of Hepatitis B Virus with Cellular Signaling / 中国病毒学·英文版

The presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) proteins leads to changes in the cellular gene expression. As a consequence, the cellular signaling processes are influenced by the actions of HBV proteins. It has been shown that HBV nucleocapsid protein and the amino-terminal part of polymerase termed as terminal protein (TP) could inhibit interferon signaling. Further, the global gene expression profiles differ in hepatoma cells with and without HBV gene expression and replication. The expression of interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs) was differently regulated in cells with HBV replication and could be modulated by antiviral treatments. The HBV TP has been found to modulate the ISG expression and enhance the HBV replication. The modulation of the cellular signaling processes by HBV may have significant implications for pathogenesis.

La onda de calioo en células vegetaess / The Calcium Wave of Vegetable Cells

El calcio es un nutriente esencial para las plantas, se encuentra involucrado en procesos de desarrollo y de respuesta a factores bióticos y abióticos. Numerosas señales modifican la concentración de calcio en el citoplasma, núcleo, retículo endoplásmico o plastídios. El incremento del calcio en el citosol es rápidamente disminuido, pero en el lapso de incremento, se forman innumerables y complejas cascadas de señalización que conllevan a la respuesta celular. Este nota expone los mecanismos implicaciones de la entrada del calcio en las células vegetales.

Calcium is an essential nutrient for plants; it is involved in developmental processes and in responses to biotic and abiotic factors. Several signals that modify the calcium concentration in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and/or plastids have been observed. These changes in the calcium concentration in the cell interior are rapidly returned to basal levels, in the meantime, innumerable and complex signaling cascades. This note exposes the mechanisms of calcium transport through the cell membranes of the entrance of calcium in the plant cells.