ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: Cement industry contributes to the major constituent of airborne dust in the atmosphere. This study aims to determine the level of respirable cement dust exposure associated with workers’ respiratory health. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 84 administration workers as the comparative group and 84 manufacturing workers as the exposed group. Method: A set of validated questionnaires was used to obtain some pertained background information as well as respiratory symptoms among the respondents. Personal Air Sampling Pump was used for assessing personal exposure towards cement dust in 8 hours. For lung function performance, a Spirometry test was carried out and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FENO) test was conducted to assess airway inflammation. Results: The median for personal exposure level to respirable dust of manufacturing workers was 2.68 (5.90) mg/ m3 with range 0.351 to 10.60 mg/m3. The lung function abnormality among the manufacturing workers was FVC% (PR=3.82, 95% CI=1.52-9.58) and FEV1% (PR=5.16, 95% CI=1.65-16.10). Cough was reported to occur the most likely among the manufacturing workers (PR=2.40, 95% CI=1.12-5.15). After adjusting the smoking status, the prevalence of phlegm and cough were 35.7% and 29.8% respectively. 16.7% of manufacturing workers recorded a high level of FENO. The increasing exposure to respirable dust significantly reduces the FVC% of manufacturing workers (r=-0.36, p=0.05). Conclusion: The personal exposure to respirable cement dust increases the risk of lung impairment by highly developing respiratory health symptoms, reducing lung function level and increasing the higher level of airway inflammation among highly exposed workers.
ABSTRACT
Introdução: Durante a fabricação do cimento há emissões de poluentes variados conhecidos por terem efeitos tóxicos à saúde humana, sobretudo no que se refere à saúde respiratória. A pesquisa de sinais e sintomas respiratórios é um importante meio de se conhecer os possíveis efeitos dessa poluição em populações residentes em áreas próximas às fábricas de cimento. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo transversal de base populacional realizado em Cezarina, Goiás. A amostragem foi aleatória probabilística por conglomerados. O instrumento utilizado foi baseado no questionário do British Medical Research Council para a pesquisa de sinais e sintomas respiratórios. A análise estatística foi feita no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 20.0. Resultados: A amostra foi composta, em sua maioria, por mulheres (60,9%; p<0,001). A fábrica de cimento foi o local de trabalho de 11,1% da amostra. A prevalência de tosse foi de 23,1% (p<0,001), expectoração 22,8% (p<0,001), falta de ar 29,3% (p<0,001) e chiado no peito 17,9% (p=0,014). Tabagismo foi referido por 16,6% dos entrevistados. Conclusão: Não houve associação dos sintomas respiratórios com o local de moradia. O tabagismo apresentou associação com todos os sintomas respiratórios pesquisados. .
Introduction: During the process of cement manufacture have emissions of various pollutants known to have toxic effects in humans. The study of respiratory symptoms and signs an important means of knowing the possible effects of pollution on populations living near cement plants. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study population-based conducted in Cezarina, Goiás. The sample was randomly selected by cluster sampling. The instrument used was based on questionnaire British Medical Research Council for research into respiratory signs and symptoms. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: The sample was composed, mostly, of women (60.9%; p<0.001). The cement plant was the site of work cited by 11.1%. The prevalence of chronic cough was 23.1% (p<0.001), sputum 22.8% (p<0.001), shortness of breath 29.3% (p<0.001) and wheezing 17.9% (p=0.014). Smoking was reported by 16.6%. Conclusion: The respiratory signs and symptoms were not associated with the location and length of residence in the city. Smoking showed correlation with all respiratory symptoms studied and it was more prevalent among men. .
ABSTRACT
Being the second largest manufacturing industry in India, cement industry is one of the major contributors of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Since plants are sensitive to air pollution, introducing suitable plant species as part of the greenbelt around cement industry was the objective of the present study. Suitable plant species were selected based on the Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) calculated by analyzing ascorbic acid (AA), pH, relative water content (RWC) and total chlorophyll (TChl) of the plants occuring in the locality. Plants were selected within a 6 km radius from the industry and were graded as per their tolerance levels by analyzing the biochemical parameters. From the statistical analysis at 0.05 level of significance a difference in the APTI values among the 27 plant species was observed, but they showed homogenous results when analysed zone wise using one-way analyses of variance. Analyses of individual parameters showed variation in the different zones surrounding the cement industry, whereas the APTI value (which is a combination of the parameter viz. AA, RWC, TChl, pH) showed more or less same gradation. Significant variation in individual parameters and APTI was seen with in the species. All the plants surrounding the cement industry are indicative of high pollution exposure comparable to the results obtain for control plants. Based on the APTI value, it was observed that about 37% of the plant species were tolerant. Among them Mangifera indica, Bougainvillea species, Psidum quajava showed high APTI values. 33% of the species were highly susceptible to the adverse effects of SPM, among which Thevetia neriifolia, Saraca indica, Phyllanthus emblica and Cercocarpus ledifolius showed low APTI values.15% each of the species were at the intermediary and moderate tolerance levels.
ABSTRACT
A prática do coprocessamento de resíduos na indústria de cimento tem se expandido devido à necessidade crescente de uma destinação ambiental e socialmente mais adequada de resíduos perigosos provenientes de diversos processos industriais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão sobre o coprocessamento de resíduos em fornos de clínquer, no Brasil e no mundo, visando contribuir para a otimização dos processos, identificando os aspectos já estudados e os que ainda demandam pesquisas. Foram abordados aspectos socioambientais e tecnológicos do coprocessamento, bem como a análise do ciclo de vida (ACV) na produção de cimento, e a produção técnico-científica sobre o coprocessamento.
The practice of co-processing of residues has increased due to the requirement of environmental and social friendly disposal of dangerous wastes from several industrial processes. The aim of this work was to perform a revision of co-processing of residues in Brazil and in the world, aiming at process optimization and also to identify the aspects already studied as well as those which still request research efforts. Social, environmental, and technological aspects of co-processing were discussed in the present work as well as the life cycle analysis (LCA) in the cement production and the technical and scientific literature about co-processing.