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Purpose: To report on the microbiological profile and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of infectious keratitis at a tertiary center in central India. Methods: The suspected case of severe keratitis underwent microbiological culture and identification using the VITEK 2 technique. Antibiotic susceptibility for different sensitivity and resistance patterns was analyzed. Demographics, clinical profile, and socioeconomic history was also documented. Results: Culture was positive in 233/455 (51.2%) patients. Pure bacterial growth was present in 83 (35.62%) patients and pure fungus was present in 146 (62.66%) patients. The most common bacterial cause of infectious keratitis was Pseudomonas followed by Staphylococcus and Bacillus. Pseudomonas showed 65%–75% resistance against levofloxacin, ceftazidime, imipenem, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin. Staphylococcus showed 65%–70% resistance against levofloxacin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin, with Streptococcus being 100% resistant to erythromycin. Conclusion: This study highlights the current trend of microbiological profiles of infectious keratitis and their antibiotic susceptibility at a rural setup in central India. Fungal predominance and increased resistance against the commonly used antibiotics were noted.
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Background & objectives: A combination of resistant and susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolated from clinical specimens is referred to as heteroresistance. Heteroresistance leads to difficulties in drug resistance testing and may adversely affect treatment outcomes. The present study estimated the proportion of heteroresistance among MTB in clinical samples of presumptive drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) patients in Central India. Methods: A retrospective analysis of data generated from line probe assay (LPA) at a tertiary care hospital in Central India between January 2013 and December 2018 was carried out. A heteroresistant MTB in a sample was indicated by the presence of both wild-type and mutant-type patterns on an LPA strip. Results: Data analysis was carried out on interpretable 11,788 LPA results. Heteroresistance in MTB was detected in 637 (5.4%) samples. Of these, heteroresistance in MTB was detected in 413 (64.8%), 163 (25.5%) and 61 (9.5%) samples with respect to rpoB, katG and inhA genes, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: Heteroresistance is considered a preliminary step in the development of drug resistance. Delayed or suboptimal anti-tubercular therapy in patients with heteroresistance of MTB may elicit full clinical resistance and negatively impact the National TB Elimination Programme. Further studies are, however, needed to determine the impact of heteroresistance on treatment outcomes in individual patients.
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AIM: To study the patient characteristics and keratorefractive surgery(KRS)practice in central India.METHOD: The retrospective study was conducted on 410 patients who underwent KRS from June 2017 to April 2022 at a tertiary eye care center in central India. Demographic data of the patients presenting for the spectacle free vision like age, sex, residence in the form of urban or rural area, refractive error, cause for spectacle-free vision, best-corrected visual acuity, types of procedure, postoperative follow-up and complications were recorded.RESULTS: Among the 410 patients who presented for spectacle-free vision, 324 patients were considered for KRS(79.0%), and 200 patients(61.7%)underwent the laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)procedure, whereas 124 patients(38.3%)underwent the photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)procedure. The final study group comprised 179 female and 145 male. The mean age of the patients was(25±3.5)years. A majority of patients were from urban areas(n=250, 77.2%). The mean preoperative manifest refraction in the right and left eyes was -4.5±2.1 and -4.9±2.0, respectively. The mean surgical time in the LASIK patient was(15±2)min and(17±3)min for both eyes in PRK. None of the patients exhibited epithelial ingrowth, flap healing complications, or infection, and none of them required enhancement. Suboptimal corneal thickness(n=28, 32.6%)was the most common reason for rejection. At the end of the 1-year follow up, 3 patients who underwent the LASIK procedure exhibited regression(-0.5 D±1 D), with a refractive error correction of -6.75 D, -8.5 D, and -7.0 D, respectively.CONCLUSION: LASIK is the predominant procedure for the correction of refractive error in the central Indian population. Although the number of PRK procedures was small, both LASIK and PRK exhibited excellent visual outcome. Myopic regression should be considered when choosing LASIK for high myopia.
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Purpose: This study was conducted to examine microbiological profile with their antibiotic sensitivity in cases of bacterial keratitis in north and central India to ensure appropriate use of antibiotics. Methods: The microbiology laboratory records of 228 patients with culture?proven bacterial keratitis from 1st January to 31st December 2019 were analyzed. Cultured bacterial isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of corneal ulcer. Chi?squared or Fisher’s exact test were applied to check the significance of difference between the susceptibility levels of antibiotics. Results: The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa–induced keratitis was higher in northern India, whereas that by Streptococcus pneumoniae was more prevalent in central India. In central India, 100% of S. pneumoniae isolates were found to be sensitive to ceftriaxone compared to 79% in northern India (P = 0.017). In comparison to 67% of isolates from north India, 15% of S. aureus isolates from central India were found to be sensitive to ofloxacin (P = 0.009). Similarly, 23% of isolates from central India were found sensitive to amikacin compared to 65% of isolates from north India (P = 0.012). P. aeruginosa isolates from central India were found to be sensitive to ceftazidime in 63% of cases compared to 21% of isolates from north India (P = 0.034). Conclusion: Prevalence of bacteria and their susceptibility to antibiotics are not uniform across geography. Vancomycin remained the most effective drug in all gram?positive coccal infections. S. aureus susceptibility to amikacin was significantly greater in north India. P. aeruginosa showed less susceptibility as compared to previous reports.
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Scrub typhus is a seriously neglected life threatening disease in Asia and the islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans. The causative agent is Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intra-cytosolic bacterium transmitted to vertebrate animals such as human or rodent by larval trombiculid mites (chiggers). Here, we conducted an outbreak investigation in Madhya Pradesh state in central India after sudden upsurge in scrub typhus cases and mortality in humans. Sixty-five live traps were placed for capturing the rodents. The captured rodent species were identified and the samples were subjected to nested PCR targeting 56kDa TSA gene. Analysis revealed for the first-time predominant circulation of Karp genotype in this region. The vector species involved in transmission is Leptotrobidium deliense. In conclusion, we reported the circulation of Karp strain in outbreak regions of Madhya Pradesh and suggest that public health monitoring and surveillance needs to be improved. Studies on antigenic diversity, association of strains with clinical spectrum and pathogenicity in the local setup will be essential for development of region-specific diagnostics and vaccines.
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Deep knowledge of the shape and dimensions of the glenoid, and variations in normal anatomy of glenoid, are important in the design and fitting of glenoid component in total shoulder arthroplasty. It is also essential while dealing with the pathological conditions like osseous Bankart lesion, osteochondral defects, etc. MethodsThe cross-sectional study was carried out on 122 undamaged dry adult human scapulae. Out of these 122 scapulae, 62 belonged to right side and 60 belonged to left side. Parameters studied were Maximum Scapular Length, Maximum Scapular Breadth, Vertical Glenoid Diameter (VGD), Transverse Glenoid Diameter I (TGD I), Transverse Glenoid Diameter II (TGD II) and Shape of the glenoid cavity. ResultsThe mean maximum scapular length observed was 140.77 ± 8.19 mm on right and 142.30 ± 7.99; the mean maximum scapular breadth was 100.70 ± 7.70 mm on right side and 99.88 ± 5.57 mm on the left; the mean vertical glenoid diameter was 36.09 ± 2.52 mm on the right and 36.40 ± 1.86 mm on the left side; the mean transverse glenoid diameter I (TGD I) was 24.40 ± 3.67 mm on the right side and 23.57 ± 3.41 mm on the left side; the mean transverse glenoid diameter II (TGD II) was 16.02 ± 2.94 mm on the right side and 16.37 ± 3.35 mm on the left side. In all the measurements bilateral differences were not statistically significant (p values ˃0.05). The most common shape of glenoid cavity recorded in the present study was pear shape (50.82%) followed by inverted comma shape (36.89%). The least common shape was oval (12.30%). ConclusionsThe parameters studied were with minimal regional differences when compared to those of other authors in India except that in shape which definitely differs from others.
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This study was done as there is a need to evaluate separate hard and soft tissue parameters for UCLP as we cannot compare the deformity with normal. A study by Abhilasha Yadav has defined the Burstone norms for class I subjects in Central India as compared to Caucasians. The objective is to derive norms for UCLP itself as the pattern of growth and development of bone, muscle is not normal that can be compared with any population and needs to treated, based on specific norms.METHODS75 cases of UCLP from Central India, with an age range of 18-25 yrs. were selected for the study. The COGS analysis values for Central Indian UCLP cases (falling under GOSLON 1 and 2) was established and compared with class I Caucasians and class I Central Indian subjects. The cephalograms were traced, analysed and interpreted using the landmarks and values established in Burstone analysis (cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery). The mean, standard deviation and Z values were calculated to compare the values between three groups.RESULTSThe Central Indian UCLP cases demonstrated decreased anterior cranial base length, upper third height of face, decreased anteroposterior maxillary length, decreased upper and lower incisor height as well as molar height, retroclined upper anterior, significantly decreased facial convexity, nasolabial angle and reduced maxillary prognathism while mandible showed prognathism.CONCLUSIONSThe study reported significant differences in certain cephalometric parameters of UCLP cases from central India population with that of Caucasian and class I central Indian population. The results obtained for central India’s UCLP cases can be used as cephalometric norms for planning orthognathic surgery specifically for cleft cases.
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Background: Sputum conversion and weight gain are prognostic markers of treatment outcome in tuberculosis (TB) patients. Very few studies in India have assessed impact of TB treatment on weight of patients and perceived improvement in symptoms. This prospective study aimed to assess the impact of anti-tubercular treatment on weight and perceived symptoms.Methods: Three interviews were done for each patient i.e. at start (within 7 days of starting anti-tubercular treatment), at the end of intensive phase and at the end of continuation phase for recording body weight and perceived symptoms. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize baseline characteristics. Mean scores at different stages of treatment were compared by repeat measure ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: Out of 58 study subjects enrolled for the study, 53 could be followed up till the end. Mean weight improved in six months of anti-tubercular treatment. Improvement was statistically non-significant. Cough and fever were the most common symptoms prior to beginning of treatment. After the first 2 months the proportion of subjects with symptoms declined for all five symptoms i.e. fever, cough, chest pain, sweats, and dyspnoea.Conclusions: There was positive impact on weight gain in patients under category I treatment. The symptoms improved drastically in first two months with near complete resolution in six months of treatment.
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Background: Many studies have attempted to examine and evaluate the changes in population characteristics that may have contributed to the observed increase in CS rate. The aim of this study was to determine the caesarean section rate and demographic characteristics of women undergoing caesarean section in our rural tertiary health centre of central India.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in department of obstetrics and gynecology. The study instrument comprised a pre-structured data collection proforma which had various sections; social demographic characteristics, obstetric history and gestation details.Results: The overall caesarean section rate (CSR) was 36.88%. Maximum women (39.62%) who underwent Caesarean section were of age group 25-29 years. 58.05% from rural while 41.95% from urban area. CS was more in women of lower middle (22.80%) and upper lower (20.80%) class. Majority of women who had caesarean section were educated till higher school (31.87%) or were graduate (22.61%), 5.85% were illiterate. Majority of women (56.40%) were housewives. CSR was 70.83% in referred and 28.31% in booked. 52.86% women were nulliparous. Caesarean section was maximum (83%) in term, 16.92% preterm women and 0.08% post term women. 38.69% were referred from other health facilities. Maximum referrals 43.21% were from the district hospital.Conclusions: It was noted that the preference for caesarean section is more in women of 25-29 years, lower middle and upper middle class, rural women, educated upto high school and housewives at our centre. This hospital also serves as referral centre from surrounding health facilities increasing the caesarean section rate of the institute.
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Background: There has been an alarming rise in the incidence of various diseases including that of cancer in the world with increase in the incidence of cutaneous malignancies owing to various changes that have taken place in the society over the past few years with respect to the culture, the lifestyle and also a contributory role has been played by the changes in the atmosphere as a result of increase in the air pollutants in the environment. Based on the scenario, we decided to conduct a study to evaluate the presentation and the management cutaneous malignancies in a teaching hospital set up in central india.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between the time period of 1 year on the records of patients who were diagnosed with cutaneous and related malignancies who were treated at our Institute on a predesigned semi structured performa. SPSS version 23.0 was used for the analysis of the data collected.Results: We evaluated a total of 29 cases, Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most common histological type (51.72%) followed by melanoma (27.59%) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC, 20.69%). 75.86% of patients with cutaneous malignancies were males and 24.14% were females. Mortality rate observed was 13.7%.Conclusions: The most common cutaneous malignancy seen in this study was squamous cell carcinoma having increased propensity towards males than females. Rate of loco-regional disease and median disease-free survival is directly dependent on the adequacy of disease-free surgical margin and to the limited extent on the adjuvant therapy.
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Background & objectives: Dengue virus (DENV) causes outbreaks and sporadic cases in tropical and subtropical countries. Documenting intricacies of DEN outbreaks is important for future interventions. The objective of this study was to report clinical, laboratory and epidemiological features of DEN outbreaks reported in different districts of Central India in 2016. Methods: In 2016, outbreaks (n=4) suspected of DEN were investigated by rapid response team. Door-to-door fever and entomological surveys were conducted. Blood samples were collected and tested using NS1 or IgM ELISA; real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was done to identify serotypes of DEN virus (DENV). NS1-positive samples were tested for the presence of IgG by ELISA. Clinical and demographic data were collected and analyzed. Results: Outbreaks occurred in both urban and rural areas in monsoon season and Aedes aegypti was identified as the vector. Fever, chills, headache and myalgia were the major symptoms; no fatality was recorded. Of the 268 DEN suspects, 135 (50.4%) were found serologically positive. DEN positivity was higher (n=75; 55.56%) among males and in the age group of 16-45 yr (n=78; 57.8%). DENV 3 followed by DENV 2 were detected as the major responsible serotypes. High attack rates (up to 38/1000) and low cumulative IgG prevalence (14.9%) were recorded in rural areas. Interpretation & conclusions: Our study showed that DENV 3 was the major serotype responsible for outbreaks that occurred in monsoon. High attack rates and lower number of secondary infections in rural areas indicated that DENV is emerging in rural parts of Central India. Early diagnosis at local level and timely intervention by mosquito control activities are needed to avoid such outbreaks in future.
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Background: Megaloblastic anaemia is the hematologic manifestation of faulty proliferation of blood cell precursors. The present study was done to facilitate the diagnosis prior to performing any bone marrow aspirate by estimation of the value of serum LDH in the diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia.Methods: The cases were selected from patients attended the OPD and admitted in Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital & Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. Following investigations were then done to classify anaemia and to establish the diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia like Haemoglobin estimation by cyanmethaemoglobin method, PCV, RBC count and absolute values, general blood picture, reticulocyte count, bone marrow examination and serum LDH estimation before and after treatment.Results: Of the 100 cases, 50 cases (50%) of the cases were microcytic hypochromic anaemia. 15 cases (15%) were normocytic normochromic anaemia; 35 cases (35%) were macrocytic anaemia on the basis of general blood picture and absolute values. The incidence of megaloblastic anaemia in Indian adults was 20%. Maximum number of cases (90%) of the cases had serum LDH level of more than 1000 U/L. Range of serum LDH level was 520 U/L to 4520 U/L. Thus, there was 2 to 20-fold of highest reference value (240 U/L at37 C) rise in serum LDH level in megaloblastic anaemia.Conclusions: Megaloblasatic anaemia is not uncommon in Indian adults and serum LDH levels provide an important means of diagnosis. It is a non-invasive procedure, safe, and does not require any expertise.
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Purpose: Dengue viruses (DENVs), the causative agents of dengue (DEN), are classified into four serotypes and several genotypes. Identifying circulating serotypes and genotypes has clinical and epidemiological importance; however, limited information in this regard is available from Central India. This laboratory-based study was done to fill this lacuna. Materials and Methods: The samples collected in the acute phase of illness were subjected to DEN NS1 ELISA, and NS1-positive samples (n = 80) were subjected to serotyping; representative samples from each serotype were sequenced to identify genotypes. Results: Seventy-one (88.75%) samples could be serotyped. All the four DENV serotypes with dominance of DENV-3 (n = 33; 47%) were detected. DENV-4 was detected after a gap of 3 years. Cases with multiple DENV serotype infection were identified. Genotyping showed that DENV-1 belonging to genotype III, DENV-2 cosmopolitan (IV), DENV-3 genotype III lineage C and DENV-4 genotype I were in circulation in the year 2016. Conclusion: Our study documents the molecular characteristics of DENV circulating in the area. Detection of heterologous DENV serotype with dominance of DENV-3 emphasises the need for regular molecular monitoring.
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Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) impairs the host's immune system until it reaches the terminal stage; Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. Although healthcare workers (HCWs) can play a crucial role in prevention and control of HIV/AIDS, least attention is given to assess their knowledge and attitude on the topic.Methods: A prospective, cross sectional study was conducted (January 2014 and April 2015) to assess the knowledge of HIV/AIDS among students of a nursing and a physiotherapy college in Ujjain district of central India. All enrolled students were invited to participate, of those 98% participated voluntarily (nursing-120/120 and physiotherapy-56/60).Results: More than half of the participants were not aware that HIV is an infection causing virus and AIDS is a spectrum of conditions or a syndrome. The majority of the participants had poor knowledge about the available diagnostic tests and curative treatment of the infection. The study also reflected the participant’s belief in common myths and misconceptions. Physical contacts with intact skin during patient care and social interaction with a person living with HIV were considered as risk factors for infection transmission. More than 60% participants admitted for their inadequate knowledge and majority (>90%) were willing to participate in a training workshop on the topic.Conclusions: Extremely poor knowledge about the infection’s epidemiology, mode of transmission, diagnostics among the future HCWs might be a rick for discrimination. Discrimination-free healthcare, a prerequisite to end the epidemic, could be achieved by addressing the myths and misconceptions among the future and present HCWs
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Introduction: Infertility is the common health problem in developing countries like India. Infertility has been associated with the various socioeconomic condition and anthropometric parameters. It is the matter of social injustice and inequality. Aim and Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of some socioeconomic status on the fertility in a population of central India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectioned study was done among 88 infertile couples from different infertility clinics and centers in Bhopal, Rewa, Indore and adjoining areas. Collected information through constructed questionnaire including socioeconomic status. Result:There was a positive relationship between infertility with age, education and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: Infertility is a global health problem that needs proper management and appropriate treatment. The medical and socioeconomic support for infertile couples is an important requirement.
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Background & objectives: Despite various efforts by the Government of India, utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services continues to be low among women from rural areas particularly those belonging to the Scheduled Tribes. The present study was undertaken to examine the factors associated with the utilization of ANC services among women in four States including Rajasthan, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh which constitute a good share of tribal population of the country. Methods: Data from third round of District Level Household and Facility Survey, 2007-08 (DLHS-3) have been used. Bivariate and multivariate analyses (logistic regression model) were used to study the association between the utilization of ANC services and the independent variables at individual, household and village levels along with the motivational factors (motivation by health workers and family members). Results: The utilization of ANC services among Scheduled Tribes women varied from about 4 per cent in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan to 10-14 per cent in Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Utilization was highest among those women with level of education 9th class and above (15-28%) and those women who visited health facility for pregnancy confirmation test (9-27%). Across the States, women who visited health facility for pregnancy testing (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 1.5-2.5; P<0.001) except in Madhya Pradesh; registration of pregnancy (AOR = 2.1-4.5; P<0.01) and sought treatment of pregnancy related problems (AOR = 1.5-1.8; P<0.06) except in Rajasthan, were more likely to avail complete ANC services than their counterparts. Interpretation & conclusions: The utilization of antenatal care among Scheduled Tribe women across four States was very poor. The reasons behind non-utilisation include both socio-economic and health system factors. For improving ANC utilization among tribes, these factors need to be addressed with special emphasis on woman’s educational attainment of high school and above. In addition, the study highlighted the need to create awareness among both pregnant tribal women as well as her family members on the importance of early ANC care.
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During the preliminary investigation of hyphomycetes from central India eight species of freshwater and freshwater-borne Hyphomycetes encountered in foam samples collected from the different streams and rivers. These fungi namely viz., Wiesneriomyces laurinus Kirk, Flabellospora multiradiata Nawawi, Isthmotricladia gombakiensis Nawawi, Triscelophorus acuminatus Nawawi, Flabellospora acuminata Descals and Webster, Sporidesmium leonense M.B. Ellis, Acrodictys globulosa Toth M.B. Ellis, and Acladium phoenicis Ramachar are being reported for the first time from central India. Brief notes and illustrations are also provided along with geographical distributions of these fungi in India.
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In this study, we present antifungal susceptibility data of clinical and environmental isolates of Central Indian Cryptococcus neoformans (Serotype A, n = 8 and n = 50 respectively) and Cryptococcus gattii (Serotype B, n = 01 and n = 04 respectively). Susceptibilities to fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole were determined by using NCCLS broth micro-dilution methodology. The total number of resistant strains for fluconazole in case of C. neoformans and C. gattii showed a significant difference by using chi-square test (p < 0.05*), while considering fisher's exact p value was nonsignificant (p > 0.05). However, the total number of resistant strains for itraconazole and ketoconazole was not found statistically significant. A comparison of geometric means of clinical and environmental strains of C. gattii and C. neoformans was not found statistically significant using student ‘t’ test (p value > 0.05 NS). Though less, the antifungal data obtained in this study suggests that primary resistance among environmental and clinical isolates of C. neoformans and C. gattii against tested antifungal was present and C. gattii comparatively was less susceptible than C. neoformans var. grubii isolates to fluconazole than to itraconazole and ketoconazole. A continuous surveillance of antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental isolates of C. neoformans and C. gattii is desirable to monitor the emergence of any resistant strains for better management of cryptococcosis patients.
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Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Cryptococcosis/microbiology , Cryptococcus gattii/drug effects , Cryptococcus neoformans/drug effects , Environmental Microbiology , Cryptococcosis/epidemiology , Cryptococcus gattii/isolation & purification , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Fluconazole/pharmacology , India/epidemiology , Itraconazole/pharmacology , Ketoconazole/pharmacology , Microbial Sensitivity TestsABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Malaria is a major public health problem in many states of the country, particularly, in Madhya Pradesh where both Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum are endemic. Although many studies have been conducted to investigate risk factors for malaria, but only a few have examined household and socio-economic risk factors. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to explore the relationship of different socio-demographic, socio-economic and behavioural risk factors with malaria prevalence in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, India. Methods: This study was undertaken in all 62 villages of Bargi Primary Health Centre from May 2005 to June 2008. These villages comprised 7117 households with an average family size of five members. fortnightly fever surveys were conducted in all villages to assess prevalence of malaria infection in the community. The distinct univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted on the data set. Results: The important socio-demographic risk factors like age of household head, social group, occupation and family size; socio-economic factors like type of walls of house, place of drinking water source, irrigated land, cash crop; and behavioural variables like place of sleeping, use of bed nets, etc. were found significantly associated with malaria in univariate analyses. in multivariate analyses only social groups, family size, type of walls of house, and place of sleeping had strong significant association with prevalence of malaria. Interpretation & conclusions: The study shows that in tribal areas where people are living in poor quality of houses with no proper use of preventive measures, malaria is firmly established. We conclude that community based interventions which bring improvement in standard of living, access to healthcare facilities and health awareness, will have a significant impact on malaria prevention in these areas.
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In India, extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for 10 - 15% of all types of tuberculosis. To identify and compare predominant spoligotypes and drug‑resistance patterns in strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from extrapulmonary and pulmonary specimens in central India, drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping were carried out. Spoligotyping data was analyzed using SITVIT2 database. ST11/EAI3_Ind with 33% isolates among extrapulmonary specimens and ST26/ CAS1_DEL with 28% isolates among pulmonary specimens were the most predominant lineages. Multidrug resistance was found in 5.5% of the strains isolated from extrapulmonary specimens in contrast to 17% isolated from pulmonary specimens.