Optimization of ultrasound - assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and flavonoids from Hortia oreadica leaf / Optimización de la extracción asistida por ultrasonido de compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides de la hoja de Hortia oreadica

Hortia oreadica is indiscriminated used by people from Cerrado. However, vegetable raw material quality is decisive in obtaining inter mediate and final products. So, this study aimed to establish quality parameters of H. oreadica . For this, we performed the phytochemical screening of H. oreadica leaf and identified the best extractive conditions for phenolic compounds and flavonoids usin g factorial experimental design, varying the alcoholic strength, extraction temperature, and solid/liquid ratio in the ultrasound - assisted extraction method. The optimum extraction condition for phenolic compounds and flavonoids was 60% alcoholic strength, 40°C temperature, and a solid/liquid ratio of 8 mg/m L . Under this setting, the phenolic and flavonoid contents were 0.171 ± 0.002 mg/m L (predicted value = 0.165) and 0.087 ± 0.002 mg/m L (predicted value = 0.084), respectively. The optimized extraction par ameters could be upscaled to develop pharmaceutical drugs or nutraceutical products from this non - traditional plant species using an eco - friendly approach.

Hortia oreadica es utilizada indiscriminadamente por la gente del Cerrado. Sin embargo, la calidad de la materia prima vegetal es determinante en la obtención de productos intermedios y finales. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer parámetros de calidad de H. oreadica . Para ello, realizamos el tamizaje fitoquímico de la hoja de H. oreadica e identificamos las mejores condiciones extractivas para compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides mediante un diseño experimental factorial, variando el grado alcohólico, la temperatura de extracción y la relación sólido/líquido en el método de extracción asistido por ultrasonido. La condición óptima de extracción para compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides fue de 60% de grado alcohólico, 40°C de t emperatura y una relación sólido/líquido de 8 mg/m L . Bajo esta configuración, los contenidos de fenoles y flavonoides fueron 0,171 ± 0,002 mg/m L (valor previsto = 0,165) y 0,087 ± 0,002 mg/m L (valor previsto = 0,084), respectivamente. Los parámetros de ext racción optimizados podrían ampliarse para desarrollar fármacos o productos nutracéuticos a partir de esta especie de planta no tradicional uti lizando un enfoque ecológico .

Otimização multivariada do processo foto-Fenton solar na remoção da demanda química de oxigênio em lixiviados de aterros sanitários / Multivariate optimization of solar photo-Fenton process for chemical oxygen demand removal in landfill leachate treatment

RESUMO A presente pesquisa objetivou otimizar o processo foto-Fenton solar no tratamento de lixiviados de aterros sanitários. O Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional associado à Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta foi aplicado para investigar três variáveis operacionais: razão de reagentes [H2O2]/[FeSO4.7H2O], fator de H2O2 e pH inicial, a fim de maximizar a remoção de matéria orgânica, em termos da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). De acordo com os resultados, obteve-se elevada redução da DQO em 3 horas de fotocatálise solar (70,97 a 84,74%). Com base na análise de variância (ANOVA), a variável reposta pode ser descrita por um modelo quadrático, com elevado coeficiente de explicação, R2=0,9894. A análise das superfícies de resposta indicou que as condições ótimas foram: faixa de pH inicial entre 2,5 e 3,5; com pico em 2,79; e razões de reagentes [H2O2]/[FeSO4.7H2O] a partir de 6 até o nível máximo estudado (7,36). Calculou-se a concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio com base no fator de H2O2, atingindo o ponto crítico em 143,77% da quantidade estequiométrica de H2O2 necessária para a oxidação completa da matéria orgânica, isto é, 11.751,05 mg H2O2.L-1 para estabilizar uma DQO de 3.845,55 mg O2.L-1.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to optimize the solar photo-Fenton process in landfill leachate treatment. Central Composite Rotatable Design associated with the Response Surface Methodology was applied to investigate three operational factors: reagents ratio [H2O2]/[FeSO4.7H2O], H2O2 factor and initial pH, in order to maximize the organic matter removal, in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). According to the results, high COD reduction was obtained in three hours of solar photocatalysis (70.97 to 84.74%). Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the response variable can be described by a quadratic model, with a high coefficient of determination, R2=0.9894. The analysis of response surfaces indicated that the optimum conditions were: initial pH range between 2.5 and 3.5, with a peak at 2.79, and reagents ratio range from 6 to the maximum level studied (7.36). Hydrogen peroxide concentration was calculated from the H2O2 factor, reaching the critical point at 143.77% of the stoichiometric amount of H2O2 needed for the complete oxidation of organic matter, that is, 11,751.05 mg H2O2.L-1 to stabilize a COD of 3,845.55 mg O2.L-1.

Microbiological Evaluation of Soy Fortified Shrikhand by Using Response Surface Methodology.

Soy fortified shrikhand samples were prepared with various levels of soymilk, cane sugar and yoghurt culture (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in the ratio of 1:1) examined for selective enumeration of health beneficial microorganisms. The present investigation was carried out to optimize the process for manufacturing of soy fortified shrikhand by its response with employing the 3-factor Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The formulated soy fortified shrikhand with 45.0% soymilk, 30.0% cane sugar and 3.0% yoghurt culture was found highly suitable (P<0.05) for obtaining the maximum viable count of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus whereas the desirability index was 0.985.

Enhanced exoinulinase production from Kluyveromyces marxianus YS-1 using response surface methodology

Optimization of critical medium components for exoinulinase production by Kluyveromyces marxianus YS-1 at shake-flask was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). A five-level with five factors CCRD was used to evaluate the influence of related factors including concentration of inulin, meat extract, calcium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulphate and medium pH. Optimum values obtained by RSM were 2 percent inulin, 2.17 percent meat extract, 0.65 mM calcium chloride, 0.10 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate and pH 5.5. Optimized medium projected a theoretical exoinulinase production of 63.61 IU/mL and biomass yield of 0.965 (OD600/10). Multiple correlation coefficient R was 0.9976 and 0.9605 for exoinulinase production and biomass yield, respectively, which being close to one, justified an excellent correlation between the predicted and experimental values. Maximum productivity of exoinulinase (64.05 IU/mL) obtained experimentally by RSM was more than double in comparison to earlier findings using classical one-variable-at-a-time technique.

Foi investigada a optimização de componentes criticos do meio de cultivo para a produção de exoinulinase por Kluyveromyces marxianus YS-1 em frascos agitados utilizando a metodologia de superficie de resposta (RSM), com base em um delineamento composto central rotativo. As variáveis independentes, com cinco niveis, foram as concentrações de inulina, de extrato de carne, de cloreto de cálcio e de dodecil sulfato de sódio, bem como o pH do meio de cultivo. Os valores ótimos, obtidos pela RSM, foram com 2 por cento de inulina, 2.17 por cento de extrato de carne, 0.65 mM de cloreto de cálcio, 0.10 mM de dodecil sulfato de sódio e pH 5.5. As estimativas de produção de exoinulinase e de rendimento em biomassa no meio otimizado foram de 63.61 UI/ml e de 9.65 (em termos de OD600/10), respectivamente. Os coeficientes de correlação múltipla R foram de 0.9976 e 0.9605 para produção de exoinulinase e biomassa, respectivamente, e, sendo próximos de um, indicam uma excelente correlação entre os valores estimados e experimentais. A máxima productividade de exoinulinase (64.05 UI/ml) obtida experimentalmente por RSM foi mais que o dobro em comparação com nossos resultados anteriores utilizando uma técnica de otimização clássica de uma variável por vez.

Screen and Optimization of Cultured Medium Constituents for Biodegradation of ?-cypermethrin,a Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticide,by Fusarium sp. Strain HG-P-01 via Central Composite Rotatable Design / 微生物学通报

By means of comparing biomasses of biodegradation fungi,Fusarium sp.HG-P-01 for ?-cypermethrin,a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used widely in China,in five different media,the Czapek-Dox medium was selected as the best medium for mycelia growth.Furthermore,an experiment of central composite rotatable design(CCRD) was used to optimize the content of nutrient components.The optimal composition of C,N and P in media for HG-P-01 were 20.94 g/L,1.82 g/L and 1.66 g/L,respec-tively,in which an expectant or real rate of ?-cypermethrin-degradation got to 96.34% or 93.78% by HPLC for a concentration of 50 mg/L after 24 h treatment.The predicted value in degradation rate model was con-sistent with that from HPLC method.