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OBJECTIVE@#In order to solve the problem that the existing oxygen production technology cannot simultaneously produce pure oxygen, high-purity oxygen, ultra-pure oxygen, and the modular expansion of oxygen production capacity, a new type of electrochemical ceramic membrane oxygen production system was discussed and developed.@*METHODS@#Through the design of the ceramic membrane stack, airflow distributor, heater, double spiral exchanger, thermal insulation sleeve, control panel, control box and auxiliary system in the electrochemical ceramic membrane oxygen generator, a modular oxygen production system is formed.@*RESULTS@#The modular design can produce pure oxygen, high-purity oxygen and ultra-pure oxygen to meet various oxygen consumption needs.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The electrochemical ceramic membrane oxygen production system is a new type of oxygen production technology. The main components have no moving parts, no noise, and no pollution. It can produce pure oxygen, high-purity oxygen and ultra-pure oxygen on site, with small size, light weight, and module combination which is suitable for convenient expansion and installation of oxygen consumption.
Subject(s)
Oxygen , Ceramics , TechnologyABSTRACT
Objective: To analyse the fouling mechanism of tannins simulated solution membrane process. Methods: Taken the simulated solution consisting of tannins and small molecularly effective substances (berberine and geniposide) as an object of this study, the flux, the removal rate of the macromolecular substances, the size distribution of the different simulated solutions, and the was investigate by Hermia model in this study. Results: For tannins simulated solution and tannins + berberine + gardenoside simulated solution, fouling occured within only one phase controlled by cake formation. Due to the presence of the cake layer, the permeation rate of berberine and geniposide was not ideal in the simulated solution (67.63% and 87.55%, respectively). Conclusion: The Hermia mathematical model could be used as an important method to study the mechanism of the membrane fouling of Chinese herbal extracts. The formation and presence of the filter cake layer may be one of the reasons for the serious pollution of the traditional Chinese medicines’ membrane process.
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Objective: To evaluate the pilot technological process of Compound Banlangen Liyan Granules (CBLG). Methods: According to the indexes of six effective ingredients loss amount, accumulated loss rate, and HPLC characteristic spectrum similarity, the process quality of four key processes was evaluated and compared, such as microfiltration of ceramic membrane, vacuum concentration of extract, vacuum drying of concrete, and atmospheric drying of granules. Results: It was found that the total loss rates of glycyrrhizic acid, harpagoside, (R,S)-epigoitrin, liquiritin in two batches were 50.06%—66.99%, and angoroside C, adenosine were 35.49%—41.90%. The total content of the six effective ingredients of each material within the same batch of the two pilot batches from high to low were as follows: extract solution before membrane filtration > extract solution after membrane filtration > concentrate extract solution > dried concrete powder > granules of finished product. The comparison among four key processes loss rates was as follows: vacuum drying of concrete > ceramic membrane microfiltration > vacuum concentration of extract, atmospheric drying of granules. Loss amount of concrete vacuum drying process of the two pilot batches were 0.545 9 and 0.737 5 mg/g, and the process was the major loss process. The total loss rates of the two pilot batches were 48.15%, 50.85%, respectively. The HPLC characteristic spectrum similarity of each material within the same batch of the two pilot batches decreased from 0.998 to 0.818 with increasing process. The HPLC characteristic between the two batches of finished products was good (the similarity was 0.999). Conclusion: The consistency of the finished product quality between two batches was good. The study provided a basis for pilot production process control of CBLG. In the modernization and standardization study of traditional Chinese medicine preparation process, mild process of low temperature and short time heating should be applied as far as possible. It can reduce the effective components loss of original extract (decoction of herbal medicine) in the preparation process and maintain the quality and efficacy consistency of traditional Chinese medicine preparation and original extract (decoction of herbal medicine).
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Objective To explore the effect of macromolecule on the mass transfer process of berberine during membrane separation. Methods The membrane filtration experiment combined with molecular dynamics simulation were used to analyse and predict the interaction between micromolecule effective substance and the macromolecule commonly existed in the water extract of Chinese material medica. Firstly, the mixed simulation solution of berberine and macromolecule was prepared to carry out the membrane separation experiment. The transmittance and adsorption rate of berberine, the rejection and adsorption rate of macromolecule was determined to analyse the effect of macromolecule on the transmittance of berberine in the membrane filtration process. Then, the molecular dynamics simulation software was used to establish simulation system to calculate the interaction between berberine and macromolecule, so as to analyse the effect of macromolecule on the mass transfer process of berberine. Results The permeability of berberine was significantly reduced after being mixed with the macromolecule. The total interaction energy between protein, starch, pectin and berberine was calculated as -122.723 3, -83.613 0, and -125.815 9 kJ/mol, respectively. The interaction energy between starch and berberine was minimum, and the interaction energy between protein and berberine was similar as that between pectin and berberine. Conclusion In membrane separation process, the interaction between the macromolecule and berberine is the main factor affecting the mass transfer process of berberine, and the strength of the interaction results in the difference in the permeability of berberine.
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In order to explore the adsorption characteristics of proteins on the membrane surface and the effect of protein solution environment on the permeation behavior of berberine, berberine and proteins were used as the research object to prepare simulated solution. Low field NMR, static adsorption experiment and membrane separation experiment were used to study the interaction between the proteins and ceramic membrane or between the proteins and berberine. The static adsorption capacity of proteins, membrane relative flux, rejection rate of proteins, transmittance rate of berberine and the adsorption rate of proteins and berberine were used as the evaluation index. Meanwhile, the membrane resistance distribution, the particle size distribution and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) were determined to investigate the adsorption characteristics of proteins on ceramic membrane and the effect on membrane separation process of berberine. The results showed that the ceramic membrane could adsorb the proteins and the adsorption model was consistent with Langmuir adsorption model. In simulating the membrane separation process, proteins were the main factor to cause membrane fouling. However, when the concentration of proteins was 1 g•L⁻¹, the proteins had no significant effect on membrane separation process of berberine.
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Objective: To evaluate the optimal separation and purification processes of water extract, the analytic techniques of particle size analysis, powder fluidity testing, and scanning electronic microscope were adopted to compare the influence factor of different separation and purification techniques on microscopic preparation characteristic of intermediate product prepared from water extract of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula purification. Methods: Taking Gubi Granules (GG) which have established the production technology and quality standards in the previous study as an example, three common techniques used for water extract of TCM formula purification, including ethanol precipitation, column chromatogram of macroporous resin, and membrane separation, were applied to preparing the intermediate of GG. Results: Through the comprehensive analysis of fluidity, adhesive property, compressibility, permeability, particle microstructure and particle size distribution, it was found that membrane separation could obtain intermediates with better performance, which was conducive to the subsequent granulation, tabletting, and other process smoothly. The operating conditions for liquid concentration were 0.05 g crude drug/mL, 30 ℃ liquid temperature, 0.15 MPa pressure and 5 m/s flow rate. Conclusion: The different spray dried powders varied greatly. The membrane separation method of 0.2 μm Al2O3 ceramic was selected as the optimal process for separating and purifying of water extract of GG by analyzing the influencing factors of the pharmaceutical properties.
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Objective To optimize the process parameters for the purification of the extract solution of Radix Astragali and Radix Puerariae in Huangqi Gegen Decoction prescription by ceramic membrane ultrafiltration. Methods With the extract solution of Radix Astragali and Radix Puerariae (in the proportion of 1 : 2) as the study object, and with solid content, puerarin transfer rate and characteristic peak area as indicators, the membrane pore size, ultrafiltrate temperature and ultrafiltration pressure were selected as the main factors, and single factor test and L9 (34) orthogonal test were used to optimize purification conditions. Results With comprehensive scores as the evaluation index, the optimized conditions for the extract solution were as follows:membrane pore size was 100 nm, ultrafiltration temperature was 35 ℃, and ultrafiltration pressure was 0.18 MPa. The main influence factors of ceramic membrane pore size and ultrafiltration pressure had obvious effects on the refined process(P<0.05).Conclusion The method of purification of the extract solution of Huangqi Gegen Decoction prescription by ceramic membrane ultrafiltration is feasible , and the results will provide reliable experimental evidence for the purification of Chinese herbal medicine extract with ceramic membrane.
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Objective: Taking thewater extraction of Compound Banlangen Liyan Granules (IsatidisRadix, ScrophulariaeRadix, PlatycodiRadix, GlycyrrhizaeRadix, etc.)as the research object to explore the dynamic migration regular of the active ingredient population of compoundChinesemateriamedica in different apertures in ceramic membrane separation process and compare its membrane filtration flux and solid inclusion removal rate. Methods: The water extraction of Compound Banlangen Liyan Granules was separated with 200 nm and 50 nm aperture of ceramic membrane, respectively. Continuously sampling for many times was done in the ceramic membrane separation process. The optimized HPLC methods were as follows: chromatographic column was Agilent Zorbox Eclipse XDB-C18, mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid in gradient elution at flow rate of 1 mL/min, detection wavelength was wavelength switching, injection volum was 10 μL, the column temperature was 30 ℃. The contents of sixactive ingredients[adenosine, (R,S)-goitrin, liquiritin, harpagosid, platycodinD, and monoammonium glycyrrhizinate]were determined in thecompound at the same time, and the dynamic migration rates were investigated. Results:The simultaneous determination of the sixactive ingredient in thecompound was done with HPLC method. For the water extraction in Compound Banlangen Liyan Granules, in the 200 nm ceramic membrane separation process, the dynamic migration rates of the sixactive ingredientsranged between 71%-104%, the average migration rate was 85%, the membrane filter flux attenuation was smaller, the stable flux was in 426-340 L/(m2∙h), solid inclusion removal rate was 21.0%. But in 50 nm ceramic membrane, the dynamic migration rates of the sixactiveingredients ranged between 83%-107%, the average migration rate was83%, the membrane filter flux attenuation was larger, the stable flux was in 258-228 L/(m2∙h), and solid inclusion removal rate was23.9%. Conclusion :The experiment preliminarily reflects the dynamic migration regular of the active ingredient population of compoundChinesemateriamedica in two different aperture ceramic membrane separation process. It lays a migration theoretical foundation of effective materials for popularization and application of modern ceramic membrane technology in Chinese materiamedica refining.
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Objective: To establish an extraction and purification process line synchronization suitable for industrial production of glycyrrhizin acid and liquiritin. Methods: The extraction rates of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin were as indexes, orthogonal test was performed to determine the optimum conditions; The retention rate of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin and impurity removal rates were as indexes, the best ultrafiltration process parameters were optimized by orthogonal test. Results: The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: 0.75% ammonia water (24 times), extracted for three times, each time under 60 min, average rates of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin were 98.3% and 72.3%; The best ultrafiltration process parameters: 10 nm inorganic ceramic membrane, pressure of 0.12 MPa, temperature of 25℃. The average retention rates of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin were 99.3% and 98.9%, and an average removal rate of impurity was 23.3%. Conclusion: The experiment adopted the joint application of inorganic ceramic membrane ultrafiltration technology and ammonia extraction process, and it has realized the glycyrrhizic acid and licorice glycosides extraction and purification of synchronization; The process has low production cost and good safety, and is suitable for industrial application.
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Objective: To study the influencing factors of membrane flux (J) and membrane fouling resistance (Rf) in the mincrofiltration of the water extract of Cassia Semen with ceramic membrane. Methods: Based on single-factor experiment, the process parameters in the mincrofiltration of the water extract of Cassia Semen were optimized by orthogonal design method using weighted composite score of Rf and J as evaluation. The correlation between Rf and J with main four process parameters was analyzed. Results: The best microfiltration process condition was as follow: Membrane aperture size was 0.2 μm, concentration of the water extract of Cassia Semen was 50.0 g/L, transmembrane differential pressure was 0.1 MPa, and crossflow velocity was 3.32 m/s. Membrane aperture size had a significant correlation with Rf and J. Conclusion: The process parameters have an important effect on Rf and J. The primary and secondary order of the effect of four process parameters on Rf and J is as follow: Membrane aperture size > transmembrane pressure > feed concentration > crossflow velocity.
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Objective: To optimize the pretreatment on the water extract of Chinese materia medica (CMM) before membrane separation. Methods: Using the comprehensive simulation system of four common polymers and index components existed in the water extract of CMM (berberine and geniposide) as the research object, the solution environment was adjusted by different pretreatments. The flux of microfiltration, transmittance of the ingredients, and removal rate of common polymers were selected as indicators to study the effects of different solution environments. Results: It was found that adjusting pH could change the permeation flux obviously, and the removal rate of common polymers was comparatively higher. The transmittance of index components was higher when the pH value and ionic strength were adjusted (adding 0.05 mol/L NaCl). The membrane blocking resistance was the major factor in membrane fouling. Conclusion: Based on the above indicators, the effect of pretreatment is comparatively significant when the ionic strength and pH value are adjusted (pH 6.5 and adding 0.05 mol/L NaCl). It provides a valuable reference for the pretreatment of the water extract of CMM before membrane separation.
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Objective To observe the effect of different pore diameter membranes on technologies of water extract from Shensong Yangxin Capsule and optimize the parameters. Methods Three different membranes were tested to observe the changes in membrane flux and the retention of effective components. Results The membrane with 100 nm diameter had the greater membrane flux, the transfer rates of paeoniflorin was the highest. The optimum conditions were that the operation differential pressure was 0.15-0.22 MPa, the operation temperature was 20°C. Conclusion A good result can be obtained by adopting the technology of ceramic membranes filtration to purify Shensong Yangxin Capsule, which provides the foundation for the application of ceramic membranes micro-filtration in the purification of water extract of other Chinese materia medica.
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Objective To discuss the fouling mechanism of ceramic membrane in the microfiltation of extract of Qijudihuang Wan and obtain the effective cleaning method. Method The extract of Qijudihuang Wan was microfilted in this experiment, and the distributions of filtration resistance were studied according to the Darcy-Poiseuille principle. The characteristic of the surface and section of the polluted membrane was analysed by SEM also. Result ①For the main body, the filtration resistance is mainly decided by the deposit resistance, the membrane itself and the concentration polarization resistance are less important, and the pore blocking resistance is least important. Moreover, this result is proved by the analysis of SEM. ②The effective four-step cleaning procotrol, which can almost recover original membrane flux, is achieved by three cleaner, including ultrasound, NaOH solution and HCl solution. Conclusion Based on the different fouling mechanism, the appropriate cleaning method can be obtained. This provides great significance for the application of the industrialized manufacture.
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Objective To observe the effect of the different bore diameter membranes on technological parameters of Radix Polygoni Multiflori Granula and to optimize the process of membrane filtration.Methods Three different membranes were tested under different parameters of operation to observe the changes in membrane flux and the content of effective components by Radix Polygoni Multiflori Granula.Results The membrane(50 nm)had the great flux,the transfering rate of stilbene glucoside was the highest;The optimum conditions:the operation differential pressure was 0.8-1.2 MPa;The operation temperature was 50-60 ℃;the membrane surface flow rate was 3.0 m/s.When the volume of filtration solution was condensed to 1/10 of former,entering the same volume deionized water into it,and when the effective components transfering rate reached 80%,the filtration was finished.Using the strong acid and strong alkali to wash it in turn,the flux could revive above 90%.Conclusion It can be obtained a good result that adopts the technology of ceramic membranes microfiltration to refine Radix Polygoni Multiflori Granula.This can provide the foundation for the application of ceramic membrane microfiltration in the refinement of water extraction of other Chinese materia medica.
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Objective To study the distribution of filtration resistance in AL2O3(0.2 ?m) ceramic membrane microfiltration of Tangkeqing water extract,obtain the effective membrane cleaning methods,and enrich the theory of ceramic membrane cleaning technology.Methods The filtration resistance and its distribution were got with the filtration model of the Darcy-Poiseuille principle which was modified by M.MDa-Cin,etc.Meanwhile,The microstructure of fouled membrane surface and cross-section was analyzed by SEM.Results The main parts of filtration resistance lay in deposit layer and concentration polarization layer with the ratio of 52.5% and 34.4%,respectively.However,the membrane itself and the pore blocking were in the fewer ratios of 8.8% and 4.3%,respectively.The result was in accordance with that of SEM.The fouled AL2O3 membrane was cleaned with low-pressure tap water and ultrasonic wave successirely.Conclusion The appropriate cleaning means are chosen based on the filtration resistance,which can provide good instructions for the industrialized production.
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Objective To discusse the fouling mechanism of 0.2 ?m Al_2O_3 ceramic membrane in the microfiltration of Qiju Dihuang Pill aqueous extract. Methods Qiju Dihuang Pill aqueous extract was microfiltered in this experiment. The distributions of filtration resistance were studied according to the Darcy-Poiseuille principle. The substance of deposit on the membrane surface was analysed by Fourior transform infra-red spectrum and particle diameter analysis. The characteristic of the surface and cross section of the polluted membrane was observed by SEM. Results The filtration resistance was mainly concentrated on the surface of deposit resistance, the membrane itself and the concentration polarization resistance were less important, and the pore blocking resistance was the least important. Moreover, this result was proved by SEM analysis. The molecule of the fouling substance mainly contained peptid, carbonyl, and hydroxy bonds by IR. The particle size distribution of the deposit substance on the polluted membrane surface: The particle radius taking a larger percentage in volume concentrated in 18.267 ?m around, while the particle radius taking a larger percentage in quantity concentrated in 0.424 ?m around. Conclusion Study on the fouling mechanism of the membrane in the microfiltration provides a great significant guidance for exploring the effective measure of relieving the reduced membrane flux and the appropriate cleaning procotrol.
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Objective To study the fouling mechanism during the filtration of traditional Chinese medicine decoction by inorganic ceramic membrane so as to make a valuable exploration both on membrane fouling prevention and the industrialization of membrane separation technology in the field of Chinese materia medica. Methods Micro-filtrating Qingluo Tongbi Decoction using alumina ceramic membrane, researching the applicability of the membrane with different pore sizes, observing the fouling on membrane surface by scanning electron microscopy, studying the resistance distribution of membrane in filtration process, analyzing the fouling existence shape, position, and forming rule. Results In this system, alumina membrane with the pore size of 0.2 ?m was most suitable, which had the biggest permeating flux and reservation rate of effective component with less fouling. Among the alumina membranes with three different pore sizes, auto resistance and pore block resistance made up inferior percentage in total resistance, fouling resistance distribution mainly consisted of the reversible resistance, such as concentration polarization and gel layer resistance. Conclusion Optimizing parameters of the techniques in membrane process, using suitable pretreatment method and cleaning method can reduce membrance fouling and make the memberane property recover.
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Objective To observe the microfiltration of different types of ceramic membrane for aqueous extract of Rhizoma Chuanxiong,and to select the optimal type of ceramic membranes. Methods The aqueous extract of Rhizoma Chuanxiong was microfiltered by inorganic ceramic membranes in the pore diameter of 50 nm,200 nm,and 500 nm,respectively. The characters,total solids,and active ingredients of the aqueous extract were analyzed and compared before and after microfiltration. Results The aqueous extract turned into clarified liquid from turbid liquid after microfiltration with the three types of the inorganic ceramic membrane. The removal rate for total solids was 25.7 %,26.5 %and 25.9 %,and the loss rate for ferulic acid was 12 %,6 %and 4 %,respectively for the inorganic ceramic membranes in the pore diameter of 50 nm,200 nm,and 500 nm. Conclusion Both the yield of dry solid material and ferulic acid are stable during the three middle-scale tests,indicating that he aperture ceramic membrane in the pore diameter of 200 nm is a optimal selection for the purification and refining of aqueous extract of Rhizoma Chuanxiong.
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AIM: To aim to seek the best operation conditions of the inorganic ceramic membrane in the separation of effective matters from the homogenate of earthworm. METHODS: The homogenate flux was adopted as index,to select the membrane material,filter pressure、homogenate temperature and concentration. RESULTS: The experiment showed that the filter flux had a significant positive correlation with pressure difference and liquid temperature,and negative correlation with liquid concentration. CONCLUSION: In the separation of earthworm homogenate,0.2 ?m Al_2O_3 and 50 nm ZrO_2 film pipe were respectively selected as primary and secondary separating unit on the condition of 0.15 mPa pressure,50 ℃ and 33.%(w/w) homogenate concentration.
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AIM: To discuss the fouling mechanism in 0.2 ?m Al_2O_3 commie membrane microfiltation of Tangkeqmg Compound water extract. METHODS: The total filtration resistance and its distribution were used as indexes to study the effect of pore size and materials of ceramic membrane on membrane fouling in clarification. SEM (scanning electronic microgragh) technology was used to study the microstructure of surface and section of new membrane and contammted membrane and physica and chemical examination were done on the fouling substances on the membrane surface. RESULTS: The pore size and materials of membrane affected the total filtration resistance and its distribution in clarification. The results of filtration resistance dislribution and SEM suggested that the fouling of 0.2 ?m Al_2O_3 membrane mainly lied on the surface. The contaminations on membrane surface were mostly the substances holding function groups, such as C=O, CO-NH and C-O-C. According to volume percentage, the semidiameter of contaminations on the membrane was mostly around 23.738 ?m. However, according to quantity percentage, the semidiameter of contaminations on the membrane was mostly around 0.521 ?m. CONCLUSION: Study on the fouling mechanism of the membrane is of great significance for looking for the effective measures for relieving the downward trend of the membrane flux and for the appropriate membrane cleaning in the clarification of Tangkeqing Compound extract using 0.2 ?m Al_2O_3 ceramic membrane.